Institutional Change And China Capitalism: Frontier Of Cliometrics And Its Application To China

Download Institutional Change And China Capitalism: Frontier Of Cliometrics And Its Application To China PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : World Scientific
ISBN 13 : 1800611242
Total Pages : 384 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (6 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Institutional Change And China Capitalism: Frontier Of Cliometrics And Its Application To China by : Antoine Le Riche

Download or read book Institutional Change And China Capitalism: Frontier Of Cliometrics And Its Application To China written by Antoine Le Riche and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 2022-03-11 with total page 384 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This edited volume is based on original essays first presented at seminars in complexity economics, Sichuan University, China, in November 2018 and May 2019, and at the 12th International Conference on the Chinese Economy, University of Clermont-Ferrand, France, in October 2019. It also includes three contributions written especially for this volume. This research benefited from three French grants 'Hubert Curien Research Fellowship' (Program Campus France 2019, 2020, 2021). All chapters assess the recent take-off of the Chinese economy from a historical perspective, enlarging the economic evidence that China's capitalism is a matter of institutional revolution.Institutional Change and China Capitalism aims to provide a radically new view of the rise of Chinese capitalism by drawing on recent developments in cliometrics and complexity economics, macroeconomic dynamics, network analysis and behavioral finance to illustrate the various facets of China's transition to capitalism. The chapters within innovate the study of China's take-off using the frontier of research in institutional cliometrics and complexity economics. Thus, the book is structured in three sections that seek to address — empirically, theoretically, and in terms of network structure, the profound institutional change that led China to progressively adopt capitalism.Together these papers attest to the vitality of current research in cliometrics and complexity economics.

Finance With A Purpose: Fintech, Development And Financial Inclusion In The Global Economy

Download Finance With A Purpose: Fintech, Development And Financial Inclusion In The Global Economy PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : World Scientific
ISBN 13 : 1800612214
Total Pages : 220 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (6 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Finance With A Purpose: Fintech, Development And Financial Inclusion In The Global Economy by : Frederic De Mariz

Download or read book Finance With A Purpose: Fintech, Development And Financial Inclusion In The Global Economy written by Frederic De Mariz and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 2022-05-30 with total page 220 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: From vehicles to music, power generation to retail, every aspect of our daily routine has experienced drastic changes in the recent past, driven by secular forces such as digitization, a growing focus on sustainability, regulatory changes and evolving consumer behavior. Financial services are no exception. A paradigm change is at play in the financial sector, with a surge in competition from non-traditional actors, a revolution in customer experience evidenced by rising transparency and customer-centric strategies. FinTech is disrupting financial services, providing a historic opportunity for formally underserved customers, a formidable threat to existing banks and a critical challenge to regulators. Through the lens of FinTech (financial technology) — including payments, lending platforms, insurtech, superapps and market infrastructure — the author highlights the practical policy opportunities and risks of financial inclusion with a wealth of data.This book tells the story of entrepreneurs, companies, investors, researchers and regulators who are building the financial services of tomorrow and the mechanisms that will allow us as a society to fulfill the promise of inclusion. There are still challenges to overcome, particularly high levels of informality, subpar quality in financial services, and low levels of financial education. Regulators play a crucial role to foster inclusion, proposing sandboxes and stepping up their efforts against risks triggered by technology such as monopolistic behavior, consumer protection and cybercrime.Finance with a Purpose combines the theory in the fields of economics, finance and law with the practice of financial institutions, corporates, households and investors. By combining the latest academic research with ample professional experience in emerging markets, this book is essential for policymakers, scholars, and any reader who wants to understand the recent progress in financial inclusion and how it can be used to alleviate inequality and foster economic development.

Financial Transformations Beyond The Covid-19 Health Crisis

Download Financial Transformations Beyond The Covid-19 Health Crisis PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : World Scientific
ISBN 13 : 1800610793
Total Pages : 857 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (6 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Financial Transformations Beyond The Covid-19 Health Crisis by : Sabri Boubaker

