International Symposium on Electronic Materials and Packaging

Download International Symposium on Electronic Materials and Packaging PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 498 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis International Symposium on Electronic Materials and Packaging by :

Download or read book International Symposium on Electronic Materials and Packaging written by and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 498 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Topics covered by this title include: flip chip running; solder join reliability; emerging technologies; solder materials; delimitation; polymers for packaging; design and process; modelling and testing; material characterization; and package reliability.

Electronic Materials Handbook

Download Electronic Materials Handbook PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : ASM International
ISBN 13 : 9780871702852
Total Pages : 1234 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (28 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Electronic Materials Handbook by :

Download or read book Electronic Materials Handbook written by and published by ASM International. This book was released on 1989-11-01 with total page 1234 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Volume 1: Packaging is an authoritative reference source of practical information for the design or process engineer who must make informed day-to-day decisions about the materials and processes of microelectronic packaging. Its 117 articles offer the collective knowledge, wisdom, and judgement of 407 microelectronics packaging experts-authors, co-authors, and reviewers-representing 192 companies, universities, laboratories, and other organizations. This is the inaugural volume of ASMAs all-new ElectronicMaterials Handbook series, designed to be the Metals Handbook of electronics technology. In over 65 years of publishing the Metals Handbook, ASM has developed a unique editorial method of compiling large technical reference books. ASMAs access to leading materials technology experts enables to organize these books on an industry consensus basis. Behind every article. Is an author who is a top expert in its specific subject area. This multi-author approach ensures the best, most timely information throughout. Individually selected panels of 5 and 6 peers review each article for technical accuracy, generic point of view, and completeness.Volumes in the Electronic Materials Handbook series are multidisciplinary, to reflect industry practice applied in integrating multiple technology disciplines necessary to any program in advanced electronics. Volume 1: Packaging focusing on the middle level of the electronics technology size spectrum, offers the greatest practical value to the largest and broadest group of users. Future volumes in the series will address topics on larger (integrated electronic assemblies) and smaller (semiconductor materials and devices) size levels.

Microjoining and Nanojoining

Download Microjoining and Nanojoining PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 184569404X
Total Pages : 835 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (456 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Microjoining and Nanojoining by : Y N Zhou

Download or read book Microjoining and Nanojoining written by Y N Zhou and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2008-03-27 with total page 835 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Many important advances in technology have been associated with nanotechnology and the miniaturization of components, devices and systems. Microjoining has been closely associated with the evolution of microelectronic packaging, but actually covers a much broader area, and is essential for manufacturing many electronic, precision and medical products.Part one reviews the basics of microjoining, including solid-state bonding and fusion microwelding. Part two covers microjoining and nanojoining processes, such as bonding mechanisms and metallurgy, process development and optimization, thermal stresses and distortion, positioning and fixturing, sensing, and numerical modelling. Part three discusses microjoining of materials such as plastics, ceramics, metals and advanced materials such as shape memory alloys and nanomaterials. The book also discusses applications of microjoining such as joining superconductors, the manufacture of medical devices and the sealing of solid oxide fuel cells.This book provides a comprehensive overview of the fundamental aspects of microjoining processes and techniques. It is a valuable reference for production engineers, designers and researchers using or studying microjoining technologies in such industries as microelectronics and biomedical engineering. - Reviews the basics of nanojoining including solid-state bonding and fusion microwelding - Covers microjoining and nanojoining processes such as bonding mechanisms and metallurgy, sensing and numerical modelling - Examines applications of microjoining such as the manufacturing of medical devices, and the sealing of solid oxide fuel cells

Micro- and Opto-Electronic Materials and Structures: Physics, Mechanics, Design, Reliability, Packaging

Download Micro- and Opto-Electronic Materials and Structures: Physics, Mechanics, Design, Reliability, Packaging PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 0387329897
Total Pages : 1471 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (873 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Micro- and Opto-Electronic Materials and Structures: Physics, Mechanics, Design, Reliability, Packaging by : Ephraim Suhir

Download or read book Micro- and Opto-Electronic Materials and Structures: Physics, Mechanics, Design, Reliability, Packaging written by Ephraim Suhir and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2007-05-26 with total page 1471 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This handbook provides the most comprehensive, up-to-date and easy-to-apply information on the physics, mechanics, reliability and packaging of micro- and opto-electronic materials. It details their assemblies, structures and systems, and each chapter contains a summary of the state-of-the-art in a particular field. The book provides practical recommendations on how to apply current knowledge and technology to design and manufacture. It further describes how to operate a viable, reliable and cost-effective electronic component or photonic device, and how to make such a device into a successful commercial product.

