Inference

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Active Inference

Author : Thomas Parr
Publisher : MIT Press
ISBN 13 : 0262362287
Total Pages : 313 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (623 download)

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Book Synopsis Active Inference by : Thomas Parr

Download or read book Active Inference written by Thomas Parr and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 2022-03-29 with total page 313 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The first comprehensive treatment of active inference, an integrative perspective on brain, cognition, and behavior used across multiple disciplines. Active inference is a way of understanding sentient behavior—a theory that characterizes perception, planning, and action in terms of probabilistic inference. Developed by theoretical neuroscientist Karl Friston over years of groundbreaking research, active inference provides an integrated perspective on brain, cognition, and behavior that is increasingly used across multiple disciplines including neuroscience, psychology, and philosophy. Active inference puts the action into perception. This book offers the first comprehensive treatment of active inference, covering theory, applications, and cognitive domains. Active inference is a “first principles” approach to understanding behavior and the brain, framed in terms of a single imperative to minimize free energy. The book emphasizes the implications of the free energy principle for understanding how the brain works. It first introduces active inference both conceptually and formally, contextualizing it within current theories of cognition. It then provides specific examples of computational models that use active inference to explain such cognitive phenomena as perception, attention, memory, and planning.

Causal Inference

Author : Miquel A. Hernan
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 9781420076165
Total Pages : 352 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (761 download)

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Book Synopsis Causal Inference by : Miquel A. Hernan

Download or read book Causal Inference written by Miquel A. Hernan and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2019-07-07 with total page 352 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The application of causal inference methods is growing exponentially in fields that deal with observational data. Written by pioneers in the field, this practical book presents an authoritative yet accessible overview of the methods and applications of causal inference. With a wide range of detailed, worked examples using real epidemiologic data as well as software for replicating the analyses, the text provides a thorough introduction to the basics of the theory for non-time-varying treatments and the generalization to complex longitudinal data.

Statistical Inference

Author : George Casella
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1040024025
Total Pages : 1746 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (4 download)

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Book Synopsis Statistical Inference by : George Casella

Download or read book Statistical Inference written by George Casella and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2024-05-23 with total page 1746 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This classic textbook builds theoretical statistics from the first principles of probability theory. Starting from the basics of probability, the authors develop the theory of statistical inference using techniques, definitions, and concepts that are statistical and natural extensions, and consequences, of previous concepts. It covers all topics from a standard inference course including: distributions, random variables, data reduction, point estimation, hypothesis testing, and interval estimation. Features The classic graduate-level textbook on statistical inference Develops elements of statistical theory from first principles of probability Written in a lucid style accessible to anyone with some background in calculus Covers all key topics of a standard course in inference Hundreds of examples throughout to aid understanding Each chapter includes an extensive set of graduated exercises Statistical Inference, Second Edition is primarily aimed at graduate students of statistics, but can be used by advanced undergraduate students majoring in statistics who have a solid mathematics background. It also stresses the more practical uses of statistical theory, being more concerned with understanding basic statistical concepts and deriving reasonable statistical procedures, while less focused on formal optimality considerations. This is a reprint of the second edition originally published by Cengage Learning, Inc. in 2001.

Information Theory, Inference and Learning Algorithms

Author : David J. C. MacKay
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 9780521642989
Total Pages : 694 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (429 download)

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Book Synopsis Information Theory, Inference and Learning Algorithms by : David J. C. MacKay

Download or read book Information Theory, Inference and Learning Algorithms written by David J. C. MacKay and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2003-09-25 with total page 694 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Information theory and inference, taught together in this exciting textbook, lie at the heart of many important areas of modern technology - communication, signal processing, data mining, machine learning, pattern recognition, computational neuroscience, bioinformatics and cryptography. The book introduces theory in tandem with applications. Information theory is taught alongside practical communication systems such as arithmetic coding for data compression and sparse-graph codes for error-correction. Inference techniques, including message-passing algorithms, Monte Carlo methods and variational approximations, are developed alongside applications to clustering, convolutional codes, independent component analysis, and neural networks. Uniquely, the book covers state-of-the-art error-correcting codes, including low-density-parity-check codes, turbo codes, and digital fountain codes - the twenty-first-century standards for satellite communications, disk drives, and data broadcast. Richly illustrated, filled with worked examples and over 400 exercises, some with detailed solutions, the book is ideal for self-learning, and for undergraduate or graduate courses. It also provides an unparalleled entry point for professionals in areas as diverse as computational biology, financial engineering and machine learning.

