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Author : Stephen L. Darwall
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9780801493485
Total Pages : 261 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (934 download)
Download or read book Impartial Reason written by Stephen L. Darwall and published by . This book was released on 1985 with total page 261 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : D. D. Raphael
Publisher : Clarendon Press
ISBN 13 : 0191526649
Total Pages : 160 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (915 download)
Download or read book The Impartial Spectator written by D. D. Raphael and published by Clarendon Press. This book was released on 2007-01-25 with total page 160 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: D. D. Raphael provides a critical account of the moral philosophy of Adam Smith, presented in his first book, The Theory of Moral Sentiments. Whilst it does not have the same prominence in its field as his work on economics, The Wealth of Nations, Smith's writing on ethics is of continuing importance and interest today, especially for its theory of conscience. Smith sees the origin of conscience in the sympathetic and antipathetic feelings of spectators. As spectators of the actions of other people, we can imagine how we would feel in their situation. If we would share their motives, we approve of their action. If not, we disapprove. When we ourselves take an action, we know from experience what spectators would feel, approval or disapproval. That knowledge forms conscience, an imagined impartial spectator who tells us whether an action is right or wrong. In describing the content of moral judgement, Smith is much influenced by Stoic ethics, with an emphasis on self-command, but he voices criticism as well as praise. His own position is a combination of Stoic and Christian values. There is a substantial difference between the first five editions of the Moral Sentiments and the sixth. Failure to take account of this has led some commentators to mistaken views about the supposed youthful idealism of the Moral Sentiments as contrasted with the mature realism of The Wealth of Nations. A further source of error has been the supposition that Smith treats sympathy as the motive of moral action, as contrasted with the supposedly universal motive of self-interest in The Wealth of Nations.
Author : Diana T. Meyers
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1134711972
Total Pages : 220 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (347 download)
Download or read book Subjection and Subjectivity written by Diana T. Meyers and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2014-05-22 with total page 220 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Diana Tietjens Meyers examines the political underpinnings of psychoanalytic feminism, analyzing the relation between the nature of the self and the structure of good societies. She argues that impartial reason--the approach to moral reflection which has dominated 20th-century Anglo-American philosophy--is inadequate for addressing real world injustices. Subjection and Subjectivity is central to feminist thought across a wide range of disciplines.
Author : Derek Parfit
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 019968104X
Total Pages : 841 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (996 download)
Download or read book On What Matters written by Derek Parfit and published by . This book was released on 2013-07-11 with total page 841 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is the second volume of a major new work in moral philosophy. It starts with critiques of Derek Parfit's work by four eminent moral philosophers, and his responses. The largest part of the volume is a self-contained monograph on normativity. The final part comprises seven new essays on Kant, reasons, and why the universe exists.
Author : Assistant Professor of Modern Judaism Yonatan Y Brafman
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0197767931
Total Pages : 377 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (977 download)
Download or read book Critique of Halakhic Reason written by Assistant Professor of Modern Judaism Yonatan Y Brafman and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2024 with total page 377 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Critique of Halakhic Reason challenges prevalent ways of thinking about religion by revealing how religious traditions and communities reason about their practices. It examines the reasoning operative in the justification and jurisprudence of the Jewish commandments through fresh studies of twentieth century Jewish thinkers. It then constructs a novel account of the relation between Jewish thought and law in view of contemporary moral philosophy and legal theory. It then develops its consequences for theology, the study and philosophy of religion, as well as for moral, legal, and political philosophy.
Author : Max Hocutt
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1351326740
Total Pages : 475 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (513 download)
Download or read book Grounded Ethics written by Max Hocutt and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2018-01-16 with total page 475 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Scientific naturalism--basing beliefs on empirical evidence--has now triumphed in every field of inquiry except moral philosophy. There it is still thought appropriate to cite otherworldly standards known by divine revelation or moral intuition. In Grounded Ethics Max Hocutt argues that, since there is no transcendent reality on which to base the claims of ethics, normative truth must be sought in the desires of individuals and the conventions of societies. Hocutt begins with an empiricist analysis of normative judgments. Following B.F. Skinner, he asserts that we call good what reinforces our desires, and that we call right or just what we desire to reinforce. Consequently, desire is the immediate measure of both goodness and justice. Acknowledging that goodness is relative to individual preferences, and justice is relative to social norms, Hocutt denies that goodness is a matter of personal opinion and that every society's institutions are as good as every other's. Instead, he says, the conduct of individuals and the customs of societies must ultimately be evaluated by how well they serve biologically based needs. These must be discovered empirically, because they cannot be known a priori. In support of this analysis, Hocutt challenges rationalist belief, that normative concepts cannot be defined in empirical terms because they are rooted in divine law or ideals of pure reason. Against this view, Hocutt argues that if the moral law exists only as an ideal, it is not binding in the same sense as the empirically known laws and moralities of actual societies. He also points out that rationalist intuitions are best understood as expressions of animal instinct, socially conditioned prejudice, and personal preference. In addition, he offers extensive critiques of major philosophers, both ancient and modern, who hold contrary views. All of this is meant to show that there is no escaping the empirical: A sensible ethics must be built on observable facts; it cannot be pulled from a vague but pious rationalist sky. Hocutt's demonstration of this thesis will interest philosophers, behavioral biologists, sociologists and ethicists.