Download or read book Financial Transformations Beyond The Covid-19 Health Crisis written by Sabri Boubaker and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 2022-05-18 with total page 857 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The COVID-19 global health pandemic, which started in late December 2019, forced many countries to adopt unusual measures such as social distancing and strict lockdowns. It changed many of our certainties and practices, including the foundations of the market-led version of capitalism, by bringing social and health considerations back to the forefront of firms' considerations, investors' strategies and governments' priorities. Under the effects of this unprecedented crisis, all sectors of finance and real economy have been seriously affected.Health uncertainties and their increasing consequences for human life and activities require stronger and faster actions to shape pathways towards sustainability and better resilience. The COVID-19 health crisis is a visible part of a greater iceberg: the World Health Organization has tracked, over recent years, a large number of epidemic events around the world, suggesting that many other similar diseases could appear and evolve in the future from epidemic to pandemic in a globalized world.Financial Transformations Beyond the COVID-19 Health Crisis was specifically designed to provide the readers with new results, recent findings and future outlook on the impacts of COVID-19 on financial markets, firm behaviors, and finance and investment strategies. It favors multidimensional perspectives and brings together conceptual, empirical and policy-oriented chapters, using quantitative and qualitative methods alike. This is a timely and comprehensive collection of theoretical, empirical and policy contributions from renowned scholars around the world, and provides the thoughts and insights required to rethink the financial sector in the event of new shocks of the same nature.

Modern Finance And Risk Management: Festschrift In Honour Of Hermann Locarek-junge

Download Modern Finance And Risk Management: Festschrift In Honour Of Hermann Locarek-junge PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : World Scientific
ISBN 13 : 1800611927
Total Pages : 508 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (6 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Modern Finance And Risk Management: Festschrift In Honour Of Hermann Locarek-junge by : Tony Klein

Download or read book Modern Finance And Risk Management: Festschrift In Honour Of Hermann Locarek-junge written by Tony Klein and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 2022-06-07 with total page 508 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Modern Finance and Risk Management is dedicated to our colleague, academic mentor, and adviser Professor Hermann Locarek-Junge. During his academic career, Hermann Locarek-Junge published several important contributions to the field of risk management and portfolio management and served as the chairman and board member of the German Finance Association (DGF) and the Data Science Society (Gesellschaft für Klassifikation).A short foreword by the mentors of Hermann Locarek-Junge and an introduction by the editors mark the beginning of the Festschrift. The first section on Modern Finance includes chapters on asset management, entrepreneurship, and behavioural finance. The second section on Modern Risk Management contains seven contributions covering considerations of risk measurement, risk management, and regulation. Finally, the third section includes topics on commodities and energy finance.This Festschrift comprises 20 original contributions of notable scholars in finance who have worked with Hermann Locarek-Junge over the last four decades. Due to numerous connections to practice and applications, Modern Finance and Risk Management is relevant and attractive not only to academics and researchers but also to practitioners in industry and banking.

Islamic Accounting And Finance: A Handbook

Download Islamic Accounting And Finance: A Handbook PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : World Scientific
ISBN 13 : 1800612435
Total Pages : 882 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (6 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Islamic Accounting And Finance: A Handbook by : Khaled Hussainey

Download or read book Islamic Accounting And Finance: A Handbook written by Khaled Hussainey and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 2023-03-23 with total page 882 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Islamic finance is one of the fastest-growing sectors in international banking and finance. Owing to the increasing availability and ease of access to Islamic services, Islamic finance has become increasingly important not only in Muslim countries, but around the world, making it a global industry. Under the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) as well as in some regions, such as the Middle East and North Africa, a dual financial system is implemented, where Sharia-compliant products are marketed alongside conventional financial systems.In this thoroughly researched collection of chapters, researchers from around the world examine the role of Islamic finance in the economies and prospects of different companies. They discuss Islamic finance literature from both theoretical and empirical perspectives. The theoretical section of the book consists of conceptual chapters that enable readers to critically evaluate and expand their understanding of accounting and finance. The chapters in the empirical section of this handbook discuss and interpret empirical evidence to provide clear implications for practice, research, and society. This section bridges the gap between theory and practice and offers suggestions for future research. Islamic Accounting and Finance is geared towards scholars and students, but it is also of use to banking and finance practitioners.

