The Handbook of Behavior Change

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Author :
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1108750117
Total Pages : 730 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (87 download)

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Book Synopsis The Handbook of Behavior Change by : Martin S. Hagger

Download or read book The Handbook of Behavior Change written by Martin S. Hagger and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2020-07-15 with total page 730 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Social problems in many domains, including health, education, social relationships, and the workplace, have their origins in human behavior. The documented links between behavior and social problems have compelled governments and organizations to prioritize and mobilize efforts to develop effective, evidence-based means to promote adaptive behavior change. In recognition of this impetus, The Handbook of Behavior Change provides comprehensive coverage of contemporary theory, research, and practice on behavior change. It summarizes current evidence-based approaches to behavior change in chapters authored by leading theorists, researchers, and practitioners from multiple disciplines, including psychology, sociology, behavioral science, economics, philosophy, and implementation science. It is the go-to resource for researchers, students, practitioners, and policy makers looking for current knowledge on behavior change and guidance on how to develop effective interventions to change behavior.

The Great Mental Models, Volume 1

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Publisher : Penguin
ISBN 13 : 0593719972
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (937 download)

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Book Synopsis The Great Mental Models, Volume 1 by : Shane Parrish

Download or read book The Great Mental Models, Volume 1 written by Shane Parrish and published by Penguin. This book was released on 2024-10-15 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Discover the essential thinking tools you’ve been missing with The Great Mental Models series by Shane Parrish, New York Times bestselling author and the mind behind the acclaimed Farnam Street blog and “The Knowledge Project” podcast. This first book in the series is your guide to learning the crucial thinking tools nobody ever taught you. Time and time again, great thinkers such as Charlie Munger and Warren Buffett have credited their success to mental models–representations of how something works that can scale onto other fields. Mastering a small number of mental models enables you to rapidly grasp new information, identify patterns others miss, and avoid the common mistakes that hold people back. The Great Mental Models: Volume 1, General Thinking Concepts shows you how making a few tiny changes in the way you think can deliver big results. Drawing on examples from history, business, art, and science, this book details nine of the most versatile, all-purpose mental models you can use right away to improve your decision making and productivity. This book will teach you how to: Avoid blind spots when looking at problems. Find non-obvious solutions. Anticipate and achieve desired outcomes. Play to your strengths, avoid your weaknesses, … and more. The Great Mental Models series demystifies once elusive concepts and illuminates rich knowledge that traditional education overlooks. This series is the most comprehensive and accessible guide on using mental models to better understand our world, solve problems, and gain an advantage.

Incentives and Test-Based Accountability in Education

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Author :
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309225078
Total Pages : 111 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (92 download)

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Book Synopsis Incentives and Test-Based Accountability in Education by : National Research Council

Download or read book Incentives and Test-Based Accountability in Education written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2011-10-18 with total page 111 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In recent years there have been increasing efforts to use accountability systems based on large-scale tests of students as a mechanism for improving student achievement. The federal No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) is a prominent example of such an effort, but it is only the continuation of a steady trend toward greater test-based accountability in education that has been going on for decades. Over time, such accountability systems included ever-stronger incentives to motivate school administrators, teachers, and students to perform better. Incentives and Test-Based Accountability in Education reviews and synthesizes relevant research from economics, psychology, education, and related fields about how incentives work in educational accountability systems. The book helps identify circumstances in which test-based incentives may have a positive or a negative impact on student learning and offers recommendations for how to improve current test-based accountability policies. The most important directions for further research are also highlighted. For the first time, research and theory on incentives from the fields of economics, psychology, and educational measurement have all been pulled together and synthesized. Incentives and Test-Based Accountability in Education will inform people about the motivation of educators and students and inform policy discussions about NCLB and state accountability systems. Education researchers, K-12 school administrators and teachers, as well as graduate students studying education policy and educational measurement will use this book to learn more about the motivation of educators and students. Education policy makers at all levels of government will rely on this book to inform policy discussions about NCLB and state accountability systems.