Semiconductor Advanced Packaging

Download Semiconductor Advanced Packaging PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 9811613761
Total Pages : 513 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (116 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Semiconductor Advanced Packaging by : John H. Lau

Download or read book Semiconductor Advanced Packaging written by John H. Lau and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-05-17 with total page 513 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book focuses on the design, materials, process, fabrication, and reliability of advanced semiconductor packaging components and systems. Both principles and engineering practice have been addressed, with more weight placed on engineering practice. This is achieved by providing in-depth study on a number of major topics such as system-in-package, fan-in wafer/panel-level chip-scale packages, fan-out wafer/panel-level packaging, 2D, 2.1D, 2.3D, 2.5D, and 3D IC integration, chiplets packaging, chip-to-wafer bonding, wafer-to-wafer bonding, hybrid bonding, and dielectric materials for high speed and frequency. The book can benefit researchers, engineers, and graduate students in fields of electrical engineering, mechanical engineering, materials sciences, and industry engineering, etc.

Extreme Environment Electronics

Download Extreme Environment Electronics PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1351832808
Total Pages : 1044 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (518 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Extreme Environment Electronics by : John D. Cressler

Download or read book Extreme Environment Electronics written by John D. Cressler and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2017-12-19 with total page 1044 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Unfriendly to conventional electronic devices, circuits, and systems, extreme environments represent a serious challenge to designers and mission architects. The first truly comprehensive guide to this specialized field, Extreme Environment Electronics explains the essential aspects of designing and using devices, circuits, and electronic systems intended to operate in extreme environments, including across wide temperature ranges and in radiation-intense scenarios such as space. The Definitive Guide to Extreme Environment Electronics Featuring contributions by some of the world’s foremost experts in extreme environment electronics, the book provides in-depth information on a wide array of topics. It begins by describing the extreme conditions and then delves into a description of suitable semiconductor technologies and the modeling of devices within those technologies. It also discusses reliability issues and failure mechanisms that readers need to be aware of, as well as best practices for the design of these electronics. Continuing beyond just the "paper design" of building blocks, the book rounds out coverage of the design realization process with verification techniques and chapters on electronic packaging for extreme environments. The final set of chapters describes actual chip-level designs for applications in energy and space exploration. Requiring only a basic background in electronics, the book combines theoretical and practical aspects in each self-contained chapter. Appendices supply additional background material. With its broad coverage and depth, and the expertise of the contributing authors, this is an invaluable reference for engineers, scientists, and technical managers, as well as researchers and graduate students. A hands-on resource, it explores what is required to successfully operate electronics in the most demanding conditions.

Failure Analysis

Download Failure Analysis PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1119990009
Total Pages : 372 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (199 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Failure Analysis by : Marius Bazu

Download or read book Failure Analysis written by Marius Bazu and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2011-03-08 with total page 372 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Failure analysis is the preferred method to investigate product or process reliability and to ensure optimum performance of electrical components and systems. The physics-of-failure approach is the only internationally accepted solution for continuously improving the reliability of materials, devices and processes. The models have been developed from the physical and chemical phenomena that are responsible for degradation or failure of electronic components and materials and now replace popular distribution models for failure mechanisms such as Weibull or lognormal. Reliability engineers need practical orientation around the complex procedures involved in failure analysis. This guide acts as a tool for all advanced techniques, their benefits and vital aspects of their use in a reliability programme. Using twelve complex case studies, the authors explain why failure analysis should be used with electronic components, when implementation is appropriate and methods for its successful use. Inside you will find detailed coverage on: a synergistic approach to failure modes and mechanisms, along with reliability physics and the failure analysis of materials, emphasizing the vital importance of cooperation between a product development team involved the reasons why failure analysis is an important tool for improving yield and reliability by corrective actions the design stage, highlighting the ‘concurrent engineering' approach and DfR (Design for Reliability) failure analysis during fabrication, covering reliability monitoring, process monitors and package reliability reliability resting after fabrication, including reliability assessment at this stage and corrective actions a large variety of methods, such as electrical methods, thermal methods, optical methods, electron microscopy, mechanical methods, X-Ray methods, spectroscopic, acoustical, and laser methods new challenges in reliability testing, such as its use in microsystems and nanostructures This practical yet comprehensive reference is useful for manufacturers and engineers involved in the design, fabrication and testing of electronic components, devices, ICs and electronic systems, as well as for users of components in complex systems wanting to discover the roots of the reliability flaws for their products.

