Individual And Environmental Determinants Of Traffic Emissions And Near Road Air Quality

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Individual and Environmental Determinants of Traffic Emissions and Near-road Air Quality

Author : Junshi Xu
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (133 download)

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Book Synopsis Individual and Environmental Determinants of Traffic Emissions and Near-road Air Quality by : Junshi Xu

Download or read book Individual and Environmental Determinants of Traffic Emissions and Near-road Air Quality written by Junshi Xu and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: On-road motor vehicles are responsible for a considerable proportion of near-road air pollution. While background levels of air pollutants are continuously tracked by regional monitoring networks, assessing near-road air quality remains a challenge in urban areas with complex built environments, traffic composition, and meteorological variation, leading to significant spatiotemporal variability in air pollution. This research addresses current gaps in the literature on local traffic emissions and near-road air quality. This thesis first investigates the effect of traffic volume and speed data on the simulation of vehicle emissions and hotspot analysis. Traffic emissions are estimated using radar data as well as simulated traffic based on various speed aggregation methods. It provides recommendations for project-level analysis and particulate matter (PM) hotspot analysis. We further compare fleet averaged emission factors (EFs) derived from a traffic emission model, the Motor Vehicle Emissions Simulator (MOVES), with EFs using plume-based measurements. This second module stresses the need to collect local traffic information for a better understanding of on-road traffic emissions. Besides, we validate default drive cycles in MOVES against representative drive cycles derived based on real-world GPS data. The validation results are helpful for transportation planners to quantify uncertainties in emission estimation and employ appropriate methods to improve the estimation of on-road emission inventories. The third module develops eco-score models and evaluates the effect of various factors such as driver and trip characteristics on emission intensities. The results shed light on the impact of driving style on emissions and identify the most important factors affecting the amount of emissions generated by every individual driver. The fourth module focuses on the impact of traffic emissions on near-road air quality and presents the results of two different experiments. First, it explores the effect of various factors on near-road ultrafine particle (UFP) concentrations based on short-term fixed monitoring, which stresses the significance of using local traffic characteristics to improve near-road air quality prediction. In addition, it captures the distribution of truck movements in urban environments and investigates the impacts of land-use variables and detailed traffic information on near-road Black Carbon (BC) concentrations.

Traffic-Related Air Pollution

Author : Haneen Khreis
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0128181230
Total Pages : 650 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (281 download)

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Book Synopsis Traffic-Related Air Pollution by : Haneen Khreis

Download or read book Traffic-Related Air Pollution written by Haneen Khreis and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2020-08-20 with total page 650 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Traffic-Related Air Pollution synthesizes and maps TRAP and its impact on human health at the individual and population level. The book analyzes mitigating standards and regulations with a focus on cities. It provides the methods and tools for assessing and quantifying the associated road traffic emissions, air pollution, exposure and population-based health impacts, while also illuminating the mechanisms underlying health impacts through clinical and toxicological research. Real-world implications are set alongside policy options, emerging technologies and best practices. Finally, the book recommends ways to influence discourse and policy to better account for the health impacts of TRAP and its societal costs. Overviews existing and emerging tools to assess TRAP’s public health impacts Examines TRAP’s health effects at the population level Explores the latest technologies and policies--alongside their potential effectiveness and adverse consequences--for mitigating TRAP Guides on how methods and tools can leverage teaching, practice and policymaking to ameliorate TRAP and its effects

Health Effects of Transport-related Air Pollution

Author : Michal Krzyzanowski
Publisher : WHO Regional Office Europe
ISBN 13 : 9289013737
Total Pages : 205 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (89 download)

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Book Synopsis Health Effects of Transport-related Air Pollution by : Michal Krzyzanowski

Download or read book Health Effects of Transport-related Air Pollution written by Michal Krzyzanowski and published by WHO Regional Office Europe. This book was released on 2005 with total page 205 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Diseases related to the air pollution caused by road transport affect tens of thousands of people in the WHO Europe region each year. This publication considers the policy challenges involved in the need to reduce the related risks to public health and the environment, whilst meeting socio-economic requirements for effective transport systems. It sets out a systematic review of the literature and a comprehensive evaluation of the health hazards of transport-related air pollution, including factors determining emissions, the contribution of traffic to pollution levels, human exposure and the results of epidemiological and toxicological studies to identify and measure the health effects, and suggestions for policy actions and further research.

