Impact Of The Home Food Environment On Dietary Intake Obesity And Cardiovascular Health Of Us Children And Adolescents Aged 6 19

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Impact of the Home Food Environment on Dietary Intake, Obesity and Cardiovascular Health of U.S. Children and Adolescents, Aged 6-19

Author : Melissa A. Masters
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781267535627
Total Pages : 130 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (356 download)

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Book Synopsis Impact of the Home Food Environment on Dietary Intake, Obesity and Cardiovascular Health of U.S. Children and Adolescents, Aged 6-19 by : Melissa A. Masters

Download or read book Impact of the Home Food Environment on Dietary Intake, Obesity and Cardiovascular Health of U.S. Children and Adolescents, Aged 6-19 written by Melissa A. Masters and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 130 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Youth obesity is an ongoing problem in the United States. Obese children and adolescents are likely to be obese as adults and have an increased risk of developing chronic diseases, including coronary heart disease, earlier in life. The multifactorial nature of obesity continues to challenge researchers and health professionals to determine methods for preventing and reducing childhood obesity. Research has suggested that obesity is a normal response to an "obesigenic" environment. Emerging as one of the most influential environments in obesity and behavior development is the home food environment. However, little is understood about the role of the home food environment in obesity and disease development in youth. The purpose of this research was to examine factors that influence the home food environment as well as the relationship between the home food environment and dietary intake, obesity, and disease development in a nationally representative sample of U.S. youth aged 6-19 years from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Race-ethnicity and poverty income ratio (PIR) were found to influence home food availability, family meal patterns, and family food expenditures, three aspects of the home food environment. Race-ethnicity, PIR, and home food availability appeared to influence dietary consumption in youth. However, home food availability did not appear to be related to overweight or obesity in youth. Overweight and obesity in children and adolescents was associated with adverse lipid concentrations. The home food environment is complex but may serve as a modifiable area for nutrition educators to influence dietary intake in youth. Racial and socioeconomic disparities in home food environments should be addressed in the development of effective public policy and nutrition education development. Although the home food environment was not found to be related to obesity in youth, research should continue assessing environmental factors of obesity development as obesity is related to disease development earlier in life.

Environmental Influences on Dietary Intake of Children and Adolescents

Author : Jessica S. Gubbels
Publisher : MDPI
ISBN 13 : 3039365339
Total Pages : 308 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (393 download)

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Book Synopsis Environmental Influences on Dietary Intake of Children and Adolescents by : Jessica S. Gubbels

Download or read book Environmental Influences on Dietary Intake of Children and Adolescents written by Jessica S. Gubbels and published by MDPI. This book was released on 2020-12-29 with total page 308 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Childhood is a crucial period for establishing lifelong healthy nutritional habits. The environment has an important influence on children’s dietary intake. This book focuses on the influence of environmental factors on the dietary intake of children and adolescents (0–18 years of age) within various settings including home, early care and education, school, college, holiday clubs, neighborhoods, and supermarkets. The reported studies examine a variety of factors within these settings, including the influence of cooking and parenting, teacher style, resources and barriers within various settings, marketing, and many other factors. The dietary intake behaviors examined include snacking, fruit and vegetable intake, beverage intake, and also nutrition in general. In addition, several papers focus on problems caused by inadequate nutrition, such as hunger and obesity. This work underlines the importance of the environment in influencing children’s and adolescents’ dietary intake. In addition, the papers identified some crucial barriers and facilitators for the implementation of environmental changes to enable a healthy diet for young children. Therefore, it provides some important directions for both future research and practice.

How Food Away from Home Affects Children's Diet Quality

Author : Lisa Mancino
Publisher : DIANE Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1437940846
Total Pages : 32 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (379 download)

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Book Synopsis How Food Away from Home Affects Children's Diet Quality by : Lisa Mancino

Download or read book How Food Away from Home Affects Children's Diet Quality written by Lisa Mancino and published by DIANE Publishing. This book was released on 2010 with total page 32 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is a print on demand edition of a hard to find publication. This study includes estimates of how each child¿s consumption of food away from home, food from school, and caloric sweetened beverages affects that child¿s diet quality and calorie consumption. Compared with meals and snacks prepared at home, food prepared away from home increases caloric intake of children, esp. older children. Each food-away-from-home meal adds 108 more calories to daily total intake among children ages 13-18 than a snack or meal from home. Both food away from home and all food from school also lower the daily diet quality of older children. Among younger children, the effect of food from school on caloric intake and diet quality does not differ significantly from that of food from home. Charts and tables.