Electronics Packaging Forum

Download Electronics Packaging Forum PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 9400904398
Total Pages : 459 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (9 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Electronics Packaging Forum by : James E. Morris

Download or read book Electronics Packaging Forum written by James E. Morris and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 459 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Each May, the Continuing Education Division of the T.J.Watson School of Engineering, Applied Science and Technology at the State University of New York at Binghamton sponsors an Annual Symposium in Electronics Packaging in cooperation with local professional societies (IEEE, ASME, SME, IEPS) and UnlPEG (the University-Industry Partnership for Economic Growth.) Each volume of this Electronics Packaging Forum series is based on the the preceding Symposium, with Volume Two based on the 1990 presentations. The Preface to Volume One included a brief definition of the broad scope of the electronics packaging field with some comments on why it has recently assumed such a more prominent priority for research and development. Those remarks will not be repeated here; at this point it is assumed that the reader is a professional in the packaging field, or possibly a student of one of the many academic disciplines which contribute to it. It is worthwhile repeating the series objectives, however, so the reader will be clear as to what might be expected by way of content and level of each chapter.

Electronic Enclosures, Housings and Packages

Download Electronic Enclosures, Housings and Packages PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Woodhead Publishing
ISBN 13 : 008102391X
Total Pages : 490 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (81 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Electronic Enclosures, Housings and Packages by : Frank Suli

Download or read book Electronic Enclosures, Housings and Packages written by Frank Suli and published by Woodhead Publishing. This book was released on 2018-11-01 with total page 490 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Electronic Enclosures, Housings and Packages considers the problem of heat management for electronics from an encasement perspective. It addresses enclosures and their applications for industrial electronics, as well as LED lighting solutions for stationary and mobile markets. The book introduces fundamental concepts and defines dimensions of success in electrical enclosures. Other chapters discuss environmental considerations, shielding, standardization, materials selection, thermal management, product design principles, manufacturing techniques and sustainability. Final chapters focus on business fundamentals by outlining successful technical propositions and potential future directions.

Microelectronics Packaging Handbook

Download Microelectronics Packaging Handbook PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1461560373
Total Pages : 1060 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (615 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Microelectronics Packaging Handbook by : R.R. Tummala

Download or read book Microelectronics Packaging Handbook written by R.R. Tummala and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-11-27 with total page 1060 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Electronics has become the largest industry, surpassing agriculture, auto, and heavy metal industries. It has become the industry of choice for a country to prosper, already having given rise to the phenomenal prosperity of Japan, Korea, Singapore, Hong Kong, and Ireland among others. At the current growth rate, total worldwide semiconductor sales will reach $300B by the year 2000. The key electronic technologies responsible for the growth of the industry include semiconductors, the packaging of semiconductors for systems use in auto, telecom, computer, consumer, aerospace, and medical industries, displays, magnetic, and optical storage as well as software and system technologies. There has been a paradigm shift, however, in these technologies, from mainframe and supercomputer applications at any cost, to consumer applications at approximately one-tenth the cost and size. Personal computers are a good example, going from $500IMIP when products were first introduced in 1981, to a projected $IIMIP within 10 years. Thin, light portable, user friendly and very low-cost are, therefore, the attributes of tomorrow's computing and communications systems. Electronic packaging is defined as interconnection, powering, cool ing, and protecting semiconductor chips for reliable systems. It is a key enabling technology achieving the requirements for reducing the size and cost at the system and product level.

