Intermediate Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cells

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Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0128174463
Total Pages : 516 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (281 download)

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Book Synopsis Intermediate Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cells by : Gurbinder Kaur

Download or read book Intermediate Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cells written by Gurbinder Kaur and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2019-11-21 with total page 516 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Intermediate Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cells: Electrolytes, Electrodes and Interconnects introduces the fundamental principles of intermediate solid oxide fuel cells technology. It provides the reader with a broad understanding and practical knowledge of the electrodes, pyrochlore/perovskite/oxide electrolytes and interconnects which form the backbone of the Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) unit. Opening with an introduction to the thermodynamics, physiochemical and electrochemical behavior of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFC), the book also discusses specific materials, including low temperature brownmillerites and aurivillius electrolytes, as well as pyrochlore interconnects. This book analyzes the basic concepts, providing cutting-edge information for both researchers and students. It is a complete reference for Intermediate Solid Oxide Fuel Cells technology that will be a vital resource for those working in materials science, fuel cells and solid state chemistry. - Provides a single source of information on glass, electrolytes, interconnects, vanadates, pyrochlores and perovskite SOFC - Includes illustrations that provide a clear visual explanation of concepts being discussed - Progresses from a discussion of basic concepts that will enable readers to easily comprehend the subject matter

Intermediate-Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cells

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Author :
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 366252936X
Total Pages : 271 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (625 download)

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Book Synopsis Intermediate-Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cells by : Zongping Shao

Download or read book Intermediate-Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cells written by Zongping Shao and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-09-12 with total page 271 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book discusses recent advances in intermediate-temperature solid oxide fuel cells (IT-SOFCs), focusing on material development and design, mechanism study, reaction kinetics and practical applications. It consists of five chapters presenting different types of reactions and materials employed in electrolytes, cathodes, anodes, interconnects and sealants for IT-SOFCs. It also includes two chapters highlighting new aspects of these solid oxide fuel cells and exploring their practical applications. This insightful and useful book appeals to a wide readership in various fields, including solid oxide fuel cells, electrochemistry, membranes and ceramics. Zongping Shao is a Professor at the State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering and the College of Energy, Nanjing University of Technology, China. Moses O. Tade is a Professor at the Department of Chemical Engineering, Curtin University, Australia.

Solid Oxide Fuel Cells

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Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 352734411X
Total Pages : 486 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (273 download)

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Book Synopsis Solid Oxide Fuel Cells by : Bin Zhu

Download or read book Solid Oxide Fuel Cells written by Bin Zhu and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2020-06-02 with total page 486 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Presents innovative approaches towards affordable, highly efficient, and reliable sustainable energy systems Written by leading experts on the subject, this book provides not only a basic introduction and understanding of conventional fuel cell principle, but also an updated view of the most recent developments in this field. It focuses on the new energy conversion technologies based on both electrolyte and electrolyte-free fuel cells?from advanced novel ceria-based composite electrolyte low temperature solid oxide fuel cells to non-electrolyte fuel cells as advanced fuel-to-electricity conversion technology. Solid Oxide Fuel Cells: From Electrolyte-Based to Electrolyte-Free Devices is divided into three parts. Part I covers the latest developments of anode, electrolyte, and cathode materials as well as the SOFC technologies. Part II discusses the non-electrolyte or semiconductor-based membrane fuel cells. Part III focuses on engineering efforts on materials, technology, devices and stack developments, and looks at various applications and new opportunities of SOFC using both the electrolyte and non-electrolyte principles, including integrated fuel cell systems with electrolysis, solar energy, and more. -Offers knowledge on how to realize highly efficient fuel cells with novel device structures -Shows the opportunity to transform the future fuel cell markets and the possibility to commercialize fuel cells in an extended range of applications -Presents a unique collection of contributions on the development of solid oxide fuel cells from electrolyte based to non-electrolyte-based technology -Provides a more comprehensive understanding of the advances in fuel cells and bridges the knowledge from traditional SOFC to the new concept -Allows readers to track the development from the conventional SOFC to the non-electrolyte or single-component fuel cell Solid Oxide Fuel Cells: From Electrolyte-Based to Electrolyte-Free Devices will serve as an important reference work to students, scientists, engineers, researchers, and technology developers in the fuel cell field.