World Development Report 2019

Download World Development Report 2019 PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : World Bank Publications
ISBN 13 : 1464813566
Total Pages : 201 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (648 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis World Development Report 2019 by : World Bank

Download or read book World Development Report 2019 written by World Bank and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2018-10-31 with total page 201 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Work is constantly reshaped by technological progress. New ways of production are adopted, markets expand, and societies evolve. But some changes provoke more attention than others, in part due to the vast uncertainty involved in making predictions about the future. The 2019 World Development Report will study how the nature of work is changing as a result of advances in technology today. Technological progress disrupts existing systems. A new social contract is needed to smooth the transition and guard against rising inequality. Significant investments in human capital throughout a person’s lifecycle are vital to this effort. If workers are to stay competitive against machines they need to train or retool existing skills. A social protection system that includes a minimum basic level of protection for workers and citizens can complement new forms of employment. Improved private sector policies to encourage startup activity and competition can help countries compete in the digital age. Governments also need to ensure that firms pay their fair share of taxes, in part to fund this new social contract. The 2019 World Development Report presents an analysis of these issues based upon the available evidence.

Chinese History in Economic Perspective

Download Chinese History in Economic Perspective PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : University of California Press
ISBN 13 : 0520301889
Total Pages : 382 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (23 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Chinese History in Economic Perspective by : Thomas G. Rawski

Download or read book Chinese History in Economic Perspective written by Thomas G. Rawski and published by University of California Press. This book was released on 2018-05-18 with total page 382 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume marks a turning point in the study of Chinese economic history. It arose from a realization that the economic history of China—as opposed to the history of the Chinese economy—had yet to be written. Most histories of the Chinese economy, whether by Western or Chinese scholars, tend to view the economy in institutional or social terms. In contrast, the studies in this volume break new ground by systematically applying economic theory and methods to the study of China. While demonstrating to historians the advantages of an economic perspective, the contributors, comprising both historians and economists, offer important new insights concerning issues of long-standing interest to both disciplines. Part One, on price behavior, presents for the first time preliminary analyses of the incomparably rich and important grain price data from the imperial archives in Beijing and Taibei during the Qing Dynasty (1644–1911). These studies reveal long-term trends in the Chinese economy since the seventeenth century and contain surprising discoveries about market integration, the agricultural economy, and demographic behavior in different regions of China. The essays in Part Two, on market response, deal with different aspects of the economy of Republican China (1912–49), showing that markets for land, labor, and capital sometimes functioned as predicted by models of economic "rationality" but at other times behaved in ways that can be explained only by combining economic analysis with knowledge of political, regional, class, and gender differences. Based on new types of data, they suggest novel interpretations of the Chinese economic experience. The resulting collection is interdisciplinary scholarship of a high order, which weaves together the analytic framework provided by economic theory and the rich texture of social phenomena gathered by accomplished historians. This title is part of UC Press's Voices Revived program, which commemorates University of California Press’s mission to seek out and cultivate the brightest minds and give them voice, reach, and impact. Drawing on a backlist dating to 1893, Voices Revived makes high-quality, peer-reviewed scholarship accessible once again using print-on-demand technology. This title was originally published in 1992.

The History Manifesto

Download The History Manifesto PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1316165256
Total Pages : 177 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (161 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The History Manifesto by : Jo Guldi

Download or read book The History Manifesto written by Jo Guldi and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2014-10-02 with total page 177 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: How should historians speak truth to power – and why does it matter? Why is five hundred years better than five months or five years as a planning horizon? And why is history – especially long-term history – so essential to understanding the multiple pasts which gave rise to our conflicted present? The History Manifesto is a call to arms to historians and everyone interested in the role of history in contemporary society. Leading historians Jo Guldi and David Armitage identify a recent shift back to longer-term narratives, following many decades of increasing specialisation, which they argue is vital for the future of historical scholarship and how it is communicated. This provocative and thoughtful book makes an important intervention in the debate about the role of history and the humanities in a digital age. It will provoke discussion among policymakers, activists and entrepreneurs as well as ordinary listeners, viewers, readers, students and teachers. This title is also available as Open Access.

Capital Flows, Exchange Rate Flexibility, and the Real Exchange Rate

Download Capital Flows, Exchange Rate Flexibility, and the Real Exchange Rate PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : International Monetary Fund
ISBN 13 : 1455211877
Total Pages : 35 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (552 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Capital Flows, Exchange Rate Flexibility, and the Real Exchange Rate by : Mr.Tidiane Kinda

Download or read book Capital Flows, Exchange Rate Flexibility, and the Real Exchange Rate written by Mr.Tidiane Kinda and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2011-01-01 with total page 35 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper analyzes the impact of capital inflows and exchange rate flexibility on the real exchange rate in developing countries based on panel cointegration techniques. The results show that public and private flows are associated with a real exchange rate appreciation. Among private flows, portfolio investment has the highest appreciation effect-almost seven times that of foreign direct investment or bank loans-and private transfers have the lowest effect. Using a de facto measure of exchange rate flexibility, we find that a more flexible exchange rate helps to dampen appreciation of the real exchange rate stemming from capital inflows.