Author : Iris Marion Young
Publisher : Princeton University Press
ISBN 13 : 1400839904
Total Pages : 321 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (8 download)
Download or read book Justice and the Politics of Difference written by Iris Marion Young and published by Princeton University Press. This book was released on 2011-08-22 with total page 321 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this classic work of feminist political thought, Iris Marion Young challenges the prevailing reduction of social justice to distributive justice. It critically analyzes basic concepts underlying most theories of justice, including impartiality, formal equality, and the unitary moral subjectivity. The starting point for her critique is the experience and concerns of the new social movements about decision making, cultural expression, and division of labor--that were created by marginal and excluded groups, including women, African Americans, and American Indians, as well as gays and lesbians. Iris Young defines concepts of domination and oppression to cover issues eluding the distributive model. Democratic theorists, according to Young do not adequately address the problem of an inclusive participatory framework. By assuming a homogeneous public, they fail to consider institutional arrangements for including people not culturally identified with white European male norms of reason and respectability. Young urges that normative theory and public policy should undermine group-based oppression by affirming rather than suppressing social group difference. Basing her vision of the good society on the differentiated, culturally plural network of contemporary urban life, she argues for a principle of group representation in democratic publics and for group-differentiated policies. Danielle Allen's new foreword contextualizes Young's work and explains how debates surrounding social justice have changed since--and been transformed by--the original publication of Justice and the Politics of Difference.
Author : Diana Tietjens Meyers
Publisher : Rowman & Littlefield Publishers
ISBN 13 : 0742571335
Total Pages : 348 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (425 download)
Download or read book Being Yourself written by Diana Tietjens Meyers and published by Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. This book was released on 2004-02-23 with total page 348 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Being yourself: living a life that is truly your own, that expresses your unique personality and your distinctive values. Many people want to live such a life. Being Yourself asks what it takes to do so. It examines questions about the self — the individual who acts — together with questions about self-expression — the relations between the self and action. It explains self-knowledge and self-direction in terms of a repertory of skills that gives people insight into who they are, who they want to be, and how they want to engage with the world. Unlike other accounts of self and action, Being Yourself takes into account the multidimensionality of the self — embodiment, interpersonal ties, nonconscious desires, and enculturation as well as rationality. It accents the ways in which atypical emotional responses, empathy, and oppositional imagery can contribute to moral understanding. It argues that repressive regimes cannot completely crush people's determination to live lives of their own, but it shows why it is vital to seek social changes that dismantle obstacles to this kind of life.
Author : David Enoch
Publisher : OUP Oxford
ISBN 13 : 019161856X
Total Pages : 308 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (916 download)
Download or read book Taking Morality Seriously written by David Enoch and published by OUP Oxford. This book was released on 2011-07-28 with total page 308 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In Taking Morality Seriously: A Defense of Robust Realism David Enoch develops, argues for, and defends a strongly realist and objectivist view of ethics and normativity more broadly. This view—according to which there are perfectly objective, universal, moral and other normative truths that are not in any way reducible to other, natural truths—is familiar, but this book is the first in-detail development of the positive motivations for the view into reasonably precise arguments. And when the book turns defensive—defending Robust Realism against traditional objections—it mobilizes the original positive arguments for the view to help with fending off the objections. The main underlying motivation for Robust Realism developed in the book is that no other metaethical view can vindicate our taking morality seriously. The positive arguments developed here—the argument from the deliberative indispensability of normative truths, and the argument from the moral implications of metaethical objectivity (or its absence)—are thus arguments for Robust Realism that are sensitive to the underlying, pre-theoretical motivations for the view.