Air Quality Impacts of Vehicle Emissions on the Urban Environment

Author : Jonathan M. Wang
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (133 download)

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Book Synopsis Air Quality Impacts of Vehicle Emissions on the Urban Environment by : Jonathan M. Wang

Download or read book Air Quality Impacts of Vehicle Emissions on the Urban Environment written by Jonathan M. Wang and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Human exposure to vehicle emissions and traffic-related air pollution is a major concern with the increasing population living near major roadways and in urban areas. Although there has been a growing interest in near-road measurements and deployment of near-road monitoring networks, isolating and quantifying vehicle emissions from these measurements have always been a challenge. Emission factors has proven to be a method that is invaluable in targeting vehicle emissions while normalizing for the effects of local dilution and dispersion. Algorithms were developed to automatically capture and calculate emission factors from exhaust plumes from vehicles. The individual plume emission factor method utilized high time resolution measurements and provided insight on inter-fleet emission dynamics and trends, providing mean emission factors for the downtown Toronto on-road fleet, co-emitted pollutants from various emitter groups, relative contributions from heavy emitters, and compared well with real-world emission factors from past studies. Additionally, discrepancies were observed between past laboratory and the measured real-world emission factors, with differences upwards of an order of magnitude for the more dynamic pollutants such as particle number concentration. Temporal variation in emission factors were also observed diurnally, weekday vs. weekend, and seasonally, where influences were found to be from changes in fleet make-up, fuel composition, and ambient conditions. A simplified daily-integrated emission factor method was subsequently applied to nearly two years of continuous measurements made at three near-road sites with varying site and fleet characteristics, as well as different meteorological conditions. Emission factors proved to be a useful metric in normalizing the site differences, and provided insight on inter- and intra- fleet emissions characteristics.

U.S. Health in International Perspective

Author : National Research Council
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309264146
Total Pages : 421 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (92 download)

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Book Synopsis U.S. Health in International Perspective by : National Research Council

Download or read book U.S. Health in International Perspective written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2013-04-12 with total page 421 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The United States is among the wealthiest nations in the world, but it is far from the healthiest. Although life expectancy and survival rates in the United States have improved dramatically over the past century, Americans live shorter lives and experience more injuries and illnesses than people in other high-income countries. The U.S. health disadvantage cannot be attributed solely to the adverse health status of racial or ethnic minorities or poor people: even highly advantaged Americans are in worse health than their counterparts in other, "peer" countries. In light of the new and growing evidence about the U.S. health disadvantage, the National Institutes of Health asked the National Research Council (NRC) and the Institute of Medicine (IOM) to convene a panel of experts to study the issue. The Panel on Understanding Cross-National Health Differences Among High-Income Countries examined whether the U.S. health disadvantage exists across the life span, considered potential explanations, and assessed the larger implications of the findings. U.S. Health in International Perspective presents detailed evidence on the issue, explores the possible explanations for the shorter and less healthy lives of Americans than those of people in comparable countries, and recommends actions by both government and nongovernment agencies and organizations to address the U.S. health disadvantage.

Modeling Mobile-Source Emissions

Author : National Research Council
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309070880
Total Pages : 257 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (9 download)

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Book Synopsis Modeling Mobile-Source Emissions by : National Research Council

Download or read book Modeling Mobile-Source Emissions written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2000-08-14 with total page 257 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Mobile Source Emissions Factor (MOBILE) model is a computer model developed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) for estimating emissions from on-road motor vehicles. MOBILE is used in air-quality planning and regulation for estimating emissions of carbon monoxide (CO), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and nitrogen oxides (NOx) and for predicting the effects of emissions-reduction programs. Because of its important role in air-quality management, the accuracy of MOBILE is critical. Possible consequences of inaccurately characterizing motor-vehicle emissions include the implementation of insufficient controls that endanger the environment and public health or the implementation of ineffective policies that impose excessive control costs. Billions of dollars per year in transportation funding are linked to air-quality attainment plans, which rely on estimates of mobile-source emissions. Transportation infrastructure decisions are also affected by emissions estimates from MOBILE. In response to a request from Congress, the National Research Council established the Committee to Review EPA's Mobile Source Emissions Factor (MOBILE) Model in October 1998. The committee was charged to evaluate MOBILE and to develop recommendations for improving the model.