Elements of Causal Inference

Author : Jonas Peters
Publisher : MIT Press
ISBN 13 : 0262037319
Total Pages : 289 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (62 download)

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Book Synopsis Elements of Causal Inference by : Jonas Peters

Download or read book Elements of Causal Inference written by Jonas Peters and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 2017-11-29 with total page 289 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A concise and self-contained introduction to causal inference, increasingly important in data science and machine learning. The mathematization of causality is a relatively recent development, and has become increasingly important in data science and machine learning. This book offers a self-contained and concise introduction to causal models and how to learn them from data. After explaining the need for causal models and discussing some of the principles underlying causal inference, the book teaches readers how to use causal models: how to compute intervention distributions, how to infer causal models from observational and interventional data, and how causal ideas could be exploited for classical machine learning problems. All of these topics are discussed first in terms of two variables and then in the more general multivariate case. The bivariate case turns out to be a particularly hard problem for causal learning because there are no conditional independences as used by classical methods for solving multivariate cases. The authors consider analyzing statistical asymmetries between cause and effect to be highly instructive, and they report on their decade of intensive research into this problem. The book is accessible to readers with a background in machine learning or statistics, and can be used in graduate courses or as a reference for researchers. The text includes code snippets that can be copied and pasted, exercises, and an appendix with a summary of the most important technical concepts.

Human Inference

Author : Richard E. Nisbett
Publisher : Prentice Hall
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 362 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Human Inference by : Richard E. Nisbett

Download or read book Human Inference written by Richard E. Nisbett and published by Prentice Hall. This book was released on 1980 with total page 362 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

The Foundations of Scientific Inference

Author : Wesley Salmon
Publisher : University of Pittsburgh Pre
ISBN 13 : 0822971259
Total Pages : 170 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (229 download)

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Book Synopsis The Foundations of Scientific Inference by : Wesley Salmon

Download or read book The Foundations of Scientific Inference written by Wesley Salmon and published by University of Pittsburgh Pre. This book was released on 1967-09 with total page 170 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Not since Ernest Nagel’s 1939 monograph on the theory of probability has there been a comprehensive elementary survey of the philosophical problems of probablity and induction. This is an authoritative and up-to-date treatment of the subject, and yet it is relatively brief and nontechnical. Hume’s skeptical arguments regarding the justification of induction are taken as a point of departure, and a variety of traditional and contemporary ways of dealing with this problem are considered. The author then sets forth his own criteria of adequacy for interpretations of probability. Utilizing these criteria he analyzes contemporary theories of probability, as well as the older classical and subjective interpretations.

Causal Inference in Statistics, Social, and Biomedical Sciences

Author : Guido W. Imbens
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 0521885884
Total Pages : 647 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (218 download)

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Book Synopsis Causal Inference in Statistics, Social, and Biomedical Sciences by : Guido W. Imbens

Download or read book Causal Inference in Statistics, Social, and Biomedical Sciences written by Guido W. Imbens and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2015-04-06 with total page 647 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This text presents statistical methods for studying causal effects and discusses how readers can assess such effects in simple randomized experiments.

A Solution to the Ecological Inference Problem

Author : Gary King
Publisher : Princeton University Press
ISBN 13 : 1400849209
Total Pages : 366 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (8 download)

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Book Synopsis A Solution to the Ecological Inference Problem by : Gary King

Download or read book A Solution to the Ecological Inference Problem written by Gary King and published by Princeton University Press. This book was released on 2013-09-20 with total page 366 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides a solution to the ecological inference problem, which has plagued users of statistical methods for over seventy-five years: How can researchers reliably infer individual-level behavior from aggregate (ecological) data? In political science, this question arises when individual-level surveys are unavailable (for instance, local or comparative electoral politics), unreliable (racial politics), insufficient (political geography), or infeasible (political history). This ecological inference problem also confronts researchers in numerous areas of major significance in public policy, and other academic disciplines, ranging from epidemiology and marketing to sociology and quantitative history. Although many have attempted to make such cross-level inferences, scholars agree that all existing methods yield very inaccurate conclusions about the world. In this volume, Gary King lays out a unique--and reliable--solution to this venerable problem. King begins with a qualitative overview, readable even by those without a statistical background. He then unifies the apparently diverse findings in the methodological literature, so that only one aggregation problem remains to be solved. He then presents his solution, as well as empirical evaluations of the solution that include over 16,000 comparisons of his estimates from real aggregate data to the known individual-level answer. The method works in practice. King's solution to the ecological inference problem will enable empirical researchers to investigate substantive questions that have heretofore proved unanswerable, and move forward fields of inquiry in which progress has been stifled by this problem.