Author : Husain Sarkar
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 042978743X
Total Pages : 346 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (297 download)
Download or read book Kant and Parfit written by Husain Sarkar and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2018-09-06 with total page 346 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Derek Parfit’s On What Matters is widely recognized as elegant, profound, and destined to change the landscape of moral philosophy. In Volume One, Parfit argues that the distinct—indeed, powerfully conflicting—theories of deontology and contractualism can be woven together in a way so as to yield utilitarian conclusions. Husain Sarkar in this book calls this, The Ultimate Derivation. Sarkar argues, however, that this derivation is untenable. To underwrite this conclusion, this book traverses considerable Parfitian terrain. Sarkar shows why Parfit hasn’t quite solved what Sidgwick had called "the profoundest problem in ethics"; he offers a reading of Kant, Rawls, and Scanlon that reveals Parfit’s keen utilitarian bias; and he demonstrates why Parfit’s Triple Theory does not succeed in its task of unifying conflicting moral theories (without making substantial utilitarian assumptions). The final chapter of the book is about meta-ethics. It shows that Parfit’s Convergence Principle is mistaken even though it unveils Parfit’s utterly humane concerns: Moral philosophers are not, as Parfit thinks, climbing the same mountain. But for all that, Sarkar maintains, Parfit’s book is arguably the greatest consequential tract in the history of moral philosophy.
Author : F. M. Kamm
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0197567738
Total Pages : 393 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (975 download)
Download or read book Rights and Their Limits written by F. M. Kamm and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2022-10-07 with total page 393 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this volume, F.M. Kamm explores how theories as well as hypothetical and practical cases help us understand rights and their limits. The book begins by considering moral status and its relation to having rights (including whether non-human animals have rights and what rights future persons have). The author then considers whether rights are grounded in duties to oneself, which duties are correlative to rights, and whether neuroscientific and psychological studies can help determine what rights we have. Kamm next investigates the contours of the right not to be harmed by considering critiques of deontological distinctions, the costs that must be undertaken to avoid harming, and a proposal for permissibly harming someone (that allows for resisting the harm) in the Trolley Problem. Additional chapters cover possible implications of the Trolley Problem for such practical issues as correctly programming self-driving cars, providing medical treatments, and enacting redistributive economic policy. Kamm concludes the book by comparing the use of case-based judgments about extreme cases in moral versus aesthetic theory, and by exploring the significance of the right not to be harmed for morally correct policies in the extreme cases of torture and a pandemic. Where pertinent, Kamm considers the views of Derek Parfit, Tom Regan, Christine Korsgaard, Shelly Kagan, Ronald Dworkin, Amartya Sen, Allan Gibbard, Joshua Greene, Arthur Danto, and Judith Thomson, among others.
Author : William Aiken
Publisher : Andrews UK Limited
ISBN 13 : 1845402669
Total Pages : 270 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (454 download)
Download or read book Philosophy and Its Public Role written by William Aiken and published by Andrews UK Limited. This book was released on 2011-10-04 with total page 270 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This collection of essays brings together moral, social and political philosophers from Britain, Canada, New Zealand and the United States who explore a wide range of issues under the three headings of Philosophy, Society and Culture; Ethics, Economics and Justice; and Rights, Law and Punishment. The topics discussed range from the public responsibility of intellectuals to the justice of military tribunals, and from posthumous reproduction to the death penalty.
Author : Jussi Suikkanen
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 9781444322897
Total Pages : 168 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (228 download)
Download or read book Essays on Derek Parfit's On What Matters written by Jussi Suikkanen and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2010-01-15 with total page 168 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In Essays on Derek Parfit's On What Matters, seven leadingmoral philosophers offer critical evaluations of the central ideaspresented in a greatly anticipated new work by world-renowned moralphilosopher Derek Parfit. Presents critical assessments of what promises to be one of thekey moral philosophy texts of our time Features essays by a team of leading philosophers includingPrinceton's Michael Smith, one of the world's leadingmeta-ethicists Addresses Parfit's central thesis - that the main ethicaltheories can agree on what matters - as well as his defense ofmoral realism
Author : Michaele Ferguson
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 0429663099
Total Pages : 214 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (296 download)
Download or read book Iris Marion Young written by Michaele Ferguson and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2021-11-18 with total page 214 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Iris Marion Young (1949-2006) was one of the most influential and innovative political theorists of her generation who had a significant impact on a wide range of topics such as democratic theory, feminist theory, and justice. She bridged many longstanding divides among political theorists, engaging in Continental and critical theory, but also insisting on the importance of normative argument: her corpus stands as a testament to the fruitfulness of engaging in both abstract theory and the 'real world' of everyday politics. This volume spans the several decades of her work, illustrating her intellectual development over time through three major areas of innovation: Gender: Maintaining that gender is both conceptually and politically meaningful, Young theorized gender in terms of structures that, in combination, position different people we call "women" in different ways, such that some women have some structures in common, without all women sharing all gendered structures in common. Justice: Young’s early writings on a critical theory of justice evolved in her later and posthumously published works where she developed an account of justice that brought together her theorization of structure with her concern to respond to contemporary claims of injustice. The Politics of Difference: Young rejected universal and abstract theories of justice and maintained that justice instead required attending to the experiences of people marked by difference. This volume will prove useful to scholars and students working in the fields of critical and political theory, feminist theory, international law and public diplomacy.