Disease Control Priorities, Third Edition (Volume 8)

Author : Donald A. P. Bundy
Publisher : World Bank Publications
ISBN 13 : 1464804397
Total Pages : 977 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (648 download)

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Book Synopsis Disease Control Priorities, Third Edition (Volume 8) by : Donald A. P. Bundy

Download or read book Disease Control Priorities, Third Edition (Volume 8) written by Donald A. P. Bundy and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2017-11-20 with total page 977 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: More children born today will survive to adulthood than at any time in history. It is now time to emphasize health and development in middle childhood and adolescence--developmental phases that are critical to health in adulthood and the next generation. Child and Adolescent Health and Development explores the benefits that accrue from sustained and targeted interventions across the first two decades of life. The volume outlines the investment case for effective, costed, and scalable interventions for low-resource settings, emphasizing the cross-sectoral role of education. This evidence base can guide policy makers in prioritizing actions to promote survival, health, cognition, and physical growth throughout childhood and adolescence.

Local Government Actions to Prevent Childhood Obesity

Author : National Research Council
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309139279
Total Pages : 107 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Local Government Actions to Prevent Childhood Obesity by : National Research Council

Download or read book Local Government Actions to Prevent Childhood Obesity written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2010-01-10 with total page 107 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The prevalence of childhood obesity is so high in the United States that it may reduce the life expectancy of today's generation of children. While parents and other adult caregivers play a fundamental role in teaching children about healthy behaviors, even the most positive efforts can be undermined by local environments that are poorly suited to supporting healthy behaviors. For example, many communities lack ready sources of healthy food choices, such as supermarkets and grocery stores. Or they may not provide safe places for children to walk or play. In such communities, even the most motivated child or adolescent may find it difficult to act in healthy ways. Local governments-with jurisdiction over many aspects of land use, food marketing, community planning, transportation, health and nutrition programs, and other community issues-are ideally positioned to promote behaviors that will help children and adolescents reach and maintain healthy weights. Local Government Actions to Prevent Childhood Obesity presents a number of recommendations that touch on the vital role of government actions on all levels-federal, state, and local-in childhood obesity prevention. The book offers healthy eating and physical activity strategies for local governments to consider, making it an excellent resource for mayors, managers, commissioners, council members, county board members, and administrators.

Food Marketing to Children and Youth

Author : Institute of Medicine
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309097134
Total Pages : 537 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (9 download)

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Book Synopsis Food Marketing to Children and Youth by : Institute of Medicine

Download or read book Food Marketing to Children and Youth written by Institute of Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2006-05-11 with total page 537 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Creating an environment in which children in the United States grow up healthy should be a high priority for the nation. Yet the prevailing pattern of food and beverage marketing to children in America represents, at best, a missed opportunity, and at worst, a direct threat to the health prospects of the next generation. Children's dietary and related health patterns are shaped by the interplay of many factorsâ€"their biologic affinities, their culture and values, their economic status, their physical and social environments, and their commercial media environmentsâ€"all of which, apart from their genetic predispositions, have undergone significant transformations during the past three decades. Among these environments, none have more rapidly assumed central socializing roles among children and youth than the media. With the growth in the variety and the penetration of the media have come a parallel growth with their use for marketing, including the marketing of food and beverage products. What impact has food and beverage marketing had on the dietary patterns and health status of American children? The answer to this question has the potential to shape a generation and is the focus of Food Marketing to Children and Youth. This book will be of interest to parents, federal and state government agencies, educators and schools, health care professionals, industry companies, industry trade groups, media, and those involved in community and consumer advocacy.