The Handbook of Behavior Change

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Author :
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1108754678
Total Pages : 1145 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (87 download)

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Book Synopsis The Handbook of Behavior Change by : Martin S. Hagger

Download or read book The Handbook of Behavior Change written by Martin S. Hagger and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2020-07-23 with total page 1145 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Social problems in many domains, including health, education, social relationships, and the workplace, have their origins in human behavior. The documented links between behavior and social problems have compelled governments and organizations to prioritize and mobilize efforts to develop effective, evidence-based means to promote adaptive behavior change. In recognition of this impetus, The Handbook of Behavior Change provides comprehensive coverage of contemporary theory, research, and practice on behavior change. It summarizes current evidence-based approaches to behavior change in chapters authored by leading theorists, researchers, and practitioners from multiple disciplines, including psychology, sociology, behavioral science, economics, philosophy, and implementation science. It is the go-to resource for researchers, students, practitioners, and policy makers looking for current knowledge on behavior change and guidance on how to develop effective interventions to change behavior.

Strings Attached

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Publisher : Princeton University Press
ISBN 13 : 069116102X
Total Pages : 220 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (911 download)

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Book Synopsis Strings Attached by : Ruth W. Grant

Download or read book Strings Attached written by Ruth W. Grant and published by Princeton University Press. This book was released on 2014-04-06 with total page 220 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The legitimate and illegitimate use of incentives in society today Incentives can be found everywhere—in schools, businesses, factories, and government—influencing people's choices about almost everything, from financial decisions and tobacco use to exercise and child rearing. So long as people have a choice, incentives seem innocuous. But Strings Attached demonstrates that when incentives are viewed as a kind of power rather than as a form of exchange, many ethical questions arise: How do incentives affect character and institutional culture? Can incentives be manipulative or exploitative, even if people are free to refuse them? What are the responsibilities of the powerful in using incentives? Ruth Grant shows that, like all other forms of power, incentives can be subject to abuse, and she identifies their legitimate and illegitimate uses. Grant offers a history of the growth of incentives in early twentieth-century America, identifies standards for judging incentives, and examines incentives in four areas—plea bargaining, recruiting medical research subjects, International Monetary Fund loan conditions, and motivating students. In every case, the analysis of incentives in terms of power yields strikingly different and more complex judgments than an analysis that views incentives as trades, in which the desired behavior is freely exchanged for the incentives offered. Challenging the role and function of incentives in a democracy, Strings Attached questions whether the penchant for constant incentivizing undermines active, autonomous citizenship. Readers of this book are sure to view the ethics of incentives in a new light.

Unleashing Change

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Publisher : Brookings Institution Press
ISBN 13 : 0815797761
Total Pages : 320 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (157 download)

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Book Synopsis Unleashing Change by : Steven Kelman

Download or read book Unleashing Change written by Steven Kelman and published by Brookings Institution Press. This book was released on 2005-11-01 with total page 320 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is a hopeful account of the potential for organizational change and improvement within government. Despite the mantra that "people resist change," it is possible to effect meaningful reform in a large bureaucracy. In Unleashing Change, public management expert Steven Kelman presents a blueprint for accomplishing such improvements, based on his experience orchestrating procurement reform in the 1990s. Kelman's focuses on making change happen on the front lines, not just getting it announced by senior policymakers. He argues that frequently there will be a constituency for change within government organizations. The role for leaders is not to force change on the unwilling but to unleash the willing, and to persist long enough for the change to become institutionalized. Drawing on the author's own personal experience and extensive research among frontline civil servants, as well as literature in organization theory and psychology, Un leashing Change presents an approach for improving agency performance from soup to nuts—mixing theory with practice. Its analysis is innovative and empirically rich. Kelman's conclusions challenge conventional notions about achieving reform in large organizations and mark a major advance in theories of organizational change. His lessons will be of interest not only to scholars interested in improving the performance of the public sector, but for anyone struggling to manage a large organization. "Steve Kelman's creative research, augmented by his own considerable experience as a reform-minded federal official, gives this book unusual depth and authenticity."—Rosabeth Moss Kanter, Harvard Business School, author of Con fidence: How Winning Streaks and Losing Streaks Begin and End