Causal Inference

Author : Scott Cunningham
Publisher : Yale University Press
ISBN 13 : 0300251688
Total Pages : 585 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (2 download)

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Book Synopsis Causal Inference by : Scott Cunningham

Download or read book Causal Inference written by Scott Cunningham and published by Yale University Press. This book was released on 2021-01-26 with total page 585 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An accessible, contemporary introduction to the methods for determining cause and effect in the social sciences "Causation versus correlation has been the basis of arguments--economic and otherwise--since the beginning of time. Causal Inference: The Mixtape uses legit real-world examples that I found genuinely thought-provoking. It's rare that a book prompts readers to expand their outlook; this one did for me."--Marvin Young (Young MC) Causal inference encompasses the tools that allow social scientists to determine what causes what. In a messy world, causal inference is what helps establish the causes and effects of the actions being studied--for example, the impact (or lack thereof) of increases in the minimum wage on employment, the effects of early childhood education on incarceration later in life, or the influence on economic growth of introducing malaria nets in developing regions. Scott Cunningham introduces students and practitioners to the methods necessary to arrive at meaningful answers to the questions of causation, using a range of modeling techniques and coding instructions for both the R and the Stata programming languages.

Introducing Inference

Author : Marilyn M. Toomey
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9780923573386
Total Pages : 113 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (733 download)

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Book Synopsis Introducing Inference by : Marilyn M. Toomey

Download or read book Introducing Inference written by Marilyn M. Toomey and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 113 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Scientific Inference

Author : Harold Jeffreys
Publisher : Read Books Ltd
ISBN 13 : 1447494784
Total Pages : 280 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (474 download)

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Book Synopsis Scientific Inference by : Harold Jeffreys

Download or read book Scientific Inference written by Harold Jeffreys and published by Read Books Ltd. This book was released on 2011-11-18 with total page 280 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Originally published in 1931. The present work had its beginnings in a series of papers published jointly some years ago by Dr Dorothy Wrinch and myself. Both before and since that time several books purporting to give analyses of the principles of scientific inquiry have appeared, but it seems to me that none of them gives adequate attention to the chief guiding principle of both scientific and everyday knowledge that it is possible to learn from experience and to make inferences from it beyond the data directly known by sensation. Discussions from the philosophical and logical point of view have tended to the conclusion that this principle cannot be justified by logic alone, which is true, and have left it at that. In discussions by physicists, on the other hand, it hardly seems to be noticed that such a principle exists. In the present work the principle is frankly adopted as a primitive postulate and its consequences are developed. It is found to lead to an explanation and a justification of the high probabilities attached in practice to simple quantitative laws, and thereby to a recasting of the processes involved in description. As illustrations of the actual relations of scientific laws to experience it is shown how the sciences of mensuration and dynamics may be developed. I have been stimulated to an interest in the subject myself on account of the fact that in my work in the subjects of cosmogony and geophysics it has habitually been necessary to apply physical laws far beyond their original range of verification in both time and distance, and the problems involved in such extrapolation have therefore always been prominent. This is a high quality digital version of the original title, thus a few of the images may be slightly blurred and difficult to read.

The Design Inference

Author : William A. Dembski
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1139936298
Total Pages : 266 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (399 download)

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Book Synopsis The Design Inference by : William A. Dembski

Download or read book The Design Inference written by William A. Dembski and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 1998-09-13 with total page 266 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The design inference uncovers intelligent causes by isolating their key trademark: specified events of small probability. Just about anything that happens is highly improbable, but when a highly improbable event is also specified (i.e. conforms to an independently given pattern) undirected natural causes lose their explanatory power. Design inferences can be found in a range of scientific pursuits from forensic science to research into the origins of life to the search for extraterrestrial intelligence. This challenging and provocative 1998 book shows how incomplete undirected causes are for science and breathes new life into classical design arguments. It will be read with particular interest by philosophers of science and religion, other philosophers concerned with epistemology and logic, probability and complexity theorists, and statisticians.