Traffic-Related Air Pollution and Exposure in Urbanized Areas

Author : Bernard Połednik
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1000482456
Total Pages : 191 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (4 download)

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Book Synopsis Traffic-Related Air Pollution and Exposure in Urbanized Areas by : Bernard Połednik

Download or read book Traffic-Related Air Pollution and Exposure in Urbanized Areas written by Bernard Połednik and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2021-11-25 with total page 191 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Traffic-related pollutions, apart from the emissions from other anthropogenic sources, significantly decrease the air quality in cities. This is especially true in the case of the areas located in the vicinity of communication routes with high traffic intensity. In accordance with the epidemiological studies, the transport emissions affecting road users, both drivers and pedestrians, have a detrimental effect on health and may contribute to numerous serious illnesses. This work presents the characteristics of traffic-related pollution and the factors affecting its concentration in the air. The effects of exposure to traffic-related pollution on health are described as well. The transport emissions in Lublin, Poland, are discussed in detail. The results of previous studies on traffic-related environmental pollution are presented, including pollutant concentrations as well as exposures of drivers and pedestrians along one of the busiest roads. The studies account for different seasons and weather conditions. The methods of reducing traffic-related pollution and prospects for improving the urban air quality are described as well. This book is intended for academics, researchers, engineers and professionals involved in studies and assessment of the road transport impact on the environment.

State and Federal Standards for Mobile-Source Emissions

Author : National Research Council
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309101514
Total Pages : 362 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis State and Federal Standards for Mobile-Source Emissions by : National Research Council

Download or read book State and Federal Standards for Mobile-Source Emissions written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2006-06-15 with total page 362 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Emissions from mobile sources contribute significantly to air pollution in the United States. Such sources include cars and light- and heavy-duty trucks; diesel-powered cranes, bulldozers, and tractors; and equipment such as lawnmowers that run on small gasoline engines. The role of state versus federal government in establishing mobile-source emissions standards is an important environmental management issue. With this in mind, Congress called on EPA to arrange an independent study of the practices and procedures by which California develops separate emissions standards from the federal government and other states choose to adopt the California standards. The report provides an assessment of the scientific and technical procedures used by states to develop or adopt different emissions standards and a comparison of those policies and practices with those used by EPA. It also considers the impacts of state emissions standards on various factors including compliance costs and emissions. The report concludes that, despite the substantial progress in reducing emissions from mobile sources nationwide, more needs to be done to attain federal air-quality standards in many parts of the country. Additionally, California should continue its pioneering role in setting emissions standards for cars, trucks, and off-road equipment.

Non-exhaust Particulate Emissions from Road Transport An Ignored Environmental Policy Challenge

Author : OECD
Publisher : OECD Publishing
ISBN 13 : 9264888853
Total Pages : 149 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (648 download)

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Book Synopsis Non-exhaust Particulate Emissions from Road Transport An Ignored Environmental Policy Challenge by : OECD

Download or read book Non-exhaust Particulate Emissions from Road Transport An Ignored Environmental Policy Challenge written by OECD and published by OECD Publishing. This book was released on 2020-12-07 with total page 149 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Non-exhaust emissions of particulate matter constitute a little-known but rising share of emissions from road traffic and have significant negative impacts on public health. This report synthesizes the current state of knowledge about the nature, causes, and consequences of non-exhaust particulate emissions. It also projects how particulate matter emissions from non-exhaust sources may evolve in future years and reflects on policy instrument mixes that can address this largely ignored environmental issue.