Advanced Driver Assistance Systems and Autonomous Vehicles

Download Advanced Driver Assistance Systems and Autonomous Vehicles PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 9811950539
Total Pages : 628 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (119 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Advanced Driver Assistance Systems and Autonomous Vehicles by : Yan Li

Download or read book Advanced Driver Assistance Systems and Autonomous Vehicles written by Yan Li and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-10-28 with total page 628 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides a comprehensive reference for both academia and industry on the fundamentals, technology details, and applications of Advanced Driver-Assistance Systems (ADAS) and autonomous driving, an emerging and rapidly growing area. The book written by experts covers the most recent research results and industry progress in the following areas: ADAS system design and test methodologies, advanced materials, modern automotive technologies, artificial intelligence, reliability concerns, and failure analysis in ADAS. Numerous images, tables, and didactic schematics are included throughout. This essential book equips readers with an in-depth understanding of all aspects of ADAS, providing insights into key areas for future research and development. • Provides comprehensive coverage of the state-of-the-art in ADAS • Covers advanced materials, deep learning, quality and reliability concerns, and fault isolation and failure analysis • Discusses ADAS system design and test methodologies, novel automotive technologies • Features contributions from both academic and industry authors, for a complete view of this important technology

Handbook of Adhesives and Sealants

Download Handbook of Adhesives and Sealants PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0080534090
Total Pages : 511 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (85 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Handbook of Adhesives and Sealants by : Philippe Cognard

Download or read book Handbook of Adhesives and Sealants written by Philippe Cognard and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2005-07-14 with total page 511 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Handbook of Adhesives and Sealants is the most comprehensive Adhesives and Sealants Handbook ever published, with the cooperation of around 35 authors from all over the world – each one a specialist in their field. It will include 80 chapters dealing with general information, theory of bonding and sealing, design of bonding parts, technical characteristics, chemistry, types of adhesives, application, equipment, controls, standards etc. Industrial applications such as automotive, aeronautics, building and civil engineering, electronics, packaging, wood, furniture, metals, plastics and composites, textiles, footwear etc. - Over 1,000 real-life examples illustrate the do's and don'ts of using adhesives - Every scientific and technical issue concerning every chemical type in every industry - Designed to help solve problems quickly, the content is structured to allow readers to navigate this comprehensive resource in 4 different ways

Electronic Packaging Materials and Their Properties

Download Electronic Packaging Materials and Their Properties PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1498730868
Total Pages : 120 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (987 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Electronic Packaging Materials and Their Properties by : Michael Pecht

Download or read book Electronic Packaging Materials and Their Properties written by Michael Pecht and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2017-12-19 with total page 120 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Packaging materials strongly affect the effectiveness of an electronic packaging system regarding reliability, design, and cost. In electronic systems, packaging materials may serve as electrical conductors or insulators, create structure and form, provide thermal paths, and protect the circuits from environmental factors, such as moisture, contamination, hostile chemicals, and radiation. Electronic Packaging Materials and Their Properties examines the array of packaging architecture, outlining the classification of materials and their use for various tasks requiring performance over time. Applications discussed include: interconnections printed circuit boards substrates encapsulants dielectrics die attach materials electrical contacts thermal materials solders Electronic Packaging Materials and Their Properties also reviews key electrical, thermal, thermomechanical, mechanical, chemical, and miscellaneous properties as well as their significance in electronic packaging.

Electronic and Photonic Packaging, Integration and Packaging of Micro/nano/electronic Systems--2005

Download Electronic and Photonic Packaging, Integration and Packaging of Micro/nano/electronic Systems--2005 PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : American Society of Mechanical Engineers
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 632 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Electronic and Photonic Packaging, Integration and Packaging of Micro/nano/electronic Systems--2005 by :

Download or read book Electronic and Photonic Packaging, Integration and Packaging of Micro/nano/electronic Systems--2005 written by and published by American Society of Mechanical Engineers. This book was released on 2005 with total page 632 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Encyclopedia Of Packaging Materials, Processes, And Mechanics - Set 1: Die-attach And Wafer Bonding Technology (A 4-volume Set)

Download Encyclopedia Of Packaging Materials, Processes, And Mechanics - Set 1: Die-attach And Wafer Bonding Technology (A 4-volume Set) PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : World Scientific
ISBN 13 : 9811209642
Total Pages : 1079 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (112 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Encyclopedia Of Packaging Materials, Processes, And Mechanics - Set 1: Die-attach And Wafer Bonding Technology (A 4-volume Set) by :

