Index Tracking

Download Index Tracking PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 96 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (344 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Index Tracking by : Freddy Osuna

Download or read book Index Tracking written by Freddy Osuna and published by . This book was released on 2021-07-09 with total page 96 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this book you will find a new approach to the teaching of man and animal tracking. Osuna's depth of knowledge on the subject ranges from boyhood experiences on the Pascua Yaqui Reservation in Tucson, AZ; a hunter; a U.S. Marine Corps Scout Sniper; Search and Rescue Tracker / Instructor; Law Enforcement Tactical Tracking Instructor; Military Combat Tracking Instructor. Living a trackers life spanning 20 plus years and four continents. This very quick read serves as an introduction to his method of Index Tracking, and only a very small snap shot of his signature work (Weaponize the Senses - 2023).

Optimization Methods for Financial Index Tracking

Download Optimization Methods for Financial Index Tracking PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Foundations and Trends (R) in Optimization
ISBN 13 : 9781680834642
Total Pages : 122 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (346 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Optimization Methods for Financial Index Tracking by : Konstantinos Benidis

Download or read book Optimization Methods for Financial Index Tracking written by Konstantinos Benidis and published by Foundations and Trends (R) in Optimization. This book was released on 2018-06-07 with total page 122 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An in-depth overview of the index tracking problem analyzing all the caveats and practical issues an investor might have, such as the frequent rebalancing of weights, the changes in the index composition, the transaction costs, etc.

Applied Quantitative Methods in Finance‏‏‏

Download Applied Quantitative Methods in Finance‏‏‏ PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : ORLAB Analytics
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 79 pages
Book Rating : 4./5 ( download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Applied Quantitative Methods in Finance‏‏‏ by : Kaveh Sheibani

Download or read book Applied Quantitative Methods in Finance‏‏‏ written by Kaveh Sheibani and published by ORLAB Analytics. This book was released on 2014-12-31 with total page 79 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Quantitative methods in finance form a wide research field which addresses many different problems and practical applications. The papers of this special issue, however, all contribute to one of the core application areas in finance: investment decisions. In doing so, they apply a variety of methodological approaches and address different aspects of the overall investment decision. But they share both a very practical perspective and the direct empirical verification of the given proposals.

The Public Company Transformed

Download The Public Company Transformed PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0190640340
Total Pages : 400 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (96 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Public Company Transformed by : Brian Cheffins

Download or read book The Public Company Transformed written by Brian Cheffins and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2018-09-28 with total page 400 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: For decades, the public company has played a dominant role in the American economy. Since the middle of the 20th century, the nature of the public company has changed considerably. The transformation has been a fascinating one, marked by scandals, political controversy, wide swings in investor and public sentiment, mismanagement, entrepreneurial verve, noisy corporate "raiders" and various other larger-than-life personalities. Nevertheless, amidst a voluminous literature on corporations, a systematic historical analysis of the changes that have occurred is lacking. The Public Company Transformed correspondingly analyzes how the public company has been recast from the mid-20th century through to the present day, with particular emphasis on senior corporate executives and the constraints affecting the choices available to them. The chronological point of departure is the managerial capitalism era, which prevailed in large American corporations following World War II. The book explores managerial capitalism's rise, its 1950s and 1960s heyday, and its fall in the 1970s and 1980s. It describes the American public companies and executives that enjoyed prosperity during the 1990s, and the reversal of fortunes in the 2000s precipitated by corporate scandals and the financial crisis of 2008. The book also considers the regulation of public companies in detail, and discusses developments in shareholder activism, company boards, chief executives, and concerns about oligopoly. The volume concludes by offering conjectures on the future of the public corporation, and suggests that predictions of the demise of the public company have been exaggerated.

Intelligent Computing & Optimization

Download Intelligent Computing & Optimization PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3030932478
Total Pages : 1020 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (39 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Intelligent Computing & Optimization by : Pandian Vasant

Download or read book Intelligent Computing & Optimization written by Pandian Vasant and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-12-30 with total page 1020 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book includes the scientific results of the fourth edition of the International Conference on Intelligent Computing and Optimization which took place at December 30–31, 2021, via ZOOM. The conference objective was to celebrate “Compassion and Wisdom” with researchers, scholars, experts and investigators in Intelligent Computing and Optimization worldwide, to share knowledge, experience, innovation—marvelous opportunity for discourse and mutuality by novel research, invention and creativity. This proceedings encloses the original and innovative scientific fields of optimization and optimal control, renewable energy and sustainability, artificial intelligence and operational research, economics and management, smart cities and rural planning, meta-heuristics and big data analytics, cyber security and blockchains, IoTs and Industry 4.0, mathematical modelling and simulation, health care and medicine.

