Indian Summer Monsoon Variability

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Author :
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0128224320
Total Pages : 496 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (282 download)

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Book Synopsis Indian Summer Monsoon Variability by : Jasti S. Chowdary

Download or read book Indian Summer Monsoon Variability written by Jasti S. Chowdary and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2021-08-15 with total page 496 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Indian Summer Monsoon Variability: El Niño-Teleconnections and Beyond presents the improved understanding of Indian Monsoon teleconnections (ENSO and Non-ENSO), new advances, and preferred future steps. Special emphasis is given to non-ENSO teleconnections which have been poorly understood for decades. With growing monsoon rainfall extremes across the Indian Subcontinent, a new understanding of monsoon environmental factors that are driven remotely through teleconnections is a trending topic. Finally, the book reviews current understanding ofthe observational and modeling aspects of Indian monsoon teleconnections. This is a must-read for researchers and graduate students in atmospheric science and meteorology. Presents teleconnections associated with the Indian summer monsoon from a global perspective Discusses new pathways that connect the remote drivers to Indian summer monsoon variability Covers a wide range of mechanisms, processes, and science questions in relation to monsoon variability from interannual, decadal to climate change time scales

Indian Summer Monsoon Variability

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Author :
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0128224029
Total Pages : 494 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (282 download)

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Book Synopsis Indian Summer Monsoon Variability by : Jasti S. Chowdary

Download or read book Indian Summer Monsoon Variability written by Jasti S. Chowdary and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2021-08-20 with total page 494 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Indian Summer Monsoon Variability: El Niño-Teleconnections and Beyond presents the improved understanding of Indian Monsoon teleconnections (ENSO and Non-ENSO), new advances, and preferred future steps. Special emphasis is given to non-ENSO teleconnections which have been poorly understood for decades. With growing monsoon rainfall extremes across the Indian Subcontinent, a new understanding of monsoon environmental factors that are driven remotely through teleconnections is a trending topic. Finally, the book reviews current understanding of the observational and modeling aspects of Indian monsoon teleconnections. This is a must-read for researchers and graduate students in atmospheric science and meteorology. Presents teleconnections associated with the Indian summer monsoon from a global perspective Discusses new pathways that connect the remote drivers to Indian summer monsoon variability Covers a wide range of mechanisms, processes, and science questions in relation to monsoon variability from interannual, decadal to climate change time scales

Beyond El Niño

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Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 3642583695
Total Pages : 375 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (425 download)

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Book Synopsis Beyond El Niño by : Antonio Navarra

Download or read book Beyond El Niño written by Antonio Navarra and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 375 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The interest and level of research into climate variability has risen dramatically in recent years, and major breakthroughs have been achieved in the understanding and modelling of seasonal to interannual climate variability and prediction. At the same time, the documentation of longer term variability and its underlying mecha nisms have progressed considerably. Within the European Commission's Environment and Climate research programs several important projects have been supported in these areas - including the "Dec adal and Interdecadal Climate variability Experiment" (DICE) which forms the basis of this book. Within the EC supported climate research, we see an increasing importance of research into climate variability, as is evidenced in the upcoming Fifth Framework Programme's Key Action on Global Change, Climate and Biodi versity. This is because of the obvious potential socio-economic benefits from sea sonal to decadal scale climate prediction and equally important for the fundamental understanding of the climate system to help improve the quality and reliability of future climate change and mankind's current interference with it. The DICE group has performed important and pioneering work, and we hope this book will receive the wide distribution and recognition it deserves. We wel come the contributions from distinguished researchers from US, Japan and Canada to the EC's DICE group towards completing the scope of the book and as an exam ple of international cooperation which is essential in such a high-level scientific endeavor.

Impacts of Climate Change on the Indian Summer Monsoon

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Publisher : Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEF&CC), Government of India
ISBN 13 : 819331316X
Total Pages : 19 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (933 download)

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Book Synopsis Impacts of Climate Change on the Indian Summer Monsoon by : Roxy M. K.

