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Investigation Into The Electrocatalytic Hydrogenation Of Pyrolysis Bio Oil
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Book Synopsis Investigation Into the Electrocatalytic Hydrogenation of Pyrolysis Bio-oil by : Sabyasachi Das
Download or read book Investigation Into the Electrocatalytic Hydrogenation of Pyrolysis Bio-oil written by Sabyasachi Das and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 214 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Rising concerns about the environmental impacts of fossil transportation fuels have motivated the development of alternative sources of energy that are renewable and environment-friendly. Biomass-derived liquid hydrocarbon fuels, offer an immediate "drop-in" alternative for displacing petroleum-derived transportation fuels, owing to their ability to use existing infrastructure. However, biomass, as an energy source is disadvantaged in terms of carbon and energy content. The Billion Ton Report 2016 predicts 1.3 billion tonnes of harvestable biomass in the U.S. by 2030. The carbon and energy content of this amount of biomass is not sufficient to support the demands of the U.S. transportation sector alone. Furthermore, traditional bioenergy systems like cellulosic fermentations to ethanol (CE), lose 1/3rd of the biomass carbon as CO2 and fail to utilize lignin ( ~40% of biomass energy) for fuel production. This calls for biomass conversion technologies that retain most of the biomass carbon and efficiently capture the inherent biomass energy in the produced liquid fuels. This can be achieved via fast pyrolysis that can convert all biomass (including lignin) to predominantly liquid bio-oil. However, this bio-oil is unstable, due to the presence of reactive functional groups. This fact combined with its low energy content makes it unfit as a fuel or a stable intermediate. In this regard, electrocatalytic hydrogenation (ECH) can harness renewable electricity from solar/wind farms and sufficiently hydrogenate the pyrolysis bio-oil to generate a stable intermediate that can be transported over long distances. Additionally, ECH employs mild conditions that allows it to be implemented at a local small-scale facility. This offers a key advantage in a bioenergy system, where transporting the low bulk density biomass can incur large transportation costs. The denser ECH-ed bio-oil can hence be transported at lower costs to conventional hydroprocessing facilities to produce a gasoline/diesel range fuel.In this study, a bioenergy system (Py-ECH) was developed that combines fast pyrolysis with ECH at decentralized depots, followed by hydroprocessing at a central refinery. The mass, carbon and energy flux through the system and the fuel yields were estimated. The fuel yields for the Py-ECH system were found to be better than CE in terms of energy, mass and carbon.To evaluate the economics of Py-ECH, a full techno-economic analysis was conducted using a discounted cash flow rate of return (DCFROR) approach and nth plant assumptions. The minimum fuel selling price (MFSP) of the Py-ECH fuel was found to be $ 3.62/gge (in 2018 $) compared to $ 3.70/gge (in 2018$) for CE. Through sensitivity analyses, key cost-contributing parameters were identified, and a pathway was charted for MFSP reduction to
Book Synopsis Towards Continuous Bio-oil Upgrading Using Electrocatalytic Hydrogenation by : Jacob Wright
Download or read book Towards Continuous Bio-oil Upgrading Using Electrocatalytic Hydrogenation written by Jacob Wright and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 139 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Electrocatalytic hydrogenation (ECH) offers a viable option for improving bio-oil's properties for use as a fuel product. Studies using ECH are typically performed in a batch reactor, owing to the convenience of the experimental procedures. However, batch studies offer limited rate information and low productivities. For this reason and since continuous systems are preferred in industrial applications, continuous studies are needed. In the following study, a direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) was modified to act as a proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell that can continuously convert furfural into its hydrogenated products, furfuryl alcohol and tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol, under constant current using a Ruthenium catalyst. The cell was designed with an increased geometric surface-area-to-volume ratio compared to current batch reactors to enable quicker conversion. The most significant factor affecting the faradaic efficiency was the current, while product yield was affected most by the initial concentration. Conversion of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural to 2,5- dihydroxymethyltetrahydrofuran was also observed in significant quantities, however, due to the unavailability of standards, results could not be properly quantified. When operating in a single pass, the reactor was able to achieve successful hydrogenation of furfural to tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol for the first 4 hours but was deactivated due to either catalyst leaching or active site blocking.