Behavioral Economics and Public Health

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Publisher : Oxford University Press, USA
ISBN 13 : 019939833X
Total Pages : 385 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (993 download)

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Book Synopsis Behavioral Economics and Public Health by : Christina A. Roberto

Download or read book Behavioral Economics and Public Health written by Christina A. Roberto and published by Oxford University Press, USA. This book was released on 2016 with total page 385 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Behavioral economics has potential to offer novel solutions to some of today's most pressing public health problems: How do we persuade people to eat healthy and lose weight? How can health professionals communicate health risks in a way that is heeded? How can food labeling be modified to inform healthy food choices? Behavioral Economics and Public Health is the first book to apply the groundbreaking insights of behavioral economics to the persisting problems of health behaviors and behavior change. In addition to providing a primer on the behavioral economics principles that are most relevant to public health, this book offers details on how these principles can be employed to mitigating the world's greatest health threats, including obesity, smoking, risky sexual behavior, and excessive drinking. With contributions from an international team of scholars from psychology, economics, marketing, public health, and medicine, this book is a trailblazing new approach to the most difficult and important problems of our time.

Misbehaving: The Making of Behavioral Economics

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Publisher : W. W. Norton & Company
ISBN 13 : 0393246779
Total Pages : 502 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (932 download)

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Book Synopsis Misbehaving: The Making of Behavioral Economics by : Richard H. Thaler

Download or read book Misbehaving: The Making of Behavioral Economics written by Richard H. Thaler and published by W. W. Norton & Company. This book was released on 2015-05-11 with total page 502 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Winner of the Nobel Prize in Economics Get ready to change the way you think about economics. Nobel laureate Richard H. Thaler has spent his career studying the radical notion that the central agents in the economy are humans—predictable, error-prone individuals. Misbehaving is his arresting, frequently hilarious account of the struggle to bring an academic discipline back down to earth—and change the way we think about economics, ourselves, and our world. Traditional economics assumes rational actors. Early in his research, Thaler realized these Spock-like automatons were nothing like real people. Whether buying a clock radio, selling basketball tickets, or applying for a mortgage, we all succumb to biases and make decisions that deviate from the standards of rationality assumed by economists. In other words, we misbehave. More importantly, our misbehavior has serious consequences. Dismissed at first by economists as an amusing sideshow, the study of human miscalculations and their effects on markets now drives efforts to make better decisions in our lives, our businesses, and our governments. Coupling recent discoveries in human psychology with a practical understanding of incentives and market behavior, Thaler enlightens readers about how to make smarter decisions in an increasingly mystifying world. He reveals how behavioral economic analysis opens up new ways to look at everything from household finance to assigning faculty offices in a new building, to TV game shows, the NFL draft, and businesses like Uber. Laced with antic stories of Thaler’s spirited battles with the bastions of traditional economic thinking, Misbehaving is a singular look into profound human foibles. When economics meets psychology, the implications for individuals, managers, and policy makers are both profound and entertaining. Shortlisted for the Financial Times & McKinsey Business Book of the Year Award

Brief Interventions for Risky Drinkers

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Author :
Publisher : Frontiers Media SA
ISBN 13 : 2889198871
Total Pages : 85 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (891 download)

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Book Synopsis Brief Interventions for Risky Drinkers by : Antoni Gual