Download or read book Impacts of Climate Change on the Indian Summer Monsoon written by Roxy M. K. and published by Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEF&CC), Government of India. This book was released on 2018-12-03 with total page 19 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Variability of the Indian summer monsoon has increased significantly since the 1950s. For several regions across India, this means an increase in long dry periods with low or no rainfall, intermittent with short, intense spells of rainfall. These changes are particularly significant for the western, central and eastern states of India where more than 55% of the cultivated area is largely rainfed and where the adaptive capacity is the lowest. The large-scale secular changes in monsoon rainfall are attributed to the increase in global emissions of greenhouse gases and air pollutants. At the same time, local changes through urbanization, land use changes and deforestation have brought in a non-uniform response in these rainfall trends. Changes in the onset, duration and intensity of the rainfall call for a reassessment of the crop calendar and climate resilient measures for the food-water-energy sectors of the country. Global warming has also altered the relationship between sea surface temperatures and other predictors of monsoon rainfall, introducing increasing challenges and uncertainties in the monsoon forecasts. Climate projections indicate a further increase in the monsoon variability and a shortening of the rainy season in the future, though there is considerable disagreement between model simulations.

The Asian Summer Monsoon

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Author :
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0128165316
Total Pages : 258 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (281 download)

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Book Synopsis The Asian Summer Monsoon by : Yunyun Liu

Download or read book The Asian Summer Monsoon written by Yunyun Liu and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2019-07-13 with total page 258 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Asian Summer Monsoon: Characteristics, Variability, Teleconnections and Projection focuses on the connections between the Indian Summer and East Asian Summer Monsoons, also including the South China Sea Summer Monsoon. While these systems have profound differences, their interactions have significant impacts on the climatic regimes in the region and throughout the world. In summer, the ASM engine pumps moisture transported across thousands of miles from the Indian and Pacific Oceans to the monsoon regions, producing heavy rains over south and east Asia and its adjacent marginal seas. This book reviews the different subsystems and their impact, providing guidance to enhance prediction models. Synthesizes the connections between the East Asian Summer Monsoon, the Indian Summer Monsoon and the Asian Summer Monsoon system Includes subsections on holistic characteristics, sub-seasonal and interannual variability, teleconnection patterns, and projections of future change Connects current theory and practice on Asian Monsoon forecasting, providing researchers with new skills and information to use in climate and weather forecasting

The Multiscale Global Monsoon System

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Publisher : World Scientific
ISBN 13 : 9811216614
Total Pages : 419 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (112 download)

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Book Synopsis The Multiscale Global Monsoon System by : Chih-pei Chang

Download or read book The Multiscale Global Monsoon System written by Chih-pei Chang and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 2021-01-04 with total page 419 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Multiscale Global Monsoon System is the 4th and most up-to-date edition of the global monsoon book series produced by a group of leading international experts invited by the World Meteorological Organization's Working Group on Tropical Meteorology Research. The contents reflect the state of the knowledge of all scales of monsoon in the world's monsoon regions. It includes 31 chapters in five parts: Regional Monsoons, Extreme Weather, Intraseasonal Variations, Climate Change, and Field Experiments.

Climate Time Series Analysis

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Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 9048194822
Total Pages : 474 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (481 download)

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Book Synopsis Climate Time Series Analysis by : Manfred Mudelsee

Download or read book Climate Time Series Analysis written by Manfred Mudelsee and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2010-08-26 with total page 474 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Climate is a paradigm of a complex system. Analysing climate data is an exciting challenge, which is increased by non-normal distributional shape, serial dependence, uneven spacing and timescale uncertainties. This book presents bootstrap resampling as a computing-intensive method able to meet the challenge. It shows the bootstrap to perform reliably in the most important statistical estimation techniques: regression, spectral analysis, extreme values and correlation. This book is written for climatologists and applied statisticians. It explains step by step the bootstrap algorithms (including novel adaptions) and methods for confidence interval construction. It tests the accuracy of the algorithms by means of Monte Carlo experiments. It analyses a large array of climate time series, giving a detailed account on the data and the associated climatological questions. This makes the book self-contained for graduate students and researchers.

Monsoon Dynamics

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Author :
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 9780521224970
Total Pages : 768 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (249 download)

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Book Synopsis Monsoon Dynamics by : James Lighthill

Download or read book Monsoon Dynamics written by James Lighthill and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 1981-03-19 with total page 768 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume presents a survey of our state of knowledge of the physical and dynamical processes involved in the Asian monsoon. Although traditionally the main emphasis has been on the study of the atmospheric component, it has long been known that the oceans play a vitally important part in determining the occurrence of this spectacular seasonal event. A scientific study of this phenomenon involves a detailed investigation of the dynamical processes which occur in both the atmosphere and the ocean, on timescales on up to at least a year and on spatial scales from a few hundred kilometres or so up to that of the global atmospheric and oceanic circulations. The editors present a coherent survey of each of the meteorological, oceanographic and hydrological aspects and of their implications for weather forecasting and flood prediction. Monsoon Dynamics is a timely survey of a dramatic meteorological phenomenon which will interest meteorologists, climatologists and geophysicists.