Book Synopsis Fast Pyrolysis of Biomass by : A. V. Bridgwater
Download or read book Fast Pyrolysis of Biomass written by A. V. Bridgwater and published by Cpl Press. This book was released on 1999 with total page 208 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This edited and updated version of the final report of the IEA Bioenergy Pyrolysis Task, is useful both to newcomers to the subject area and those already involved in research, development, and implementation.
Book Synopsis Pyrolysis Oils by : Tushar P. Vispute
Download or read book Pyrolysis Oils written by Tushar P. Vispute and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 174 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: There is a growing need to develop the processes to produce renewable fuels and chemicals due to the economical, political, and environmental concerns associated with the fossil fuels. One of the most promising methods for a small scale conversion of biomass into liquid fuels is fast pyrolysis. The liquid product obtained from the fast pyrolysis of biomass is called pyrolysis oil or bio-oil. It is a complex mixture of more than 300 compounds resulting from the depolymerization of biomass building blocks, cellulose; hemi-cellulose; and lignin. Bio-oils have low heating value, high moisture content, are acidic, contain solid char particles, are incompatible with existing petroleum based fuels, are thermally unstable, and degrade with time. They cannot be used directly in a diesel or a gasoline internal combustion engine. One of the challenges with the bio-oil is that it is unstable and can phase separate when stored for long. Its viscosity and molecular weight increases with time. It is important to identify the factors responsible for the bio-oil instability and to stabilize the bio-oil. The stability analysis of the bio-oil showed that the high molecular weight lignin oligomers in the bio-oil are mainly responsible for the instability of bio-oil. The viscosity increase in the bio-oil was due to two reasons: increase in the average molecular weight and increase in the concentration of high molecular weight oligomers. Char can be removed from the bio-oil by microfiltration using ceramic membranes with pore sizes less than 1 [mu meter]. Removal of char does not affect the bio-oil stability but is desired as char can cause difficulty in further processing of the bio-oil. Nanofiltration and low temperature hydrogenation were found to be the promising techniques to stabilize the bio-oil. Bio-oil must be catalytically converted into fuels and chemicals if it is to be used as a feedstock to make renewable fuels and chemicals. The water soluble fraction of bio-oil (WSBO) was found to contain C2 to C6 oxygenated hydrocarbons with various functionalities. In this study we showed that both hydrogen and alkanes can be produced with high yields from WSBO using aqueous phase processing. Hydrogen was produced by aqueous phase reforming over Pt/Al2O3 catalyst. Alkanes were produced by hydrodeoxygenation over Pt/SiO2-Al2O3. Both of these processes were preceded by a low temperature hydrogenation step over Ru/C catalyst. This step was critical to achieve high yields of hydrogen and alkanes. WSBO was also converted to gasoline-range alcohols and C2 to C6 diols with up to 46% carbon yield by a two-stage hydrogenation process over Ru/C catalyst (125 °C) followed by over Pt/C (250 °C) catalyst. Temperature and pressure can be used to tune the product selectivity. The hydroprocessing of bio-oil was followed by zeolite upgrading to produce C6 to C8 aromatic hydrocarbons and C2 to C4 olefins. Up to 70% carbon yield to aromatics and olefins was achieved from the hydrogenated aqueous fraction of bio-oil. The hydroprocessing steps prior to the zeolite upgrading increases the thermal stability of bio-oil as well as the intrinsic hydrogen content. Increasing the thermal stability of bio-oil results in reduced coke yields in zeolite upgrading, whereas, increasing the intrinsic hydrogen content results in more oxygen being removed from bio-oil as H2O than CO and CO2. This results in higher carbon yields to aromatic hydrocarbon and olefins. Integrating hydroprocessing with zeolite upgrading produces a narrow product spectrum and reduces the hydrogen requirement of the process as compared to processes solely based on hydrotreating. Increasing the yield of petrochemical products from biomass therefore requires hydrogen, thus cost of hydrogen dictates the maximum economic potential of the process.