Solid Oxide Fuel Cells

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Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 3527812784
Total Pages : 488 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (278 download)

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Book Synopsis Solid Oxide Fuel Cells by : Bin Zhu

Download or read book Solid Oxide Fuel Cells written by Bin Zhu and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2020-02-12 with total page 488 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Presents innovative approaches towards affordable, highly efficient, and reliable sustainable energy systems Written by leading experts on the subject, this book provides not only a basic introduction and understanding of conventional fuel cell principle, but also an updated view of the most recent developments in this field. It focuses on the new energy conversion technologies based on both electrolyte and electrolyte-free fuel cells?from advanced novel ceria-based composite electrolyte low temperature solid oxide fuel cells to non-electrolyte fuel cells as advanced fuel-to-electricity conversion technology. Solid Oxide Fuel Cells: From Electrolyte-Based to Electrolyte-Free Devices is divided into three parts. Part I covers the latest developments of anode, electrolyte, and cathode materials as well as the SOFC technologies. Part II discusses the non-electrolyte or semiconductor-based membrane fuel cells. Part III focuses on engineering efforts on materials, technology, devices and stack developments, and looks at various applications and new opportunities of SOFC using both the electrolyte and non-electrolyte principles, including integrated fuel cell systems with electrolysis, solar energy, and more. -Offers knowledge on how to realize highly efficient fuel cells with novel device structures -Shows the opportunity to transform the future fuel cell markets and the possibility to commercialize fuel cells in an extended range of applications -Presents a unique collection of contributions on the development of solid oxide fuel cells from electrolyte based to non-electrolyte-based technology -Provides a more comprehensive understanding of the advances in fuel cells and bridges the knowledge from traditional SOFC to the new concept -Allows readers to track the development from the conventional SOFC to the non-electrolyte or single-component fuel cell Solid Oxide Fuel Cells: From Electrolyte-Based to Electrolyte-Free Devices will serve as an important reference work to students, scientists, engineers, researchers, and technology developers in the fuel cell field.

Intermediate and Low Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cells

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Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 135 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (66 download)

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Book Synopsis Intermediate and Low Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cells by : Bin Zhu

Download or read book Intermediate and Low Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cells written by Bin Zhu and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 135 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Gas Transport in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells

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Author :
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319097377
Total Pages : 87 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (19 download)

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Book Synopsis Gas Transport in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells by : Weidong He

Download or read book Gas Transport in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells written by Weidong He and published by Springer. This book was released on 2014-09-03 with total page 87 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides a comprehensive overview of contemporary research and emerging measurement technologies associated with gas transport in solid oxide fuel cells. Within these pages, an introduction to the concept of gas diffusion in solid oxide fuel cells is presented. This book also discusses the history and underlying fundamental mechanisms of gas diffusion in solid oxide fuel cells, general theoretical mathematical models for gas diffusion, and traditional and advanced techniques for gas diffusivity measurement.

Perovskite Oxide for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells

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Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 0387777083
Total Pages : 310 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (877 download)

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Book Synopsis Perovskite Oxide for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells by : Tatsumi Ishihara

Download or read book Perovskite Oxide for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells written by Tatsumi Ishihara and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2009-06-12 with total page 310 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Fuel cell technology is quite promising for conversion of chemical energy of hydrocarbon fuels into electricity without forming air pollutants. There are several types of fuel cells: polymer electrolyte fuel cell (PEFC), phosphoric acid fuel cell (PAFC), molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC), solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC), and alkaline fuel cell (AFC). Among these, SOFCs are the most efficient and have various advantages such as flexibility in fuel, high reliability, simple balance of plant (BOP), and a long history. Therefore, SOFC technology is attracting much attention as a power plant and is now close to marketing as a combined heat and power generation system. From the beginning of SOFC development, many perovskite oxides have been used for SOFC components; for example, LaMnO -based oxide for the cathode and 3 LaCrO for the interconnect are the most well known materials for SOFCs. The 3 current SOFCs operate at temperatures higher than 1073 K. However, lowering the operating temperature of SOFCs is an important goal for further SOFC development. Reliability, durability, and stability of the SOFCs could be greatly improved by decreasing their operating temperature. In addition, a lower operating temperature is also beneficial for shortening the startup time and decreasing energy loss from heat radiation. For this purpose, faster oxide ion conductors are required to replace the conventional Y O -stabilized ZrO 2 3 2 electrolyte. A new class of electrolytes such as LaGaO is considered to be 3 highly useful for intermediate-temperature SOFCs.