Trillions

Download Trillions PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Penguin
ISBN 13 : 0593087682
Total Pages : 353 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (93 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Trillions by : Robin Wigglesworth

Download or read book Trillions written by Robin Wigglesworth and published by Penguin. This book was released on 2021-10-12 with total page 353 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: From the Financial Times's global finance correspondent, the incredible true story of the iconoclastic geeks who defied conventional wisdom and endured Wall Street's scorn to launch the index fund revolution, democratizing investing and saving hundreds of billions of dollars in fees that would have otherwise lined fat cats' pockets. Fifty years ago, the Manhattan Project of money management was quietly assembled in the financial industry's backwaters, unified by the heretical idea that even many of the world's finest investors couldn't beat the market in the long run. The motley crew of nerds—including economist wunderkind Gene Fama, humiliated industry executive Jack Bogle, bull-headed and computer-obsessive John McQuown, and avuncular former WWII submariner Nate Most—succeeded beyond their wildest dreams. Passive investing now accounts for more than $20 trillion, equal to the entire gross domestic product of the US, and is today a force reshaping markets, finance and even capitalism itself in myriad subtle but pivotal ways. Yet even some fans of index funds and ETFs are growing perturbed that their swelling heft is destabilizing markets, wrecking the investment industry and leading to an unwelcome concentration of power in fewer and fewer hands. In Trillions, Financial Times journalist Robin Wigglesworth unveils the vivid secret history of an invention Wall Street wishes was never created, bringing to life the characters behind its birth, growth, and evolution into a world-conquering phenomenon. This engrossing narrative is essential reading for anyone who wants to understand modern finance—and one of the most pressing financial uncertainties of our time.

Market Risk Analysis, Practical Financial Econometrics

Download Market Risk Analysis, Practical Financial Econometrics PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 0470998016
Total Pages : 437 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (79 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Market Risk Analysis, Practical Financial Econometrics by : Carol Alexander

Download or read book Market Risk Analysis, Practical Financial Econometrics written by Carol Alexander and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2008-05-27 with total page 437 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Written by leading market risk academic, Professor Carol Alexander, Practical Financial Econometrics forms part two of the Market Risk Analysis four volume set. It introduces the econometric techniques that are commonly applied to finance with a critical and selective exposition, emphasising the areas of econometrics, such as GARCH, cointegration and copulas that are required for resolving problems in market risk analysis. The book covers material for a one-semester graduate course in applied financial econometrics in a very pedagogical fashion as each time a concept is introduced an empirical example is given, and whenever possible this is illustrated with an Excel spreadsheet. All together, the Market Risk Analysis four volume set illustrates virtually every concept or formula with a practical, numerical example or a longer, empirical case study. Across all four volumes there are approximately 300 numerical and empirical examples, 400 graphs and figures and 30 case studies many of which are contained in interactive Excel spreadsheets available from the the accompanying CD-ROM. Empirical examples and case studies specific to this volume include: Factor analysis with orthogonal regressions and using principal component factors; Estimation of symmetric and asymmetric, normal and Student t GARCH and E-GARCH parameters; Normal, Student t, Gumbel, Clayton, normal mixture copula densities, and simulations from these copulas with application to VaR and portfolio optimization; Principal component analysis of yield curves with applications to portfolio immunization and asset/liability management; Simulation of normal mixture and Markov switching GARCH returns; Cointegration based index tracking and pairs trading, with error correction and impulse response modelling; Markov switching regression models (Eviews code); GARCH term structure forecasting with volatility targeting; Non-linear quantile regressions with applications to hedging.