Book Synopsis Pyrolysis of Biomass by : Shurong Wang
Download or read book Pyrolysis of Biomass written by Shurong Wang and published by Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. This book was released on 2016-12-05 with total page 445 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: With the development of societies fossil energy is no longer the only energy resource, and increasing attention had been paid to alternative energy. Biomass is considered to be one of the alternatives due to efficiency and low cost. This book presents biomass pyrolysis behavior for three main components: Cellulose, Hemicellulose and Lignin, and discusses the influence of mineral salts , zeolite catalysts and metal oxide on their pyrolysis.
Download or read book Catalysis written by James J Spivey and published by Royal Society of Chemistry. This book was released on 2024-03-27 with total page 264 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Looking at modern approaches to catalysis, this volume reviews the extensive literature published on this area. Chapter highlights include Fenton chemistry, advanced manufacturing in heterogeneous catalysis, membrane reactors for light alkane dehydrogenation, and new insights and enhancement of biocatalysts for biomass conversion in the bioproducts industry. Appealing to researchers in academia and industry, the detailed chapters bridge the gap from academic studies in the laboratory to practical applications in industry, not only for the catalysis field, but also for environmental protection. The book will be of great benefit to any researcher wanting a succinct reference on developments in this area now and looking to the future.
Book Synopsis Fast Pyrolysis Oil Stabilization by :
Download or read book Fast Pyrolysis Oil Stabilization written by and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 72 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This University of Massachusetts, Amherst project, "Fast Pyrolysis Oil Stabilization: An Integrated Catalytic and Membrane Approach for Improved Bio-oils" started on 1st February 2009 and finished on August 31st 2011. The project consisted following tasks: Task 1.0: Char Removal by Membrane Separation Technology The presence of char particles in the bio-oil causes problems in storage and end-use. Currently there is no well-established technology to remove char particles less than 10 micron in size. This study focused on the application of a liquid-phase microfiltration process to remove char particles from bio-oil down to slightly sub-micron levels. Tubular ceramic membranes of nominal pore sizes 0.5 and 0.8m were employed to carry out the microfiltration, which was conducted in the cross-flow mode at temperatures ranging from 38 to 45 C and at three different trans-membrane pressures varying from 1 to 3 bars. The results demonstrated the removal of the major quantity of char particles with a significant reduction in overall ash content of the bio-oil. The results clearly showed that the cake formation mechanism of fouling is predominant in this process. Task 2.0 Acid Removal by Membrane Separation Technology The feasibility of removing small organic acids from the aqueous fraction of fast pyrolysis bio-oils using nanofiltration (NF) and reverse osmosis (RO) membranes was studied. Experiments were carried out with a single solute solutions of acetic acid and glucose, binary solute solutions containing both acetic acid and glucose, and a model aqueous fraction of bio-oil (AFBO). Retention factors above 90% for glucose and below 0% for acetic acid were observed at feed pressures near 40 bar for single and binary solutions, so that their separation in the model AFBO was expected to be feasible. However, all of the membranes were irreversibly damaged when experiments were conducted with the model AFBO due to the presence of guaiacol in the feed solution. Experiments with model AFBO excluding guaiacol were also conducted. NF membranes showed retention factors of glucose greater than 80% and of acetic acid less than 15% when operated at transmembrane pressures near 60 bar. Task 3.0 Acid Removal by Catalytic Processing It was found that the TAN reduction in bio-oil was very difficult using low temperature hydrogenation in flow and batch reactors. Acetic acid is very resilient to hydrogenation and we could only achieve about 16% conversion for acetic acid. Although it was observed that acetic acid was not responsible for instability of aqueous fraction of bio-oil during ageing studies (described in task 5). The bimetallic catalyst PtRe/ceria-zirconia was found to be best catalyst because its ability to convert the acid functionality with low conversion to gas phase carbon. Hydrogenation of the whole bio-oil was carried out at 125°C, 1450 psi over Ru/C catalyst in a flow reactor. Again, negligible acetic acid conversion was obtained in low temperature hydrogenation. Hydrogenation experiments with whole bio-oil were difficult to perform because of difficulty to pumping the high viscosity oil and reactor clogging. Task 4.0 Acid Removal using Ion Exchange Resins DOWEX M43 resin was used to carry out the neutralization of bio-oil using a packed bed column. The pH of the bio-oil increased from 2.43 to 3.7. The GC analysis of the samples showed that acetic acid was removed from the bio-oil during the neutralization and recovered in the methanol washing. But it was concluded that process would not be economical at large scale as it is extremely difficult to regenerate the resin once the bio-oil is passed over it. Task 5.0 Characterization of Upgraded Bio-oils We investigated the viscosity, microstructure, and chemical composition of bio-oils prepared by a fast pyrolysis approach, upon aging these fuels at 90ðC for periods of several days. Our results suggest that the viscosity increase is not correlated with the acids or char present in th ...