The Asian Monsoon

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Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 9783540406105
Total Pages : 906 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (61 download)

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Book Synopsis The Asian Monsoon by : Bin Wang

Download or read book The Asian Monsoon written by Bin Wang and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2006-01-13 with total page 906 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is a timely, interdisciplinary scientific overview of the atmosphere, the ocean and the land surface as it interacts with physical, chemical and biological processes. The high level of detail sets it apart from other studies of monsoon meteorology. The text includes analysis of paleoclimate records, human influences on the monsoon climate and the economic impacts of the monsoon on economies and to human health.

Tropical Meteorology

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Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1461474094
Total Pages : 424 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (614 download)

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Book Synopsis Tropical Meteorology by : T.N. Krishnamurti

Download or read book Tropical Meteorology written by T.N. Krishnamurti and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-07-14 with total page 424 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is designed as an introductory course in Tropical Meteorology for the graduate or advanced level undergraduate student. The material within can be covered in a one-semester course program. The text starts from the global scale-view of the Tropics, addressing the zonally symmetric and asymmetric features of the tropical circulation. It then goes on to progressively smaller spatial and time scales – from the El Niño Southern Oscillation and the Asian Monsoon, down to tropical waves, hurricanes, sea breezes, and tropical squall lines. The emphasis in most chapters is on the observational aspects of the phenomenon in question, the theories regarding its nature and maintenance, and the approaches to its numerical modeling. The concept of scale interactions is also presented as a way of gaining insight into the generation and redistribution of energy for the maintenance of oscillations of a variety of spatial and temporal scales.

Climate Change: Multidecadal and Beyond

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Publisher : World Scientific
ISBN 13 : 9814579947
Total Pages : 388 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (145 download)

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Book Synopsis Climate Change: Multidecadal and Beyond by : Chih-Pei Chang

Download or read book Climate Change: Multidecadal and Beyond written by Chih-Pei Chang and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 2015-08-06 with total page 388 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book focuses on two major challenges in the climate sciences: 1) to describe the decadal-to-centennial variations in instrumental and proxy records; and 2) to distinguish between anthropogenic variations and natural variability. The National Taiwan University invited some of the world's leading experts across the areas of observational analysis, mathematical theory, and modeling to discuss these two issues. The outcome of the meeting is the 23 chapters in this book that review the state of the art in theoretical, observational and modeling research on internal, unforced and externally forced climate variability. The main conclusion of this research is that internal climate variability on decadal and longer time scales is so large that sidestepping it may lead to false estimates of the climate's sensitivity to anthropogenic forcing. Contents:Attribution of Climate Change in the Presence of Internal Variability (John M Wallace, Clara Deser, Brian V Smoliak, and Adam S Phillips)A Mathematical Theory of Climate Sensitivity or, How to Deal With Both Anthropogenic Forcing and Natural Variability? (Michael Ghil)Fluctuation-dissipation Theorem with Application to Climate Change Studies with Seasonal Impact (Xiaoming Wang)Parametrization of Cross-scale Interaction in Multiscale Systems (Jeroen Wouters and Valerio Lucarini)Dynamics of Nonlinear Error Growth and the "Spring Predictability Barrier" for El Niño Predictions (Wansuo Duan and Mu Mu)An Adaptive Approach for Nonlinear and Nonstationary Data Analysis (Norden E Huang)Internal Southern Ocean Centennial Variability: Dynamics, Impacts and Implications for Global Warming (Mojib Latif, Torge Martin, Wonsun Park, and Mohammad H Bordbar)Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation and Climate (Rong Zhang)North Atlantic Multi-Decadal Variability — Mechanisms and Predictability (Noel S Keenlyside, Jin Ba, Jennifer Mecking, Nour-Eddine Omrani, Mojib Latif, Rong Zhang, and Rym Msadek)A Review of the Dynamics of Pacific Interdecadal Climate Variability (Zhengyu Liu)Global-Scale Decadal Hyper Modes (Dietmar Dommenget)Evidence for a Recurrent Multi-Decadal Oscillation in Global Temperature and Possible Impacts on 21st Century Climate Projections (Ka-Kit Tung and Jiansong Zhou)Variability of Sea Ice Extent Over Decadal and Longer Timescales (John E Walsh and William L Chapman)Multi-year Prediction and Predictability (Timothy DelSole, Michael K Tippett, and Liwei Jia)Decadal Hydroclimate Variability Across the Americas (Richard Seager)The Interhemispheric Pattern and Long-Term Variations in the Tropical Climate over the 20th and 21st Centuries (John C H Chiang)Climate of China in the Holocene (Wang Shaowu, Wen Xinyu, and Huang Jianbin)North Atlantic Hurricane Activity: Past, Present and Future (Rym Msadek, Gabriel A Vecchi, and Thomas R Knutson)Observed Variations of Western North Pacific Tropical Cyclone Activity on Decadal Time Scales and Longer (Johnny C L Chan)Record-Breaking Increase of Tropical Cyclone Heavy Rainfall in Taiwan in the First Decade of 21st Century (Chih-Pei Chang, Hung-Chi Kuo, and Chung-Hsiung Sui)Multi-Decadal Variability in Indian Summer Monsoon Rainfall Using Proxy Data (Bhupendra N Goswami, Ramesh H Kripalani, Hemant P Borgaonkar, and Bhaskar Preethi)The South-Flood North-Drought Pattern Over Eastern China and the Drying of the Gangetic Plain (Sumant Nigam, Yongjing Zhao, Alfredo Ruiz-Barradas, and Tianjun Zhou)Impacts of Aerosols on the Asian Monsoon — An Interim Assessment (William K M Lau and Kyu-Myong Kim) Readership: Graduate students, academics and researchers in atmospheric sciences, oceanography, mathematics, and climate change. Keywords:Climate Change;Multidecadal Variability;Climate Variability Asia-Pacific Weather