Handbook Of Global Financial Markets: Transformations, Dependence, And Risk Spillovers

Download Handbook Of Global Financial Markets: Transformations, Dependence, And Risk Spillovers PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : World Scientific
ISBN 13 : 9813236663
Total Pages : 828 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (132 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Handbook Of Global Financial Markets: Transformations, Dependence, And Risk Spillovers by : Sabri Boubaker

Download or read book Handbook Of Global Financial Markets: Transformations, Dependence, And Risk Spillovers written by Sabri Boubaker and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 2019-06-27 with total page 828 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The objective of this handbook is to provide the readers with insights about current dynamics and future potential transformations of global financial markets. We intend to focus on four main areas: Dynamics of Financial Markets; Financial Uncertainty and Volatility; Market Linkages and Spillover Effects; and Extreme Events and Financial Transformations and address the following critical issues, but not limited to: market integration and its implications; crisis risk assessment and contagion effects; financial uncertainty and volatility; role of emerging financial markets in the global economy; role of complex dynamics of economic and financial systems; market linkages, asset valuation and risk management; exchange rate volatility and firm-level exposure; financial effects of economic, political and social risks; link between financial development and economic growth; country risks; and sovereign debt markets.

Managing Your Investment Portfolio For Dummies - UK

Download Managing Your Investment Portfolio For Dummies - UK PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1118457099
Total Pages : 388 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (184 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Managing Your Investment Portfolio For Dummies - UK by : David Stevenson

Download or read book Managing Your Investment Portfolio For Dummies - UK written by David Stevenson and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2013-08-19 with total page 388 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Achieve positive returns on your investments, in any market With Managing Your Investment Portfolio FD you can build and manage a portfolio of investments that’s flexible enough to provide positive returns, no matter what the market is doing. Inside you’ll find a wealth of strategies and techniques to help you take your investments to the next level. Lean to track and predict volatility; hedge your exposure by going long and short; use strategies like arbitrage, relative value and pairs trading; and dip into distressed assets, options, derivatives, spread betting and much more. Techniques and strategies covered include: Tracking and predicting volatility, and making short-term gains on very volatile markets Hedging exposure and going long and short Arbitrage (taking advantage of price differences between markets) Pairs trading Relative value strategies Distressed assets (things written off by the mainstream that may have long-term value) Earnings surprises (looking for companies delivering better earnings than predicted by analysts) Options and derivatives Macro trading (looking at key indicators for economic cycles)

The New Investment Frontier III

Download The New Investment Frontier III PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Insomniac Press
ISBN 13 : 1897415036
Total Pages : 313 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (974 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The New Investment Frontier III by : Howard J. Atkinson

Download or read book The New Investment Frontier III written by Howard J. Atkinson and published by Insomniac Press. This book was released on 2014-05-14 with total page 313 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Exchange traded funds have been called the next generation of mutual funds. Essentially, ETFs are low cost, tax-efficient index funds that trade on a stock exchange. In 1999, there were 33 ETFs trading on North American stock exchanges with assets of US39.6 billion. Five years later, despite going through the worst equity bear market in 70 years, ETFs number over 300 and assets have soared in excess of US300 billion globally. Canada was home to the first successful ETF in the world. Now the largest Canadian ETF, the i60 Fund, is one of the most heavily traded TSX issues.

Self-Tracking

Download Self-Tracking PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : MIT Press
ISBN 13 : 0262529122
Total Pages : 247 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (625 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Self-Tracking by : Gina Neff

Download or read book Self-Tracking written by Gina Neff and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 2016-06-24 with total page 247 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: What happens when people turn their everyday experience into data: an introduction to the essential ideas and key challenges of self-tracking. People keep track. In the eighteenth century, Benjamin Franklin kept charts of time spent and virtues lived up to. Today, people use technology to self-track: hours slept, steps taken, calories consumed, medications administered. Ninety million wearable sensors were shipped in 2014 to help us gather data about our lives. This book examines how people record, analyze, and reflect on this data, looking at the tools they use and the communities they become part of. Gina Neff and Dawn Nafus describe what happens when people turn their everyday experience—in particular, health and wellness-related experience—into data, and offer an introduction to the essential ideas and key challenges of using these technologies. They consider self-tracking as a social and cultural phenomenon, describing not only the use of data as a kind of mirror of the self but also how this enables people to connect to, and learn from, others. Neff and Nafus consider what's at stake: who wants our data and why; the practices of serious self-tracking enthusiasts; the design of commercial self-tracking technology; and how self-tracking can fill gaps in the healthcare system. Today, no one can lead an entirely untracked life. Neff and Nafus show us how to use data in a way that empowers and educates.