Book Synopsis Fast Pyrolysis of Biomass by : Robert C Brown
Download or read book Fast Pyrolysis of Biomass written by Robert C Brown and published by Royal Society of Chemistry. This book was released on 2017-06-30 with total page 291 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Fast pyrolysis and related catalytic pyrolysis are of increasing interest as pathways to advanced biofuels that closely mimic traditional petroleum products. Research has moved from empirical investigations to more fundamental studies of pyrolysis mechanisms. Theories on the chemical and physical pathways from plant polymers to pyrolysis products have proliferated as a result. This book brings together the latest developments in pyrolysis science and technology. It examines, reviews and challenges the unresolved and sometimes controversial questions about pyrolysis, helping advance the understanding of this important technology and stimulating discussion on the various competing theories of thermal deconstruction of plant polymers. Beginning with an introduction to the biomass-to-biofuels process via fast pyrolysis and catalytic pyrolysis, chapters address prominent questions such as whether free radicals or concerted reactions dominate deconstruction reactions. Finally, the book concludes with an economic analysis of fast pyrolysis versus catalytic pyrolysis. This book will be of interest to advanced students and researchers interested in the science behind renewable fuel technology, and particularly the thermochemical processing of biomass.
Book Synopsis Catalytic and Noncatalytic Upgrading of Oils by : Ajay K. Dalai
Download or read book Catalytic and Noncatalytic Upgrading of Oils written by Ajay K. Dalai and published by . This book was released on 2022-02-04 with total page 372 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "This book is about Catalytic and Noncatalytic Upgrading of Oils"--
Book Synopsis The Science and Technology of Unconventional Oils by : M. M. Ramirez-Corredores
Download or read book The Science and Technology of Unconventional Oils written by M. M. Ramirez-Corredores and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2017-05-18 with total page 778 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book, The Science and Technology of Unconventional Oils: Finding Refining Opportunities, intends to report the collective physical and chemical knowledge of unconventional oils (heavy, extra-heavy, sour/acid, and shale oil) and the issues associated with their refining for the production of transportation fuels. It will focus on the discussion of the scientific results and technology activities of the refining of unconventional oils. The presence of reactive and refractory compounds and components that negatively impact refining processing (the "bad actors") are discussed and analyzed. The commercially available technologies, with their reported improvements and emerging ideas, concepts, and technologies, are described. This comprehensive overview constitutes the basis for establishing technology gaps, and in return sets the science and technology needs to be addressed in the future. In summary, this book incorporates the relevant knowledge of processing unconventional crude oils and of the "Bottom-of-the-Barrel" fraction, describing the related commercially available and emerging technologies to contribute to the identification of existing gaps. - Relates physicochemical properties and phenomenological behavior of unconventional oils to refining challenges - Describes commercially available technologies and the problems they solve - Lists recent improvements in various processes and identifies technology gaps - Explains emerging new refining technologies and the problems they solve - Discusses future needs and challenges, and suggests further research and development needs
Book Synopsis Analysis of Biomass Fluidized Bed Fast Pyrolysis Based on CFD and Study on Bio-oil Upgrading Process Towards Hydrogenation by : 謝勝強
Download or read book Analysis of Biomass Fluidized Bed Fast Pyrolysis Based on CFD and Study on Bio-oil Upgrading Process Towards Hydrogenation written by 謝勝強 and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 54 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Biowaste and Biomass in Biofuel Applications by : Yashvir Singh