Download or read book Brief Interventions for Risky Drinkers written by Antoni Gual and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2016-06-29 with total page 85 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Alcohol is the sixth leading risk factor for disability and premature death all over the world, and one of the leading causes of premature mortality in western societies; it is a leading risk factor for death in young and middle-age males. Heavy drinking accounts for about two thirds of the burden of disease attributable to alcohol. In the early 1980s, screening and brief interventions (SBI) in primary health care settings were proposed as effective strategies to identify risky drinkers and to help them reduce their drinking. Since then, a growing body of evidence, including several meta-analysis and Cochrane reviews, has shown the efficacy and effectiveness of SBI in primary health settings. However, demonstrating the effectiveness of SBI has not been insufficient to facilitate its general implementation in the routines of primary health care physicians, and in fact the dissemination of SBI has proven to be a difficult business. Qualitative and quantitative research has identified most of the facilitators and barriers for its implementation, and publicly funded research has been earmarked to address the dissemination problems worldwide. Some examples are the World Health Organization Phase III and Phase IV studies on the identification and management of alcohol-related problems in primary care, EU funded projects (PHEPA, AMPHORA, ODHIN, BISTAIRS), the UK SIPS trials and the SBIRT developments sponsored by the Substance Abuse & Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) in the USA. The efficacy and effectiveness of SBI in primary health is now well established, but there are still some questions that remain unsolved: which practitioners should deliver them; what length should they be; is there a need for booster sessions; is there added value of a motivational approach? These questions, together with other relevant aspects of SBI, need ongoing research. In recent years, SBIs have been tested in settings other than primary health care, including hospitals, accident and emergency rooms, criminal justice, colleges and universities, social services and pharmacies. In some of those areas, the evidence is scarce (for example, pharmacies) while in others it is very promising (for example, students and hospitals). New technologies have also offered the possibility of online tools, and, in the last few years, different digital-based applications have been tested successfully as new ways to deliver effective SBIs to larger amounts of people. Brief interventions have also spread to drugs other than alcohol. This book aims to be an update of the state-of-the art of brief advice. It is a compilation of articles published by some of the most relevant researchers in the field in Frontiers in Psychiatry between 2014 and 2016.

How Behavior Spreads

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Publisher : Princeton University Press
ISBN 13 : 0691202427
Total Pages : 308 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (912 download)

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Book Synopsis How Behavior Spreads by : Damon Centola

Download or read book How Behavior Spreads written by Damon Centola and published by Princeton University Press. This book was released on 2020-03-24 with total page 308 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A new, counterintuitive theory for how social networks influence the spread of behavior New social movements, technologies, and public-health initiatives often struggle to take off, yet many diseases disperse rapidly without issue. Can the lessons learned from the viral diffusion of diseases improve the spread of beneficial behaviors and innovations? How Behavior Spreads presents over a decade of original research examining how changes in societal behavior—in voting, health, technology, and finance—occur and the ways social networks can be used to influence how they propagate. Damon Centola's startling findings show that the same conditions that accelerate the viral expansion of an epidemic unexpectedly inhibit the spread of behaviors. How Behavior Spreads is a must-read for anyone interested in how the theory of social networks can transform our world.

Collaborative Advantage

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Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 303136306X
Total Pages : 201 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (313 download)

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Book Synopsis Collaborative Advantage by : Raphael Bömelburg

Download or read book Collaborative Advantage written by Raphael Bömelburg and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on with total page 201 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

How Markets Fail

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Publisher : Penguin UK
ISBN 13 : 0141939427
Total Pages : 485 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (419 download)

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Book Synopsis How Markets Fail by : Cassidy John