Capitalism from Below

Download Capitalism from Below PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Harvard University Press
ISBN 13 : 0674065395
Total Pages : 450 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (74 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Capitalism from Below by : Victor Nee

Download or read book Capitalism from Below written by Victor Nee and published by Harvard University Press. This book was released on 2012-06-19 with total page 450 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Over 630 million Chinese escaped poverty since the 1980s, the largest decrease in poverty in history. Studying 700 manufacturing firms in the Yangzi region, the authors argue that the engine of China’s economic miracle—private enterprise—did not originate at the top but bubbled up from below, overcoming initial obstacles set up by the government.

Handbook of Research Methods and Applications in Empirical Macroeconomics

Download Handbook of Research Methods and Applications in Empirical Macroeconomics PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Edward Elgar Publishing
ISBN 13 : 0857931024
Total Pages : 627 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (579 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Handbook of Research Methods and Applications in Empirical Macroeconomics by : Nigar Hashimzade

Download or read book Handbook of Research Methods and Applications in Empirical Macroeconomics written by Nigar Hashimzade and published by Edward Elgar Publishing. This book was released on 2013-01-01 with total page 627 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This comprehensive Handbook presents the current state of art in the theory and methodology of macroeconomic data analysis. It is intended as a reference for graduate students and researchers interested in exploring new methodologies, but can also be employed as a graduate text. The Handbook concentrates on the most important issues, models and techniques for research in macroeconomics, and highlights the core methodologies and their empirical application in an accessible manner. Each chapter is largely self-contained, whilst the comprehensive introduction provides an overview of the key statistical concepts and methods. All of the chapters include the essential references for each topic and provide a sound guide for further reading. Topics covered include unit roots, non-linearities and structural breaks, time aggregation, forecasting, the Kalman filter, generalised method of moments, maximum likelihood and Bayesian estimation, vector autoregressive, dynamic stochastic general equilibrium and dynamic panel models. Presenting the most important models and techniques for empirical research, this Handbook will appeal to students, researchers and academics working in empirical macro and econometrics.

Frontiers of Development Economics

Download Frontiers of Development Economics PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : World Bank Publications
ISBN 13 : 9780195215922
Total Pages : 596 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (159 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Frontiers of Development Economics by : Gerald M. Meier

Download or read book Frontiers of Development Economics written by Gerald M. Meier and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2001 with total page 596 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: With contributions from 35 leading economists, this forward-looking book explores the future of development economics against the background of the past half-century of development thought and practice. Outstanding representatives of the past two generations of development economists assess development thinking at the turn of the century and look to the unsettled questions confronting the next generation.The volume offers a thorough analysis of the broad range of issues involved in development economics, and it is especially timely in its critique of what is needed in development theory and policy to reduce poverty. An overriding issue is whether in the future 'development economics' is to be regarded simply as applied economics or whether the nature and scope of development economics will constitute a need for a special development theory to supplement general economic theory.'Frontiers of Development Economics' is an ideal reference for all those working in the international development community.

The Evolutionary Foundations of Economics

Download The Evolutionary Foundations of Economics PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 9781139443234
Total Pages : 604 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (432 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Evolutionary Foundations of Economics by : Kurt Dopfer

Download or read book The Evolutionary Foundations of Economics written by Kurt Dopfer and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2005-05-23 with total page 604 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: It is widely recognised that mainstream economics has failed to translate micro consistently into macro economics and to provide endogenous explanations for the continual changes in the economic system. Since the early 1980s, a growing number of economists have been trying to provide answers to these two key questions by applying an evolutionary approach. This new departure has yielded a rich literature with enormous variety, but the unifying principles connecting the various ideas and views presented are, as yet, not apparent. This 2005 volume brings together fifteen original articles from scholars - each of whom has made a significant contribution to the field - in their common effort to reconstruct economics as an evolutionary science. Using meso economics as an analytical entity to bridge micro and macro economics as well as static and dynamic realms, a unified economic theory emerges.

Doing Capitalism in the Innovation Economy

Download Doing Capitalism in the Innovation Economy PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1107031257
Total Pages : 345 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (7 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Doing Capitalism in the Innovation Economy by : William H. Janeway

Download or read book Doing Capitalism in the Innovation Economy written by William H. Janeway and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2012-10-08 with total page 345 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A unique insight into the interaction between the state, financiers and entrepreneurs in the modern innovation economy.