Download or read book Biowaste and Biomass in Biofuel Applications written by Yashvir Singh and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2023-02-27 with total page 261 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book reflects the new dimension of biofuel production from its introductory principles to the advancements from a future prospective. It summarizes the rationale for changes in liquid fuel utilization and the selection of new technologies to make biofuel cost-effective and move toward a carbon-neutral approach. It provides an evidence-based outline of how additives and nanotechnology chemically change biofuels' quality and effectiveness, including new and innovative approaches, such as nanomaterials and various nano-additives. Features: It provides an overview of biowaste as a sustainable source in the field of biofuel production It includes effective conversion parameters of the biowaste feedstocks and their classification It summarizes current research into the development and exploitation of new biofuel sources It discusses the improvement of pilot scale scalability, chemical processing, and design flow It presents relevant and realistic global explanations of biowaste management techniques for biofuels This book is aimed at senior undergraduate and graduate students, and researchers in bioprocessing, chemical engineering, and biotechnology.
Book Synopsis Renewable Hydrogen Production by : Ibrahim Dincer
Download or read book Renewable Hydrogen Production written by Ibrahim Dincer and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2021-11-27 with total page 384 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Renewable Hydrogen Production provides a comprehensive analysis of renewable energy-based hydrogen production. Through simulation analysis and experimental investigations, the book provides fundamentals, compares existing hydrogen production applications, discusses novel technologies, and offers insights into the future directions of this rapidly evolving industry. This all-in-one resource on how to produce clean hydrogen production to enhance energy efficiency and support sustainable development will appeal to a wide variety of industries and professionals. - Addresses the production of clean hydrogen from the major sources of renewable energy, including wind, solar, geothermal, hydro, biomass and marine energy - Presents information from simulations and experimental analyses - Offers insights into the future of renewable hydrogen production
Book Synopsis Mechanistic Studies of Electrocatalytic Processes by : Benjamin Appiagyei
Download or read book Mechanistic Studies of Electrocatalytic Processes written by Benjamin Appiagyei and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 147 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Electrochemical synthesis of organic compounds provides a means to revolutionize synthetic industrial chemistry by developing green, cost-effective processes that compete with traditional synthetic routes. For instance, bio-oil, the liquid product from biomass pyrolysis, can be reductively stabilized with electrocatalytic hydrogenation (ECH) using RaneyTM Nickel as the cathode under very mild conditions (75 °C, 1 atm, H2O as electrolyte). This process can be achieved via traditional catalytic hydrogenation protocols, but under harsher conditions of pressurized hydrogen gas and elevated temperature. Electrocatalysis also enables amines to be directly alkylated with low cost and readily available alcohols as electrophiles, where water is the solvent and the only byproduct. Classical alkylation of amines employs alkyl halides or their analogues as electrophiles which leads to a side stream of acids or wasteful salt byproducts. In a third application, ECH provides a means to reduce the carboxylic functionality of amino acids to form amino alcohols. Carboxylic acids are conventionally converted to alcohols using strong reducing agents such as LiAlH4 and BH3. Not only are these reagents costly for large scale production, but they are also hazardous and, like the alkylation above, produce substantial waste byproducts. The outstanding nature of these electrocatalytic methods is the ability to use clean electrons from electricity and protons from water to achieve mild organic transformations using easily prepared heterogenous electrocatalysts, which also allows easy separation and catalyst reusability. This dissertation investigates the mechanisms of three processes: (1) Acknowledging the fact that though a complex mixture of lignin monomers may polymerize under catalytic acid or base and high temperature conditions, we envisage that they may also mutually interfere in the catalytic reduction processes, so the understanding of such interactions is essential to success in moving from model systems to real bio-oil. (2) Abstracting hydrogen (H2) from the CHOH moiety of an alcohol generates a carbonyl group, a good electrophile which enables reductive alkylation of an amine to the corresponding alkylamine via the so-called borrowing hydrogen mechanisms. (3) Electrocatalytic in-situ generation of hydrides on an electrode surface can reduce the carboxylic acid functionality, while retaining the stereochemistry on the amino position of the amino acids.