Author : Graham Oppy
Publisher : Lexington Books
ISBN 13 : 0739166557
Total Pages : 283 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (391 download)
Download or read book The Antipodean Philosopher: Interviews with Australian and New Zealand philosophers written by Graham Oppy and published by Lexington Books. This book was released on 2011 with total page 283 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this second volume of The Antipodean Philosopher, Graham Oppy and N.N. Trakakis have brought together fourteen leading Australasian philosophers, inviting them to speak in a frank and accessible way about their philosophical lives: for example, what drew them to a career in philosophy, what philosophy means to them, and their perceptions and criticisms of the ways in which philosophy is studied and taught in Australia and New Zealand. The philosophers interviewed include Brian Ellis, Frank Jackson, Jeff Malpas, Alan Musgrave, Philip Pettit, Graham Priest, Peter Singer and Michael Smith - philosophers who have distinguished themselves in the discipline, both nationally and internationally, over many years and in various branches of philosophy. What emerges from the discussion with these philosophers is a distinctive and engaging narrative of the history of philosophy in Australasia, its recent successes and flourishing, and the problems and prospects facing it in the twenty-first century. These interviews will challenge and entertain anyone with an interest in contemporary philosophy and the challenges of living out the examined life today.
Author : Matthew H. Kramer
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0191083844
Total Pages : 603 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (91 download)
Download or read book Liberalism with Excellence written by Matthew H. Kramer and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2017-05-05 with total page 603 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: During the past several decades, political philosophers have frequently clashed with one another over the question whether governments are morally required to remain neutral among reasonable conceptions of excellence and human flourishing. Whereas the numerous followers of John Rawls (and kindred philosophers such as Ronald Dworkin) have maintained that a requirement of neutrality is indeed incumbent on every system of governance, other philosophers -- often designated as 'perfectionists' -- have argued against the existence of such a requirement. Liberalism with Excellence enters these debates not by plighting itself unequivocally to one side or the other, but instead by reconceiving each of the sides and thus by redirecting the debates that have occurred between them. On the one hand, the book rejects the requirement of neutrality by contending that certain subsidies for the promotion of excellence in sundry areas of human endeavour can be proper and vital uses of resources by governments. Advocating such departures from the constraint of neutrality, the book presents a version of liberalism that can rightly be classified as 'perfectionist'. On the other hand, the species of perfectionism espoused in Liberalism with Excellence diverges markedly from the theories that have usually been so classified. Indeed, much of the book assails various aspects of those theories. What is more, the aspirational perfectionism elaborated in the closing chapters of the volume is reconcilable in most key respects with a suitably amplified version of Rawlsianism. Hence, by reconceiving both the perfectionist side and the neutralist side of the prevailing disputation, Liberalism with Excellence combines and transforms their respective insights.
Author : Graham Oppy
Publisher : Lexington Books
ISBN 13 : 0739166565
Total Pages : 283 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (391 download)
Download or read book The Antipodean Philosopher written by Graham Oppy and published by Lexington Books. This book was released on 2011-12-28 with total page 283 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this second volume of The Antipodean Philosopher, Graham Oppy and N.N. Trakakis have brought together fourteen leading Australasian philosophers, inviting them to speak in a frank and accessible way about their philosophical lives: for example, what drew them to a career in philosophy, what philosophy means to them, and their perceptions and criticisms of the ways in which philosophy is studied and taught in Australia and New Zealand. The philosophers interviewed include Brian Ellis, Frank Jackson, Jeff Malpas, Alan Musgrave, Philip Pettit, Graham Priest, Peter Singer and Michael Smith – philosophers who have distinguished themselves in the discipline, both nationally and internationally, over many years and in various branches of philosophy. What emerges from the discussion with these philosophers is a distinctive and engaging narrative of the history of philosophy in Australasia, its recent successes and flourishing, and the problems and prospects facing it in the twenty-first century. These interviews will challenge and entertain anyone with an interest in contemporary philosophy and the challenges of living out the examined life today.