Power and Plenty

Download Power and Plenty PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Princeton University Press
ISBN 13 : 1400831881
Total Pages : 648 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (8 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Power and Plenty by : Ronald Findlay

Download or read book Power and Plenty written by Ronald Findlay and published by Princeton University Press. This book was released on 2009-08-10 with total page 648 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: International trade has shaped the modern world, yet until now no single book has been available for both economists and general readers that traces the history of the international economy from its earliest beginnings to the present day. Power and Plenty fills this gap, providing the first full account of world trade and development over the course of the last millennium. Ronald Findlay and Kevin O'Rourke examine the successive waves of globalization and "deglobalization" that have occurred during the past thousand years, looking closely at the technological and political causes behind these long-term trends. They show how the expansion and contraction of the world economy has been directly tied to the two-way interplay of trade and geopolitics, and how war and peace have been critical determinants of international trade over the very long run. The story they tell is sweeping in scope, one that links the emergence of the Western economies with economic and political developments throughout Eurasia centuries ago. Drawing extensively upon empirical evidence and informing their systematic analysis with insights from contemporary economic theory, Findlay and O'Rourke demonstrate the close interrelationships of trade and warfare, the mutual interdependence of the world's different regions, and the crucial role these factors have played in explaining modern economic growth. Power and Plenty is a must-read for anyone seeking to understand the origins of today's international economy, the forces that continue to shape it, and the economic and political challenges confronting policymakers in the twenty-first century.

Theories of Social Capital

Download Theories of Social Capital PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Pluto Press
ISBN 13 : 9780745329963
Total Pages : 304 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (299 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Theories of Social Capital by : Ben Fine

Download or read book Theories of Social Capital written by Ben Fine and published by Pluto Press. This book was released on 2010-03-15 with total page 304 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Tracing the evolution of social capital since his highly acclaimed contribution of 2001 (Social Capital Versus Social Theory), Ben Fine consolidates his position as the world's leading critic of the concept. Fine forcibly demonstrates how social capital has expanded across the social sciences only by degrading the different disciplines and topics that it touches: a McDonaldization of social theory. The rise and fall of social capital at the World Bank is critically explained as is social capital's growing presence in disciplines, such as management studies, and its relative absence in others, such as social history. Writing with a sharp critical edge, Fine not only deconstructs the roller-coaster presence of social capital across the social sciences but also draws out lessons on how (and how not) to do research.

Aging in the Past

Download Aging in the Past PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Univ of California Press
ISBN 13 : 9780520084667
Total Pages : 428 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (846 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Aging in the Past by : David I. Kertzer

Download or read book Aging in the Past written by David I. Kertzer and published by Univ of California Press. This book was released on 1995-01-01 with total page 428 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Thanks to improved food, medicine, and living conditions, the average age of the population is increasing throughout the modern industrialized world. Yet, despite the recent upsurge of scholarly interest in the lives of older people and the blossoming of historical demography, little historical demographic attention has been paid to the lives of the elderly. A landmark volume, Aging in the Past marks the emergence of the historical demographic study of aging. Following a masterly explication of the new field by Peter Laslett, leading scholars in family history and historical demography offer new research results and fresh analyses that greatly increase our understanding of aging, historically and across cultures. Focusing primarily on post-Industrial Europe and the United States, they explore a range of issues under the broad topics of living arrangements, widowhood, and retirement and mortality. This important work provides a much-needed historical perspective on and suggests possible alternative solutions to the problems of the aged. Thanks to improved food, medicine, and living conditions, the average age of the population is increasing throughout the modern industrialized world. Yet, despite the recent upsurge of scholarly interest in the lives of older people and the blossoming of historical demography, little historical demographic attention has been paid to the lives of the elderly. A landmark volume, Aging in the Past marks the emergence of the historical demographic study of aging. Following a masterly explication of the new field by Peter Laslett, leading scholars in family history and historical demography offer new research results and fresh analyses that greatly increase our understanding of aging, historically and across cultures. Focusing primarily on post-Industrial Europe and the United States, they explore a range of issues under the broad topics of living arrangements, widowhood, and retirement and mortality. This important work provides a much-needed historical perspective on and suggests possible alternative solutions to the problems of the aged.