Environmental Impacts of Road Vehicles

Author : R M Harrison
Publisher : Royal Society of Chemistry
ISBN 13 : 1788011767
Total Pages : 265 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (88 download)

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Book Synopsis Environmental Impacts of Road Vehicles by : R M Harrison

Download or read book Environmental Impacts of Road Vehicles written by R M Harrison and published by Royal Society of Chemistry. This book was released on 2017-06-13 with total page 265 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The first concerns that come to mind in relation to pollution from road vehicles are direct emissions of carbon dioxide and toxic air pollutants. These are, of course, important but the impacts of road traffic are altogether more substantial. This volume of the Issues in Environmental Science and Technology Series takes a broader view of the effects on the environment and human health, excluding only injury due to road traffic accidents. By looking across the environmental media, air, water and soil, and taking account also of noise pollution, the volume addresses far more than the conventional atmospheric issues. More importantly, however, it examines present and future vehicle technologies, the implications of more extensive use of batteries in electric vehicles and the consequences of recycling vehicles at the end of use. Finally, examples of life-cycle analysis as applied to road vehicles are reviewed. This book is a comprehensive source of authoritative information for students studying pollution, and for policy-makers concerned with vehicle emissions and road traffic impacts more generally.

Highway Pollution

Author : R.S. Hamilton
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0080875033
Total Pages : 523 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (88 download)

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Book Synopsis Highway Pollution by : R.S. Hamilton

Download or read book Highway Pollution written by R.S. Hamilton and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 1991-08-30 with total page 523 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Long before "green" issues became a subject of widespread concern, both editors of the present book were heavily involved in research relating to pollutants in the highway environment. The result was the First International Symposium on Highway Pollution in 1983 with subsequent Second and Third Symposia held in London and Munich respectively. The proceedings of these three conferences were published respectively as Volumes 33, 59, and 93 of The Science of the Total Environment which provided individual insights into developing research projects. This book is an attempt at a more coherent overview of highway pollution in which leading international authorities were invited to contribute their works. This book covers all aspects of air, water and noise pollution in the vicinity of highways. Sources, transport and effects are reviewed and control by engineering and legal procedures are considered. The current state of knowledge is put into perspective in this unique work.

Emission estimation based on traffic models and measurements

Author : Nikolaos Tsanakas
Publisher : Linköping University Electronic Press
ISBN 13 : 9176850927
Total Pages : 131 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (768 download)

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Book Synopsis Emission estimation based on traffic models and measurements by : Nikolaos Tsanakas

Download or read book Emission estimation based on traffic models and measurements written by Nikolaos Tsanakas and published by Linköping University Electronic Press. This book was released on 2019-04-24 with total page 131 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Traffic congestion increases travel times, but also results in higher energy usage and vehicular emissions. To evaluate the impact of traffic emissions on environment and human health, the accurate estimation of their rates and location is required. Traffic emission models can be used for estimating emissions, providing emission factors in grams per vehicle and kilometre. Emission factors are defined for specific traffic situations, and traffic data is necessary in order to determine these traffic situations along a traffic network. The required traffic data, which consists of average speed and flow, can be obtained either from traffic models or sensor measurements. In large urban areas, the collection of cross-sectional data from stationary sensors is a costefficient method of deriving traffic data for emission modelling. However, the traditional approaches of extrapolating this data in time and space may not accurately capture the variations of the traffic variables when congestion is high, affecting the emission estimation. Static transportation planning models, commonly used for the evaluation of infrastructure investments and policy changes, constitute an alternative efficient method of estimating the traffic data. Nevertheless, their static nature may result in an inaccurate estimation of dynamic traffic variables, such as the location of congestion, having a direct impact on emission estimation. Congestion is strongly correlated with increased emission rates, and since emissions have location specific effects, the location of congestion becomes a crucial aspect. Therefore, the derivation of traffic data for emission modelling usually relies on the simplified, traditional approaches. The aim of this thesis is to identify, quantify and finally reduce the potential errors that these traditional approaches introduce in an emission estimation analysis. According to our main findings, traditional approaches may be sufficient for analysing pollutants with global effects such as CO2, or for large-scale emission modelling applications such as emission inventories. However, for more temporally and spatially sensitive applications, such as dispersion and exposure modelling, a more detailed approach is needed. In case of cross-sectional measurements, we suggest and evaluate the use of a more detailed, but computationally more expensive, data extrapolation approach. Additionally, considering the inabilities of static models, we propose and evaluate the post-processing of their results, by applying quasi-dynamic network loading.