Climates, Landscapes, and Civilizations

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Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1118704436
Total Pages : 574 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (187 download)

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Book Synopsis Climates, Landscapes, and Civilizations by : Liviu Giosan

Download or read book Climates, Landscapes, and Civilizations written by Liviu Giosan and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2013-05-09 with total page 574 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Published by the American Geophysical Union as part of the Geophysical Monograph Series, Volume 198. Climates, Landscapes, and Civilizations brings together a collection of studies on the history of complex interrelationships between humans and their environment by integrating Earth science with archeology and anthropology. At a time when climate change, overpopulation, and scarcity of resources are increasingly affecting our ways of life, the lessons of the past provide multiple reference frames that are valuable for informing our future decisions and action plans. Volume highlights include discussions of multiple connotations of the Anthropocene, landscapes as a link between climate and humans, synoptic approaches to explore large-scale cultural patterns, regional studies for contextualizing cultural complexity, and environmental determinism and social theory. Straddling the fields of Earth sciences, anthropology, and archaeology and presenting research from across several continents, Climates, Landscapes, and Civilizations will appeal to a wide readership among scientists, scholars, and the public at large.

Assessment of Climate Change over the Indian Region

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Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 9811543275
Total Pages : 226 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (115 download)

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Book Synopsis Assessment of Climate Change over the Indian Region by : R. Krishnan

Download or read book Assessment of Climate Change over the Indian Region written by R. Krishnan and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-06-12 with total page 226 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This open access book discusses the impact of human-induced global climate change on the regional climate and monsoons of the Indian subcontinent, adjoining Indian Ocean and the Himalayas. It documents the regional climate change projections based on the climate models used in the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) and climate change modeling studies using the IITM Earth System Model (ESM) and CORDEX South Asia datasets. The IPCC assessment reports, published every 6–7 years, constitute important reference materials for major policy decisions on climate change, adaptation, and mitigation. While the IPCC assessment reports largely provide a global perspective on climate change, the focus on regional climate change aspects is considerably limited. The effects of climate change over the Indian subcontinent involve complex physical processes on different space and time scales, especially given that the mean climate of this region is generally shaped by the Indian monsoon and the unique high-elevation geographical features such as the Himalayas, the Western Ghats, the Tibetan Plateau and the adjoining Indian Ocean, Arabian Sea, and Bay of Bengal. This book also presents policy relevant information based on robust scientific analysis and assessments of the observed and projected future climate change over the Indian region.

Geoinformatics and Atmospheric Science

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Publisher : Birkhäuser
ISBN 13 : 3319660926
Total Pages : 274 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (196 download)

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Book Synopsis Geoinformatics and Atmospheric Science by : Tomasz Niedzielski

Download or read book Geoinformatics and Atmospheric Science written by Tomasz Niedzielski and published by Birkhäuser. This book was released on 2017-09-09 with total page 274 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume presents recent developments in atmospheric sciences driven by numerical modeling which makes use of geospatial technologies and increasing computational power. It gathers examples of how geoinformatics supports meteorological, climatological and water-related studies. One of the most important features of geospatial technologies is that they provide methods and tools which may be utilized in real time or near real time in order to monitor and predict atmospheric processes. This is particularly crucial in areas where dynamics of atmospheric phenomena is considerable and causes difficulties in accurate forecasting. One of such areas is the transitional zone between oceanic and continental features of the mid-latitude climate. Good examples of investigations into the transitional zone come from Poland and its neighboring countries. The topical volume provides the reader with a selection of papers on physically-based and data-based modelling of weather-related phenomena over Poland. This main theme of the topical volume is extended to cover case studies on the use of geoinformatics in atmospheric studies in other regions at a range of spatial scales.