Download or read book How Markets Fail written by Cassidy John and published by Penguin UK. This book was released on 2013-01-31 with total page 485 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: How did we get to where we are? John Cassidy shows that the roots of our most recent financial failure lie not with individuals, but with an idea - the idea that markets are inherently rational. He gives us the big picture behind the financial headlines, tracing the rise and fall of free market ideology from Adam Smith to Milton Friedman and Alan Greenspan. Full of wit, sense and, above all, a deeper understanding, How Markets Fail argues for the end of 'utopian' economics, and the beginning of a pragmatic, reality-based way of thinking. A very good history of economic thought Economist How Markets Fail offers a brilliant intellectual framework . . . fine work New York Times An essential, grittily intellectual, yet compelling guide to the financial debacle of 2009 Geordie Greig, Evening Standard A powerful argument . . . Cassidy makes a compelling case that a return to hands-off economics would be a disaster BusinessWeek This book is a well constructed, thoughtful and cogent account of how capitalism evolved to its current form Telegraph Books of the Year recommendation John Cassidy ... describe[s] that mix of insight and madness that brought the world's system to its knees FT, Book of the Year recommendation Anyone who enjoys a good read can safely embark on this tour with Cassidy as their guide . . . Like his colleague Malcolm Gladwell [at the New Yorker], Cassidy is able to lead us with beguiling lucidity through unfamiliar territory New Statesman John Cassidy has covered economics and finance at The New Yorker magazine since 1995, writing on topics ranging from Alan Greenspan to the Iraqi oil industry and English journalism. He is also now a Contributing Editor at Portfolio where he writes the monthly Economics column. Two of his articles have been nominated for National Magazine Awards: an essay on Karl Marx, which appeared in October, 1997, and an account of the death of the British weapons scientist David Kelly, which was published in December, 2003. He has previously written for Sunday Times in as well as the New York Post, where he edited the Business section and then served as the deputy editor. In 2002, Cassidy published his first book, Dot.Con. He lives in New York.

The Moral Economy

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Publisher : Yale University Press
ISBN 13 : 0300221088
Total Pages : 200 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (2 download)

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Book Synopsis The Moral Economy by : Samuel Bowles

Download or read book The Moral Economy written by Samuel Bowles and published by Yale University Press. This book was released on 2016-05-28 with total page 200 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Should the idea of economic man—the amoral and self-interested Homo economicus—determine how we expect people to respond to monetary rewards, punishments, and other incentives? Samuel Bowles answers with a resounding “no.” Policies that follow from this paradigm, he shows, may “crowd out” ethical and generous motives and thus backfire. But incentives per se are not really the culprit. Bowles shows that crowding out occurs when the message conveyed by fines and rewards is that self-interest is expected, that the employer thinks the workforce is lazy, or that the citizen cannot otherwise be trusted to contribute to the public good. Using historical and recent case studies as well as behavioral experiments, Bowles shows how well-designed incentives can crowd in the civic motives on which good governance depends.

Parent—Child Interaction Therapy

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Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1489914390
Total Pages : 174 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (899 download)

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Book Synopsis Parent—Child Interaction Therapy by : Toni L. Hembree-Kigin

Download or read book Parent—Child Interaction Therapy written by Toni L. Hembree-Kigin and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-06-29 with total page 174 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This practical guide offers mental health professionals a detailed, step-by-step description on how to conduct Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) - the empirically validated training program for parents with children who have disruptive behavior problems. It includes several illustrative examples and vignettes as well as an appendix with assessment instruments to help parents to conduct PCIT.

Incentivizing Collaborative BIM-Enabled Projects

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Publisher : Project Management Institute
ISBN 13 : 1628256249
Total Pages : 197 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (282 download)

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Book Synopsis Incentivizing Collaborative BIM-Enabled Projects by : Chen-Yu Chang

Download or read book Incentivizing Collaborative BIM-Enabled Projects written by Chen-Yu Chang and published by Project Management Institute. This book was released on 2018-11-05 with total page 197 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The use of digital representations to aid in projects—Building Information Modeling (BIM)—is gaining traction worldwide as an effective and beneficial approach to executing projects that can reduce errors and improve project results. Author Chen-Yu Chang, PhD, explains the current state of BIM use in three distinct countries: China, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Following multiple case studies in each country, Professor Chang explores the explicit and implicit motivators that may drive BIM participation and the factors that can influence its effectiveness. The case studies offer multiple perspectives on why and how BIM-enabled projects are adopted and provide a lens for understanding BIM at varying levels. This theoretical approach gives researchers and organizations new tools and ideas to help build their own strategies to encourage BIM use and better understand its place in managing projects.