National Air Quality and Emissions Trends Report

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 164 pages
Book Rating : 4.F/5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis National Air Quality and Emissions Trends Report by :

Download or read book National Air Quality and Emissions Trends Report written by and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 164 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Traffic and Environment

Author : W. Berg
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 9783540000501
Total Pages : 316 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (5 download)

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Book Synopsis Traffic and Environment by : W. Berg

Download or read book Traffic and Environment written by W. Berg and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2004-01-14 with total page 316 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The automobile is one of the inventions that has made a decisive contribution to human mobility, and consequently it has become an inseparable part of modern human society. However, it is through this widespread use that its negative impacts on the environment have become so highly visible. Achievements in improving the ecological characteristics of the automobile are highly impressive: a modern car emits only a fraction of the amounts of noise and exhaust pollutants produced by its predecessors 30 years ago. The contributions to this book were written by experts, most of whom have been actively involved in the development of modern automobiles and their combustion engines for more than 30 years. They have participated in all phases of the ecological development of the automobile and summarize their experience and know-how in this book .

Air Quality Management

Author : James W. S. Longhurst
Publisher : Computational Mechanics
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 318 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Air Quality Management by : James W. S. Longhurst

Download or read book Air Quality Management written by James W. S. Longhurst and published by Computational Mechanics. This book was released on 2000 with total page 318 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book evaluates and reviews the development and application of the air quality management process from a European, North American and Australian perspective. The contemporary approaches and experiences described provide a critical assessment of practice as well as important pointers to the future development of air quality management regimes.

Automotive Air Pollution

Author :
Publisher : World Bank Publications
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 131 pages
Book Rating : 4./5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis Automotive Air Pollution by :

Download or read book Automotive Air Pollution written by and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 1990 with total page 131 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Automotive air pollution will intensify with increasing urbanization and the rapid pace of motorization in developing countries. Without effective measures to curb air pollution, some 300-400 million city dwellers in developing countries will become exposed to unhealthy and dangerous levels of air pollution by the end of the century. Administratively simple policies that encourage clean fuels and better traffic management are the most promising approach to controlling vehicle pollutant emissions in developing countries.

Non-Exhaust Emissions

Author : Fulvio Amato
Publisher : Academic Press
ISBN 13 : 0128117516
Total Pages : 344 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (281 download)

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Book Synopsis Non-Exhaust Emissions by : Fulvio Amato

Download or read book Non-Exhaust Emissions written by Fulvio Amato and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2018-01-02 with total page 344 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Non-Exhaust Emissions: An Urban Air Quality Problem for Public Health comprehensively summarizes the most recent research in the field, also giving guidance on research gaps and future needs to evaluate the health impact and possible remediation of non-exhaust particle emissions. With contributions from some of the major experts and stakeholders in air quality, this book comprehensively defines the state-of-the-art of current knowledge, gaps and future needs for a better understanding of particulate matter (PM) emissions, from non-exhaust sources of road traffic to improve public health. PM is a heterogeneous mix of chemical elements and sources, with road traffic being the major source in large cities. A significant part of these emissions come from non-exhaust processes, such as brake, tire, road wear, and road dust resuspension. While motor exhaust emissions have been successfully reduced by means of regulation, non-exhaust emissions are currently uncontrolled and their importance is destined to increase and become the dominant urban source of particle matter by 2020. Nevertheless, current knowledge on the non-exhaust emissions is still limited. This is an essential book to researchers and advanced students from a broad range of disciplines, such as public health, toxicology, atmospheric sciences, environmental sciences, atmospheric chemistry and physics, geochemistry, epidemiology, built environment, road and vehicle engineering, and city planning. In addition, European and local authorities responsible for air quality and those in the industrial sectors related to vehicle and brake manufacturing and technological remediation measures will also find the book valuable. Acts as the first book to explore the health impacts of non-exhaust emissions Authored by experts from several sectors, including academia, industry and policy Gathers the relevant body of literature and information, defining the current knowledge, gaps and future needs