The Asian Monsoon

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Author :
Publisher : Frontiers Media SA
ISBN 13 : 2889714721
Total Pages : 232 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (897 download)

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Book Synopsis The Asian Monsoon by : Lin Wang

Download or read book The Asian Monsoon written by Lin Wang and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2022-01-21 with total page 232 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Monsoon Meteorology

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Author :
Publisher : Oxford University Press, USA
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 568 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (318 download)

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Book Synopsis Monsoon Meteorology by : Chih-Pei Chang

Download or read book Monsoon Meteorology written by Chih-Pei Chang and published by Oxford University Press, USA. This book was released on 1987 with total page 568 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Very Good,No Highlights or Markup,all pages are intact.

Role of the Indian and Pacific Oceans in the Indian Summer Monsoon Variability

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (388 download)

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Book Synopsis Role of the Indian and Pacific Oceans in the Indian Summer Monsoon Variability by : Deepthi Achuthavarier

Download or read book Role of the Indian and Pacific Oceans in the Indian Summer Monsoon Variability written by Deepthi Achuthavarier and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The role of the Indian and Pacific sea surface temperature (SST) variability in the intraseasonal and interannual variability of the Indian summer monsoon rainfall is examined by performing a set of regionally coupled experiments with the Climate Forecast System (CFS), the latest and operational coupled general circulation model (CGCM) developed at the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP). The intraseasonal and interannual variability are studied by isolating oscillatory and persistent signals, respectively, from the unfiltered daily rainfall anomalies using multi-channel singular spectrum analysis (MSSA). This technique identifies nonlinear oscillations, its variance and period without preconditioning the data with a filter and also helps to separate the intraseasonal and low frequency climate signals from the daily variability. It is found that, although the model has large amount of daily variance in rainfall, the combined variance of coherently propagating intraseasonal oscillations is only about 7% while the corresponding number in the observations is 11%. The model has three intraseasonal oscillations with periods around 106, 57 and 30 days. The 106-day mode has a characteristic large-scale pattern extending from the Arabian Sea to the West Pacific with northward and eastward propagations. These features are similar to the northeastward propagating 45-day mode found in the observations except for the longer period. The 57-day mode is more dominant in the region, 60[degrees]E-100[degrees]E and is strictly northward-propagating. The 30-day mode appears to be equivalent to the northwestward propagating oscillation in the observations. The dominant low frequency persistent signal in the region is due to the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO). The ENSO-related rainfall anomalies, however fail to penetrate into the Extended Indian Monsoon Rainfall (EIMR) region, and therefore, the ENSO-monsoon relationship in the model is weak. Regionally coupled simulations of the CFS have revealed that the northeastward propagating 106-day mode exists in the model with weak amplitude and reduced variance even when the air-sea interaction over the Indian Ocean is suppressed. However, this mode was not obtained when the Indian Ocean SST variability is reduced to climatology. The spatial structure and propagation of the 106-day mode appear to be unaffected by the Pacific SST variability; i.e., a simulation with climatological SST in the Pacific reproduced this mode. The 30-day northwestward propagating mode showed little change with respect to the Indian Ocean SST, but is dependent on the air-sea interactions over the west Pacific. Simulations using prescribed SST in the Indian Ocean showed that the spatial structure of the ENSO mode in the Indian Ocean is dependent on the air-sea interaction in that region. It is argued that the western Indian Ocean in this model is over-sensitive to atmospheric momentum fluxes and therefore cools down quickly in response to the ENSO-induced circulation anomalies. Further, this process creates a dipole pattern with cool (warm) western and warm (cool) eastern Indian Ocean during a La Niña (El Niño) event. This dipole prevents the ENSO anomalies from reaching the EIMR region and causes the incorrect ENSO-monsoon relationship. It is also found that such a dipole pattern, although with less variance is present even in the absence of the ENSO variability. The monsoon rainfall variability in the absence of the ENSO could be dictated by internal dynamics in this model.