Engineering High Performance Intermediate Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cells

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Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (665 download)

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Book Synopsis Engineering High Performance Intermediate Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cells by : Jin Soo Ahn

Download or read book Engineering High Performance Intermediate Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cells written by Jin Soo Ahn and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: ABSTRACT: Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) are an efficient, fuel flexible energy conversion device, capable of operating on fuels ranging from natural gas to gasoline, diesel, and biofuels, as well as hydrogen. However, to this point the marketability of SOFCs has been limited by their high operating temperatures. Achieving high power at intermediate temperatures (IT, 500 - 700 °C) would be a significant breakthrough, as low temperature operation would result in better stability and allow for a broader range of material options for the SOFC components as well as the balance of plant, such as stainless steel interconnects (which are only viable at

Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Technology

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Author :
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 1845696514
Total Pages : 341 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (456 download)

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Book Synopsis Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Technology by : K Huang

Download or read book Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Technology written by K Huang and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2009-07-30 with total page 341 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: High temperature solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) technology is a promising power generation option that features high electrical efficiency and low emissions of environmentally polluting gases such as CO2, NOox and SOx. It is ideal for distributed stationary power generation applications where both high-efficiency electricity and high-quality heat are in strong demand. For the past few decades, SOFC technology has attracted intense worldwide R&D effort and, along with polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) technology, has undergone extensive commercialization development.This book presents a systematic and in-depth narrative of the technology from the perspective of fundamentals, providing comprehensive theoretical analysis and innovative characterization techniques for SOFC technology. The book initially deals with the basics and development of SOFC technology from cell materials to fundamental thermodynamics, electronic properties of solids and charged particle transport. This coverage is extended with a thorough analysis of such operational features as current flow and energy balance, and on to voltage losses and electrical efficiency. Furthermore, the book also covers the important issues of fuel cell stability and durability with chapters on performance characterization, fuel processing, and electrode poisoning. Finally, the book provides a comprehensive review for SOFC materials and fabrication techniques. A series of useful scientific appendices rounds off the book.Solid oxide fuel cell technology is a standard reference for all those researching this important field as well as those working in the power industry. - Provides a comprehensive review of solid oxide fuel cells from history and design to chemistry and materials development - Presents analysis of operational features including current flow, energy balance, voltage losses and electrical efficiency - Explores fuel cell stability and durability with specific chapters examining performance characterization, fuel processing and electrode poisoning

Comprehensive Development of High Performance Solid Oxide Fuel Cells for Intermediate and Low Temperature Applications

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Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (76 download)

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Book Synopsis Comprehensive Development of High Performance Solid Oxide Fuel Cells for Intermediate and Low Temperature Applications by : Kang Taek Lee

Download or read book Comprehensive Development of High Performance Solid Oxide Fuel Cells for Intermediate and Low Temperature Applications written by Kang Taek Lee and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: ABSTRACT: In order to develop high performance solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) operating at low to intermediate temperatures, the three main SOFC components--the anode, electrolyte, and cathode--were comprehensively studied. In order to lower anodic polarization losses in anode-supported SOFCs, a novel composite anode functional layer (AFL) having bimodal (nano/micro) structure was developed. Application of this AFL involved a simple process where a precursor solution was coated onto a conventional submicron sized colloidally-deposited Ni-GDC AFL. Cells prepared in this manner yielded maximum power densities (MPD) of 1.29, 1.16, 0.7 and 0.38 W/cm2 at 650, 600, 550 and 500 oC, respectively. Electrochemical impedance results showed a striking decrease in both ohmic and non-ohmic area specific resistances (ASRs) for these cells compared to those with either no AFL, or a conventional AFL. In addition, the effect composition of the conventional submironsized AFL on performance was examined. The highest MPD (1.15 W/cm2 at 650 °C) was achieved at a composition of 60wt% NiO. This composition had the best performance over the intermediate temperature range (450 to 650 °C). For the potentio-static test, the cell exhibited stable performance over 200 hrs of operation at 1.1 W/cm2. It was also revealed that electrode ASR has an inverse linear relationship with maximum power density at 650oC.