SEC Docket

Download SEC Docket PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 1184 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (555 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis SEC Docket by : United States. Securities and Exchange Commission

Download or read book SEC Docket written by United States. Securities and Exchange Commission and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page 1184 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Fundamentals of Financial Instruments

Download Fundamentals of Financial Instruments PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1119816637
Total Pages : 565 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (198 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Fundamentals of Financial Instruments by : Sunil K. Parameswaran

Download or read book Fundamentals of Financial Instruments written by Sunil K. Parameswaran and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2022-03-09 with total page 565 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the newly revised Second Edition of Fundamentals of Financial Instruments: An Introduction to Stocks, Bonds, Foreign Exchange, and Derivatives, renowned finance trainer Sunil Parameswaran delivers a comprehensive introduction to the full range of financial products commonly offered in the financial markets. Using clear, worked examples of everything from basic equity and debt securities to complex instruments—like derivatives and mortgage-backed securities – the author outlines the structure and dynamics of the free-market system and explores the environment in which financial instruments are traded. This one-of-a-kind book also includes: New discussions on interest rate derivatives, bonds with embedded options, mutual funds, ETFs, pension plans, financial macroeconomics, orders and exchanges, and Excel functions for finance Supplementary materials to enhance the reader’s ability to apply the material contained within A foundational exploration of interest rates and the time value of money Fundamentals of Financial Instruments is the ideal resource for business school students at the undergraduate and graduate levels, as well as anyone studying financial management or the financial markets. It also belongs on the bookshelves of executive education students and finance professionals seeking a refresher on the fundamentals of their industry.

Fusion of Hard and Soft Control Strategies for the Robotic Hand

Download Fusion of Hard and Soft Control Strategies for the Robotic Hand PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1119273595
Total Pages : 256 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (192 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Fusion of Hard and Soft Control Strategies for the Robotic Hand by : Cheng-Hung Chen

Download or read book Fusion of Hard and Soft Control Strategies for the Robotic Hand written by Cheng-Hung Chen and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2017-10-09 with total page 256 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An in-depth review of hybrid control techniques for smart prosthetic hand technology by two of the world’s pioneering experts in the field Long considered the stuff of science fiction, a prosthetic hand capable of fully replicating all of that appendage’s various functions is closer to becoming reality than ever before. This book provides a comprehensive report on exciting recent developments in hybrid control techniques—one of the most crucial hurdles to be overcome in creating smart prosthetic hands. Coauthored by two of the world’s foremost pioneering experts in the field, Fusion of Hard and Soft Control Strategies for Robotic Hand treats robotic hands for multiple applications. Itbegins withan overview of advances in main control techniques that have been made over the past decade before addressing the military context for affordable robotic hand technology with tactile and/or proprioceptive feedback for hand amputees. Kinematics, homogeneous transformations, inverse and differential kinematics, trajectory planning, and dynamic models of two-link thumb and three-link index finger are discussed in detail. The remainder of the book is devoted to the most promising soft computing techniques, particle swarm optimization techniques, and strategies combining hard and soft controls. In addition, the book: Includes a report on exciting new developments in prosthetic/robotic hand technology, with an emphasis on the fusion of hard and soft control strategies Covers both prosthetic and non-prosthetic hand designs for everything from routine human operations, robotic surgery, and repair and maintenance, to hazardous materials handling, space applications, explosives disposal, and more Provides a comprehensive overview of five-fingered robotic hand technology kinematics, dynamics, and control Features detailed coverage of important recent developments in neuroprosthetics Fusion of Hard and Soft Control Strategies for Robotic Hand is a must-read for researchers in control engineering, robotic engineering, biomedical sciences and engineering, and rehabilitation engineering.

Ebook 180 Day Access to Accompany Financial Markets and Corporate Strategy: European Edition, 3e

Download Ebook 180 Day Access to Accompany Financial Markets and Corporate Strategy: European Edition, 3e PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : McGraw Hill
ISBN 13 : 152684950X
Total Pages : 807 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (268 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Ebook 180 Day Access to Accompany Financial Markets and Corporate Strategy: European Edition, 3e by : HILLIER, GRINBL