Book Synopsis Liquid-phase Processing of Fast Pyrolysis Bio-oil Using Pt/HZSM-5 Catalyst by : Bjorn Sanchez Santos
Download or read book Liquid-phase Processing of Fast Pyrolysis Bio-oil Using Pt/HZSM-5 Catalyst written by Bjorn Sanchez Santos and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 165 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Recent developments in converting biomass to bio-chemicals and liquid fuels provide a promising sight to an emerging biofuels industry. Biomass can be converted to energy via thermochemical and biochemical pathways. Thermal degradation processes include liquefaction, gasification, and pyrolysis. Among these biomass technologies, pyrolysis (i.e. a thermochemical conversion process of any organic material in the absence of oxygen) has gained more attention because of its simplicity in design, construction and operation. This research study focuses on comparative assessment of two types of pyrolysis processes and catalytic upgrading of bio-oil for production of transportation fuel intermediates. Slow and fast pyrolysis processes were compared for their respective product yields and properties. Slow pyrolysis bio-oil displayed fossil fuel-like properties, although low yields limit the process making it uneconomically feasible. Fast pyrolysis, on the other hand, show high yields but produces relatively less quality bio-oil. Catalytic transformation of the high-boiling fraction (HBF) of the crude bio-oil from fast pyrolysis was therefore evaluated by performing liquid-phase reactions at moderate temperatures using Pt/HZSM-5 catalyst. High yields of upgraded bio-oils along with improved heating values and reduced oxygen contents were obtained at a reaction temperature of 200°C and ethanol/HBF ratio of 3:1. Better quality, however, was observed at 240 °C even though reaction temperature has no significant effect on coke deposition. The addition of ethanol in the feed has greatly attenuated coke deposition in the catalyst. Major reactions observed are esterification, catalytic cracking, and reforming. Overall mass and energy balances in the conversion of energy sorghum biomass to produce a liquid fuel intermediate obtained sixteen percent (16 wt.%) of the biomass ending up as liquid fuel intermediate, while containing 26% of its initial energy. The electronic version of this dissertation is accessible from http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/149605
Book Synopsis Upgrading of Intermediate Bio-Oil Produced by Catalytic Pyrolysis by :
Download or read book Upgrading of Intermediate Bio-Oil Produced by Catalytic Pyrolysis written by and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 99 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The objectives of this project were to (1) develop a process to upgrade catalytic pyrolysis bio-oil, (2) investigate new upgrading catalysts suited for upgrading catalytic pyrolysis bio-oil, (3) demonstrate upgrading system operation for more than 1,000 hours using a single catalyst charge, and (4) produce a final upgraded product that can be blended to 30 percent by weight with petroleum fuels or that is compatible with existing petroleum refining operations. This project has, to the best of our knowledge, for the first time enabled a commercially viable bio-oil hydrotreatment process to produce renewable blend stock for transportation fuels.
Book Synopsis Catalytic Hydrogenation for Biomass Valorization by : Roberto Rinaldi
Download or read book Catalytic Hydrogenation for Biomass Valorization written by Roberto Rinaldi and published by Royal Society of Chemistry. This book was released on 2015 with total page 324 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As the biorefinery industry expands to meet the latest discoveries in biomass conversion, this book provides a thorough grounding in the subject.