Download or read book Encyclopedia Of Packaging Materials, Processes, And Mechanics - Set 1: Die-attach And Wafer Bonding Technology (A 4-volume Set) written by and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 2019-08-27 with total page 1079 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Packaging materials, assembly processes, and the detailed understanding of multilayer mechanics have enabled much of the progress in miniaturization, reliability, and functional density achieved by modern electronic, microelectronic, and nanoelectronic products. The design and manufacture of miniaturized packages, providing low-loss electrical and/or optical communication, while protecting the semiconductor chips from environmental stresses and internal power cycling, require a carefully balanced selection of packaging materials and processes. Due to the relative fragility of these semiconductor chips, as well as the underlying laminated substrates and the bridging interconnect, selection of the packaging materials and processes is inextricably bound with the mechanical behavior of the intimately packaged multilayer structures, in all phases of development for traditional, as well as emerging, electronic product categories.The Encyclopedia of Packaging Materials, Processes, and Mechanics, compiled in 8, multi-volume sets, provides comprehensive coverage of the configurations and techniques, assembly materials and processes, modeling and simulation tools, and experimental characterization and validation techniques for electronic packaging. Each of the volumes presents the accumulated wisdom and shared perspectives of leading researchers and practitioners in the packaging of electronic components. The Encyclopedia of Packaging Materials, Processes, and Mechanics will provide the novice and student with a complete reference for a quick ascent on the packaging 'learning curve,' the practitioner with a validated set of techniques and tools to face every challenge in packaging design and development, and researchers with a clear definition of the state-of-the-art and emerging needs to guide their future efforts. This encyclopedia will, thus, be of great interest to packaging engineers, electronic product development engineers, and product managers, as well as to researchers in the assembly and mechanical behavior of electronic and photonic components and systems. It will be most beneficial to undergraduate and graduate students studying materials, mechanical, electrical, and electronic engineering, with a strong interest in electronic packaging applications.

Advanced Microwave Circuits and Systems

Download Advanced Microwave Circuits and Systems PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : BoD – Books on Demand
ISBN 13 : 9533070870
Total Pages : 502 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (33 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Advanced Microwave Circuits and Systems by : Vitaliy Zhurbenko

Download or read book Advanced Microwave Circuits and Systems written by Vitaliy Zhurbenko and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2010-04-01 with total page 502 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is based on recent research work conducted by the authors dealing with the design and development of active and passive microwave components, integrated circuits and systems. It is divided into seven parts. In the first part comprising the first two chapters, alternative concepts and equations for multiport network analysis and characterization are provided. A thru-only de-embedding technique for accurate on-wafer characterization is introduced. The second part of the book corresponds to the analysis and design of ultra-wideband low- noise amplifiers (LNA).

Copper Wire Bonding

Download Copper Wire Bonding PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1461457610
Total Pages : 254 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (614 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Copper Wire Bonding by : Preeti S Chauhan

Download or read book Copper Wire Bonding written by Preeti S Chauhan and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-09-20 with total page 254 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This critical volume provides an in-depth presentation of copper wire bonding technologies, processes and equipment, along with the economic benefits and risks. Due to the increasing cost of materials used to make electronic components, the electronics industry has been rapidly moving from high cost gold to significantly lower cost copper as a wire bonding material. However, copper wire bonding has several process and reliability concerns due to its material properties. Copper Wire Bonding book lays out the challenges involved in replacing gold with copper as a wire bond material, and includes the bonding process changes—bond force, electric flame off, current and ultrasonic energy optimization, and bonding tools and equipment changes for first and second bond formation. In addition, the bond–pad metallurgies and the use of bare and palladium-coated copper wires on aluminum are presented, and gold, nickel and palladium surface finishes are discussed. The book also discusses best practices and recommendations on the bond process, bond–pad metallurgies, and appropriate reliability tests for copper wire-bonded electronic components. In summary, this book: Introduces copper wire bonding technologies Presents copper wire bonding processes Discusses copper wire bonding metallurgies Covers recent advancements in copper wire bonding including the bonding process, equipment changes, bond–pad materials and surface finishes Covers the reliability tests and concerns Covers the current implementation of copper wire bonding in the electronics industry Features 120 figures and tables Copper Wire Bonding is an essential reference for industry professionals seeking detailed information on all facets of copper wire bonding technology.