Materials for Sustainable Energy

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Author :
Publisher : World Scientific
ISBN 13 : 9814317640
Total Pages : 360 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (143 download)

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Book Synopsis Materials for Sustainable Energy by : Vincent Dusastre

Download or read book Materials for Sustainable Energy written by Vincent Dusastre and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 2011 with total page 360 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The search for cleaner, cheaper, smaller and more efficient energy technologies has to a large extent been motivated by the development of new materials. The aim of this collection of articles is therefore to focus on what materials-based solutions can offer and show how the rationale design and improvement of their physical and chemical properties can lead to energy-production alternatives that have the potential to compete with existing technologies. In terms of alternative means to generate electricity that utilize renewable energy sources, the most dramatic breakthroughs for both mobile (i.e., transportation) and stationary applications are taking place in the fields of solar and fuel cells. And from an energy-storage perspective, exciting developments can be seen emerging from the fields of rechargeable batteries and hydrogen storage.

High-temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cells: Fundamentals, Design and Applications

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Author :
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0080508081
Total Pages : 423 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (85 download)

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Book Synopsis High-temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cells: Fundamentals, Design and Applications by : S.C. Singhal

Download or read book High-temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cells: Fundamentals, Design and Applications written by S.C. Singhal and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2003-12-08 with total page 423 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: High Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cells: Fundamentals, Design and Applications provides a comprehensive discussion of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). SOFCs are the most efficient devices for the electrochemical conversion of chemical energy of hydrocarbon fuels into electricity, and have been gaining increasing attention for clean and efficient distributed power generation. The book explains the operating principle, cell component materials, cell and stack designs and fabrication processes, cell and stack performance, and applications of SOFCs. Individual chapters are written by internationally renowned authors in their respective fields, and the text is supplemented by a large number of references for further information. The book is primarily intended for use by researchers, engineers, and other technical people working in the field of SOFCs. Even though the technology is advancing at a very rapid pace, the information contained in most of the chapters is fundamental enough for the book to be useful even as a text for SOFC technology at the graduate level.

Materials for Low-Temperature Fuel Cells

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Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 3527330429
Total Pages : 272 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (273 download)

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Book Synopsis Materials for Low-Temperature Fuel Cells by : Bradley Ladewig

Download or read book Materials for Low-Temperature Fuel Cells written by Bradley Ladewig and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2015-03-09 with total page 272 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: There are a large number of books available on fuel cells; however, the majority are on specific types of fuel cells such as solid oxide fuel cells, proton exchange membrane fuel cells, or on specific technical aspects of fuel cells, e.g., the system or stack engineering. Thus, there is a need for a book focused on materials requirements in fuel cells. Key Materials in Low-Temperature Fuel Cells is a concise source of the most important and key materials and catalysts in low-temperature fuel cells. A related book will cover key materials in high-temperature fuel cells. The two books form part of the "Materials for Sustainable Energy & Development" series. Key Materials in Low-Temperature Fuel Cells brings together world leaders and experts in this field and provides a lucid description of the materials assessment of fuel cell technologies. With an emphasis on the technical development and applications of key materials in low-temperature fuel cells, this text covers fundamental principles, advancement, challenges, and important current research themes. Topics covered include: proton exchange membrane fuel cells, direct methanol and ethanol fuel cells, microfluidic fuel cells, biofuel cells, alkaline membrane fuel cells, functionalized carbon nanotubes as catalyst supports, nanostructured Pt catalysts, non-PGM catalysts, membranes, and materials modeling. This book is an essential reference source for researchers, engineers and technicians in academia, research institutes and industry working in the fields of fuel cells, energy materials, electrochemistry and materials science and engineering.

Solid Oxide Fuel Cells

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Publisher : Royal Society of Chemistry
ISBN 13 : 1849737770
Total Pages : 539 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (497 download)

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Book Synopsis Solid Oxide Fuel Cells by : Meng Ni

Download or read book Solid Oxide Fuel Cells written by Meng Ni and published by Royal Society of Chemistry. This book was released on 2013-08-16 with total page 539 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) are promising electrochemical power generation devices that can convert chemical energy of a fuel into electricity in an efficient, environmental-friendly, and quiet manner. Due to their high operating temperature, SOFCs feature fuel flexibility as internal reforming of hydrocarbon fuels and ammonia thermal cracking can be realized in SOFC anode. This book presents an overview of the SOFC technology with a focus on the recent developments in new technologies and new ideas for addressing the key issues of SOFC development. This book first introduces the fundamental principles of SOFCs and compares SOFC technology with conventional heat engines as well as low temperature fuel cells. Then the latest developments in SOFC R&D are reviewed and future directions are discussed. Key issues related to SOFC performance improvement, long-term stability, mathematical modelling, as well as system integration/control are addressed, including material development, infiltration technique for nano-structured electrode fabrication, focused ion beam – scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM) technique for microstructure reconstruction, the Lattice Boltzmann Method (LBM) simulation at pore scale, multi-scale modelling, SOFC integration with buildings and other cycles for stationary applications.

Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) Materials

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Publisher : Materials Research Forum LLC
ISBN 13 : 1945291516
Total Pages : 183 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (452 download)

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Book Synopsis Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) Materials by : R. Saravanan

Download or read book Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) Materials written by R. Saravanan and published by Materials Research Forum LLC. This book was released on 2018-01-15 with total page 183 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Developing materials for SOFC applications is one of the key topics in energy research. The book focuses on manganite structured materials, such as doped lanthanum chromites and lanthanum manganites, which have interesting properties: thermal and chemical stability, mixed ionic and electrical conductivity, electrocatalytic activity, magnetocaloric property and colossal magnetoresistance (CMR). These materials have applications in solid oxide fuel cells, high temperature NOx sensors, hard disk read heads, magnetic sensors and magnetoresistive random access memories. For the first time, the charge density distributions have been studied in these materials as synthesized by high temperature solid state reaction. Charge density analysis is helpful in understanding the physical and chemical properties of materials and in developing optimized structures. The morphological, elemental, optical and magnetic properties of the materials have also been studied. Solid Oxide Fuel Cells, SOFC, Manganite Structured Materials, Lanthanum Chromites, Lanthanum Manganites, Electrocatalytic Activity, Magnetocaloric Property, Colossal Magnetoresistance, High Temperature NOx Sensors, Hard Disk Read Heads, Magnetic Sensors, Magnetoresistive Random Access Memories, Charge Density Distribution

Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Lifetime and Reliability

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Author :
Publisher : Academic Press
ISBN 13 : 0128097248
Total Pages : 235 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (28 download)

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Book Synopsis Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Lifetime and Reliability by : Nigel Brandon

Download or read book Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Lifetime and Reliability written by Nigel Brandon and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2017-05-23 with total page 235 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Lifetime and Reliability: Critical Challenges in Fuel Cells presents in one volume the most recent research that aims at solving key issues for the deployment of SOFC at a commercial scale and for a wider range of applications. To achieve that, authors from different regions and backgrounds address topics such as electrolytes, contaminants, redox cycling, gas-tight seals, and electrode microstructure. Lifetime issues for particular elements of the fuel cells, like cathodes, interconnects, and fuel processors, are covered as well as new materials. They also examine the balance of SOFC plants, correlations between structure and electrochemical performance, methods for analysis of performance and degradation assessment, and computational and statistical approaches to quantify degradation. For its holistic approach, this book can be used both as an introduction to these issues and a reference resource for all involved in research and application of solid oxide fuel cells, especially those developing understanding in industrial applications of the lifetime issues. This includes researchers in academia and industrial R&D, graduate students and professionals in energy engineering, electrochemistry, and materials sciences for energy applications. It might also be of particular interest to analysts who are looking into integrating SOFCs into energy systems. - Brings together in a single volume leading research and expert thinking around the broad topic of SOFC lifetime and durability - Explores issues that affect solid oxide fuel cells elements, materials, and systems with a holistic approach - Provides a practical reference for overcoming some of the common failure mechanisms of SOFCs - Features coverage of integrating SOFCs into energy systems

Perovskite Materials

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Publisher : BoD – Books on Demand
ISBN 13 : 9535122452
Total Pages : 652 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (351 download)

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Book Synopsis Perovskite Materials by : Likun Pan

Download or read book Perovskite Materials written by Likun Pan and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2016-02-03 with total page 652 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book summarizes the current state of the know-how in the field of perovskite materials: synthesis, characterization, properties, and applications. Most chapters include a review on the actual knowledge and cutting-edge research results. Thus, this book is an essential source of reference for scientists with research fields in energy, physics, chemistry and materials. It is also a suitable reading material for graduate students.