The Relationship Between the Home Food Environment and Weight Status Among Children and Adolescents, Ages 6--17 Years

Author : Martha J. Nepper
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781339577814
Total Pages : 176 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (778 download)

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Book Synopsis The Relationship Between the Home Food Environment and Weight Status Among Children and Adolescents, Ages 6--17 Years by : Martha J. Nepper

Download or read book The Relationship Between the Home Food Environment and Weight Status Among Children and Adolescents, Ages 6--17 Years written by Martha J. Nepper and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 176 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The study found that the home food checklist showed acceptable validity and reliability and can be used independently by parents to assess the foods in the home. Additionally, the study found that overweight children and adolescents had lower scores of total unhealthy foods and total unhealthy refrigerator foods visible compared to healthy weight children. Overweight among children was inversely associated with refrigerator visibility of unhealthy foods in the home, and children who had family meals more frequently were less likely to be overweight. The study determined that while parents faced numerous challenges in promoting healthy eating in the home, they utilized several strategies in providing healthy foods. The home environment is complex and multifactorial and continues to warrant further research to understand fully the impact of the home environment on a child's weight.

Longitudinal Associations Between Home Food Environment and Diet Quality in Children

Author : Jonae B. Perez
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 28 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Longitudinal Associations Between Home Food Environment and Diet Quality in Children by : Jonae B. Perez

Download or read book Longitudinal Associations Between Home Food Environment and Diet Quality in Children written by Jonae B. Perez and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 28 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Child and adolescent diets in the United States are high in fat and sodium and low in vegetables, fruits, whole grains, and dairy foods. Parental practices and foods provided in the home greatly influence children's food related behaviors. This impact may change as children progress through adolescence and other factors begin to play a role, such as peers, media, and convenience of food. This study aimed to investigate longitudinal relationships between parenting around food/eating, foods available in the home, and future child diet quality in younger versus older children. The National Impact on Kids (NIK) Study was a prospective cohort study with two time points, baseline and 2-year follow-up. Parental surveys were used to collect data on home food environment and 24-hour food recalls were used to collect child dietary intake. Child diet quality indicators include DASH score, fruit and vegetable intake, and high-energy beverage intake. In this secondary data analysis, participants were dichotomized in to two groups: younger (ages 6-8.99) versus older (ages 9-12.5) at study initiation. Hierarchical linear regression models were used to assess the association between initial parenting around food/eating and foods available in the home and future child diet quality indicators. Participants were 50.7% female and predominantly Non-Hispanic White (70.2%). A significant overall change in DASH scores (p=.053), total fruit and vegetable intake (p=.017), and high-energy beverage consumption (p

Environmental Influences on Dietary Intake of Children and Adolescents

Author : Jessica S. Gubbels
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9783039365340
Total Pages : 308 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (653 download)

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Book Synopsis Environmental Influences on Dietary Intake of Children and Adolescents by : Jessica S. Gubbels

Download or read book Environmental Influences on Dietary Intake of Children and Adolescents written by Jessica S. Gubbels and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 308 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Childhood is a crucial period for establishing lifelong healthy nutritional habits. The environment has an important influence on children's dietary intake. This book focuses on the influence of environmental factors on the dietary intake of children and adolescents (0-18 years of age) within various settings including home, early care and education, school, college, holiday clubs, neighborhoods, and supermarkets. The reported studies examine a variety of factors within these settings, including the influence of cooking and parenting, teacher style, resources and barriers within various settings, marketing, and many other factors. The dietary intake behaviors examined include snacking, fruit and vegetable intake, beverage intake, and also nutrition in general. In addition, several papers focus on problems caused by inadequate nutrition, such as hunger and obesity. This work underlines the importance of the environment in influencing children's and adolescents' dietary intake. In addition, the papers identified some crucial barriers and facilitators for the implementation of environmental changes to enable a healthy diet for young children. Therefore, it provides some important directions for both future research and practice.