Making Shift Happen

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Publisher : New Society Publishers
ISBN 13 : 1771423374
Total Pages : 558 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (714 download)

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Book Synopsis Making Shift Happen by : Nya Van Leuvan

Download or read book Making Shift Happen written by Nya Van Leuvan and published by New Society Publishers. This book was released on 2022-01-11 with total page 558 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The changemaker's guide to catalyzing environmental behaviour change for a healthy future To tackle our urgent environmental problems and achieve positive, durable change, we must design solutions based directly on how people think, make decisions, and act. From hotels that save water and money using simple signage, to energy suppliers that boost participation in renewable energy programs through mere enrollment form tweaks—shifting the behavior of millions for the better is possible. Based on decades of research into what drives behavior change, Making Shift Happen provides a suite of powerful tools to transform the world. It features A to Z guidance on how to design a behavior change initiative—from choosing the right audience and uncovering what drives their behavior, to designing, prototyping, testing, and implementation. Clear instructions and real-world examples empower you to apply hundreds of behavioral science solutions including: Using social norms to spread positive environmental behaviors Selecting and testing stories, metaphors, and values to frame information for each audience Catalyzing action by aligning your initiative with your audience's personal and social motivators Breaking bad habits and building positive ones Capturing your audience's attention and reducing barriers to action Connecting people with nature and building empathy for the environment and its inhabitants. Making Shift Happen is a must-have guide for practitioners in non-profits, governments, and businesses looking to design successful campaigns and initiatives that shift behaviors and mindsets toward positive environmental outcomes and a better future for all. AWARDS GOLD | 2023 Nautilus Book Awards | Social Sciences & Education

The Wiley Handbook of Early Childhood Development Programs, Practices, and Policies

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Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1118937325
Total Pages : 552 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (189 download)

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Book Synopsis The Wiley Handbook of Early Childhood Development Programs, Practices, and Policies by : Elizabeth Votruba-Drzal

Download or read book The Wiley Handbook of Early Childhood Development Programs, Practices, and Policies written by Elizabeth Votruba-Drzal and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2017-01-30 with total page 552 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The first and only comprehensive review of current early childhood development theory, practices, policies, and the science behind them This unique and important bookprovides a comprehensive overview of the current theory, practices, and policies in early childhood development withinthe contexts of family, school, and community, and society at large. Moreover, it synthesizes scientifically rigorous research from an array of disciplines in an effort to identify the most effective strategies for promoting early childhood development. Research into childhood development is booming, and the scientific knowledge base concerning early childhood development is now greater than that of any other stage of the human life span. At the same time, efforts to apply that knowledge to early childhood practices, programs, and policies have never been greater or more urgent. Yet, surprisingly, until The Handbook of Early Childhood Development Programs, Practices, and Policies, there was no comprehensive, critical review of the applied science in the field. The book begins with in-depth coverage of child and family approaches. From there it moves onto a consideration of school- and community-based strategies. It concludes with a discussion of current social policies on health and development in early childhood and their implications. Provides a comprehensive overview of the state of the knowledge base, along with guidance for the future of the field Examines the underlying theory and basic science guiding efforts to promote early childhood development Critically reviews the strength of the empirical support for individual practices, programs, and policies Explores key opportunities and barriers policymakers and practitioners face when implementing various approaches Pays particular attention to socioeconomically disadvantaged and other disenfranchised populations The Handbook of Early Childhood Development Programs, Practices, and Policies is a valuable resource for practitioners, scholars, graduate students, and advanced undergraduate students across the social sciences who are interested in strengthening their understanding of current strategies for promoting early childhood development and the science informing those strategies.