Explanation in Causal Inference

Author : Tyler J. VanderWeele
Publisher : Oxford University Press, USA
ISBN 13 : 0199325871
Total Pages : 729 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (993 download)

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Book Synopsis Explanation in Causal Inference by : Tyler J. VanderWeele

Download or read book Explanation in Causal Inference written by Tyler J. VanderWeele and published by Oxford University Press, USA. This book was released on 2015 with total page 729 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book begins with a comprehensive introduction to mediation analysis, including chapters on concepts for mediation, regression-based methods, sensitivity analysis, time-to-event outcomes, methods for multiple mediators, methods for time-varying mediation and longitudinal data, and relations between mediation and other concepts involving intermediates such as surrogates, principal stratification, instrumental variables, and Mendelian randomization. The second part of the book concerns interaction or "moderation," including concepts for interaction, statistical interaction, confounding and interaction, mechanistic interaction, bias analysis for interaction, interaction in genetic studies, and power and sample-size calculation for interaction. The final part of the book provides comprehensive discussion about the relationships between mediation and interaction and unites these concepts within a single framework.

Information and Inference

Author : Jaakko Hintikka
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 9401032963
Total Pages : 341 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (1 download)

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Book Synopsis Information and Inference by : Jaakko Hintikka

Download or read book Information and Inference written by Jaakko Hintikka and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 341 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the last 25 years, the concept of information has played a crucial role in communication theory, so much so that the terms information theory and communication theory are sometimes used almost interchangeably. It seems to us, however, that the notion of information is also destined to render valuable services to the student of induction and probability, of learning and reinforcement, of semantic meaning and deductive inference, as~well as of scientific method in general. The present volume is an attempt to illustrate some of these uses of information concepts. In 'On Semantic Information' Hintikka summarizes some of his and his associates' recent work on information and induction, and comments briefly on its philosophical suggestions. Jamison surveys from the sub jectivistic point of view some recent results in 'Bayesian Information Usage'. Rosenkrantz analyzes the information obtained by experimen tation from the Bayesian and Neyman-Pearson standpoints, and also from the standpoint of entropy and related concepts. The much-debated principle of total evidence prompts Hilpinen to examine the problem of measuring the information yield of observations in his paper 'On the Information Provided by Observations'. Pietarinen addresses himself to the more general task of evaluating the systematizing ('explanatory') power of hypotheses and theories, a task which quickly leads him to information concepts. Domotor develops a qualitative theory of information and entropy. His paper gives what is probably the first axiomatization of a general qualitative theory of information adequate to guarantee a numerical representation of the standard sort.

Inferences during Reading

Author : Edward J. O'Brien
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 131629904X
Total Pages : 439 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (162 download)

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Book Synopsis Inferences during Reading by : Edward J. O'Brien

Download or read book Inferences during Reading written by Edward J. O'Brien and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2015-04-16 with total page 439 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Inferencing is defined as 'the act of deriving logical conclusions from premises known or assumed to be true', and it is one of the most important processes necessary for successful comprehension during reading. This volume features contributions by distinguished researchers in cognitive psychology, educational psychology, and neuroscience on topics central to our understanding of the inferential process during reading. The chapters cover aspects of inferencing that range from the fundamental bottom-up processes that form the basis for an inference to occur, to the more strategic processes that transpire when a reader is engaged in literary understanding of a text. Basic activation mechanisms, word-level inferencing, methodological considerations, inference validation, causal inferencing, emotion, development of inferences processes as a skill, embodiment, contributions from neuroscience, and applications to naturalistic text are all covered as well as expository text, online learning materials, and literary immersion.

Statistical Inference in Science

Author : D.A. Sprott
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 0387950192
Total Pages : 254 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (879 download)

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Book Synopsis Statistical Inference in Science by : D.A. Sprott

Download or read book Statistical Inference in Science written by D.A. Sprott and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2000-06-22 with total page 254 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A treatment of the problems of inference associated with experiments in science, with the emphasis on techniques for dividing the sample information into various parts, such that the diverse problems of inference that arise from repeatable experiments may be addressed. A particularly valuable feature is the large number of practical examples, many of which use data taken from experiments published in various scientific journals. This book evolved from the authors own courses on statistical inference, and assumes an introductory course in probability, including the calculation and manipulation of probability functions and density functions, transformation of variables and the use of Jacobians. While this is a suitable text book for advanced undergraduate, Masters, and Ph.D. statistics students, it may also be used as a reference book.