Challenges and Opportunities for Change in Food Marketing to Children and Youth

Author : Institute of Medicine
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309269539
Total Pages : 87 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (92 download)

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Book Synopsis Challenges and Opportunities for Change in Food Marketing to Children and Youth by : Institute of Medicine

Download or read book Challenges and Opportunities for Change in Food Marketing to Children and Youth written by Institute of Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2013-06-14 with total page 87 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The childhood obesity epidemic is an urgent public health problem. The most recent data available show that nearly 19 percent of boys and about 15 percent of girls aged 2-19 are obese, and almost a third of U.S. children and adolescents are overweight or obese (Ogden et al., 2012). The obesity epidemic will continue to take a substantial toll on the health of Americans. In the midst of this epidemic, children are exposed to an enormous amount of commercial advertising and marketing for food. In 2009, children aged 2-11 saw an average of more than 10 television food ads per day (Powell et al., 2011). Children see and hear advertising and marketing messages for food through many other channels as well, including radio, movies, billboards, and print media. Most notably, many new digital media venues and vehicles for food marketing have emerged in recent years, including Internet-based advergames, couponing on cell phones, and marketing on social networks, and much of this advertising is invisible to parents. The marketing of high-calorie, low-nutrient foods and beverages is linked to overweight and obesity. A major 2006 report from the Institute of Medicine (IOM) documents evidence that television advertising influences the food and beverage preferences, requests, and short-term consumption of children aged 2-11 (IOM, 2006). Challenges and Opportunities for Change in Food Marketing to Children and Youth also documents a body of evidence showing an association of television advertising with the adiposity of children and adolescents aged 2-18. The report notes the prevailing pattern that food and beverage products marketed to children and youth are often high in calories, fat, sugar, and sodium; are of low nutritional value; and tend to be from food groups Americans are already overconsuming. Furthermore, marketing messages that promote nutrition, healthful foods, or physical activity are scarce (IOM, 2006). To review progress and explore opportunities for action on food and beverage marketing that targets children and youth, the IOM's Standing Committee on Childhood Obesity Prevention held a workshop in Washington, DC, on November 5, 2012, titled "New Challenges and Opportunities in Food Marketing to Children and Youth."

Families, Food, and Parenting

Author : Lori A. Francis
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3030564584
Total Pages : 192 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (35 download)

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Book Synopsis Families, Food, and Parenting by : Lori A. Francis

Download or read book Families, Food, and Parenting written by Lori A. Francis and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-03-01 with total page 192 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book examines the many roles of families in their members’ food access, preferences, and consumption. It provides an overview of factors – from micro- to macro-levels – that have been linked to food insecurity and discusses policy approaches to reducing food insecurity and hunger. In addition, it addresses the links between food insecurity and overweight and obesity. The book describes changes in the U.S. food environment that may explain increases in obesity during recent decades. It explores relationships between parenting practices and the development of eating behaviors in children, highlighting the importance of family mealtimes in healthful eating. The volume provides an overview of efforts to prevent or reduce obesity in children, with attention to minority populations and discusses research findings on targets for obesity prevention, including a focus on fathers as change agents who play a crucial, yet understudied, role in food parenting. The book acknowledges that with the current obesigenic environment in the United States and elsewhere around the world, additional and innovative efforts are needed to foster healthful eating behavior and orientations toward food in childhood and in families. This book is a must-have resource for researchers, professors, clinicians, professionals, and graduate students in developmental psychology, family studies, public health as well as numerous interrelated disciplines, including sociology, demography, social work, prevention science, educational policy, political science, and economics.

The Surgeon General's Call to Action to Prevent and Decrease Overweight and Obesity (2001)

Author : David Satcher
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9780756722944
Total Pages : 60 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (229 download)

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Book Synopsis The Surgeon General's Call to Action to Prevent and Decrease Overweight and Obesity (2001) by : David Satcher

Download or read book The Surgeon General's Call to Action to Prevent and Decrease Overweight and Obesity (2001) written by David Satcher and published by . This book was released on 2002-06-01 with total page 60 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Overweight & obesity (O&O) have reached nationwide epidemic proportions. Both the prevention & treatment of O&O & their assoc. health problems are important public health goals. To achieve these goals, this report is committed to 5 principles: promote the recognition of O&O as major public health problems; assist Amer. in balancing healthful eating with regular physical activity to achieve & maintain a healthy body weight; identify effective & culturally appropriate interventions to prevent & treat O&O; encourage environmental changes that help prevent O&O; & develop & enhance public-private partnerships to help implement this vision. Examples of programs. Resource list.