Download or read book Ebook 180 Day Access to Accompany Financial Markets and Corporate Strategy: European Edition, 3e written by HILLIER, GRINBL and published by McGraw Hill. This book was released on 2023-01-26 with total page 807 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The global pandemic restrictions, climate change, geopolitical tensions, and new artificial technologies have fundamentally impacted international financial markets and corporate strategy. Traditional finance theories have been questioned and their application to corporate decision-making has come under scrutiny like never before. The third edition of Financial Markets and Corporate Strategy provides students with comprehensive and engaging discussions on the strategic challenges facing companies and their financial decisions. Brought to life by real-world examples, international cases and insights from recent research, it guides students through the challenges of studying and practising finance from both an academic and practical viewpoint. Key Features: · Fully updated research of the most important topics, data and examples in every chapter. · Coverage of the impact of climate change, Brexit, the economic growth of China, and new financial technologies · A stronger emphasis on sustainability, ethics, and corporate governance. · Updates on accounting standards, bankruptcy laws, tax rules and tax systems. David Hillier is Professor of Finance, Executive Dean of Strathclyde Business School, and Associate Principal of the University of Strathclyde. Mark Grinblatt is the J. Clayburn LaForce Professor of Finance at the UCLA Anderson School of Management Sheridan Titman is Professor of Finance at the McCombs School of Business.

Risk Management and Financial Institutions

Download Risk Management and Financial Institutions PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1118282914
Total Pages : 674 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (182 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Risk Management and Financial Institutions by : John C. Hull

Download or read book Risk Management and Financial Institutions written by John C. Hull and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2012-04-11 with total page 674 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The essential guide to managing financial institution risk, fully revised and updated The dangers inherent in the financial system make understanding risk management essential for anyone working in, or planning to work in, the financial sector. A practical resource for financial professionals and students alike, Risk Management and Financial Institutions, Third Edition explains all aspects of financial risk as well as the way financial institutions are regulated, to help readers better understand financial markets and potential dangers. Fully revised and updated, this new edition features coverage of Basel 2.5, Basel III and Dodd-Frank as well as expanded sections on counterparty credit risk, central clearing, and collateralization. In addition, end-of-chapter practice problems and a website featuring supplemental materials designed to provide a more comprehensive learning experience make this the ultimate learning resource. Written by acclaimed risk management expert, John Hull, Risk Management and Financial Institutions is the only book you need to understand—and respond to—financial risk. The new edition of the financial risk management bestseller Describes the activities of different types of financial institutions, explains how they are regulated, and covers market risk, credit risk, operational risk, liquidity risk, and model risk Features new coverage of Basel III, Dodd-Frank, counterparty credit risk, central clearing, collateralization, and much more Provides readers with access to a supplementary website offering software and unique learning aids Author John Hull is one of the most respected authorities on financial risk management A timely update to the definitive resource on risk in the financial system, Risk Management and Financial Institutions + Web Site, Third Edition is an indispensable resource from internationally renowned expert John Hull.

Adaptation under Fire

Download Adaptation under Fire PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0190672072
Total Pages : 441 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (96 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Adaptation under Fire by : Lt. General David Barno

Download or read book Adaptation under Fire written by Lt. General David Barno and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2020-08-17 with total page 441 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A critical look into how and why the U.S. military needs to become more adaptable. Every military must prepare for future wars despite not really knowing the shape such wars will ultimately take. As former U.S. Secretary of Defense Robert Gates once noted: "We have a perfect record in predicting the next war. We have never once gotten it right." In the face of such great uncertainty, militaries must be able to adapt rapidly in order to win. Adaptation under Fire identifies the characteristics that make militaries more adaptable, illustrated through historical examples and the recent wars in Iraq and Afghanistan. Authors David Barno and Nora Bensahel argue that militaries facing unknown future conflicts must nevertheless make choices about the type of doctrine that their units will use, the weapons and equipment they will purchase, and the kind of leaders they will select and develop to guide the force to victory. Yet after a war begins, many of these choices will prove flawed in the unpredictable crucible of the battlefield. For a U.S. military facing diverse global threats, its ability to adapt quickly and effectively to those unforeseen circumstances may spell the difference between victory and defeat. Barno and Bensahel start by providing a framework for understanding adaptation and include historical cases of success and failure. Next, they examine U.S. military adaptation during the nation's recent wars, and explain why certain forms of adaptation have proven problematic. In the final section, Barno and Bensahel conclude that the U.S. military must become much more adaptable in order to address the fast-changing security challenges of the future, and they offer recommendations on how to do so before it is too late.