Preventing Childhood Obesity

Author : Institute of Medicine
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309133408
Total Pages : 435 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Preventing Childhood Obesity by : Institute of Medicine

Download or read book Preventing Childhood Obesity written by Institute of Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2005-01-31 with total page 435 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Children's health has made tremendous strides over the past century. In general, life expectancy has increased by more than thirty years since 1900 and much of this improvement is due to the reduction of infant and early childhood mortality. Given this trajectory toward a healthier childhood, we begin the 21st-century with a shocking developmentâ€"an epidemic of obesity in children and youth. The increased number of obese children throughout the U.S. during the past 25 years has led policymakers to rank it as one of the most critical public health threats of the 21st-century. Preventing Childhood Obesity provides a broad-based examination of the nature, extent, and consequences of obesity in U.S. children and youth, including the social, environmental, medical, and dietary factors responsible for its increased prevalence. The book also offers a prevention-oriented action plan that identifies the most promising array of short-term and longer-term interventions, as well as recommendations for the roles and responsibilities of numerous stakeholders in various sectors of society to reduce its future occurrence. Preventing Childhood Obesity explores the underlying causes of this serious health problem and the actions needed to initiate, support, and sustain the societal and lifestyle changes that can reverse the trend among our children and youth.

Childhood Obesity and the Home Environment in Rural Georgia

Author : Courtney Mercer Still
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 292 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (1 download)

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Book Synopsis Childhood Obesity and the Home Environment in Rural Georgia by : Courtney Mercer Still

Download or read book Childhood Obesity and the Home Environment in Rural Georgia written by Courtney Mercer Still and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 292 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: There have been no significant changes in obesity prevalence in the last decade and obesity prevalence remains high in children. In 2011-2012 17.7% of children ages 6-11 in the United States were obese. Rural children in Georgia have higher obesity and overweight prevalence than children nationally. The home food environment plays a critical role in the nutrition related behavior and weight status of children. Many school-based interventions target children's behavior, but fewer seek to change the home environment, which may represent an important target for interventions. Furthermore, there are notable disparities in childhood obesity by race and ethnicity, and these disparities may extend to aspects of the home environment. Understanding racial and ethnic disparities in the home environment may provide a richer understanding of how these disparities in childhood obesity come about. The Action Pack Families Study was a group-randomized trial designed to test the effectiveness of a school and home based intervention for the primary prevention of obesity in rural children. This intervention used children as agents of change for their family and community. Cross-sectional baseline analyses indicate that there are associations among food availability, child dietary intake, and child weight status and these associations differ by race and ethnicity. Parent weight status is a strong predictor of child weight status, which underscores the importance of interventions that target parents in order to achieve the best outcomes for children. In these interventions, the home food environment may be an important target for change. A longitudinal analysis of home environment outcomes over the course of one year of the intervention showed that most home environment outcomes did not change significantly over the course of the first year of the intervention. Similarly, there was not a significant change in child weight status although the prevalence of obesity in the intervention group remained stable. These results emphasize the importance of longer-term interventions that target not only the child but also the school, family and home environment, and community.

Addressing the Socioeconomic Determinants of Healthy Eating Habits and Physical Activity Levels Among Adolescents

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 148 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis Addressing the Socioeconomic Determinants of Healthy Eating Habits and Physical Activity Levels Among Adolescents by :

Download or read book Addressing the Socioeconomic Determinants of Healthy Eating Habits and Physical Activity Levels Among Adolescents written by and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 148 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Adolescence, Affect and Health (PLE: Emotion)

Author : Donna Spruijt-Metz
Publisher : Psychology Press
ISBN 13 : 1317616243
Total Pages : 264 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (176 download)

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Book Synopsis Adolescence, Affect and Health (PLE: Emotion) by : Donna Spruijt-Metz

Download or read book Adolescence, Affect and Health (PLE: Emotion) written by Donna Spruijt-Metz and published by Psychology Press. This book was released on 2014-11-20 with total page 264 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Originally published in 1999, this title covers the entire empirical cycle in adolescent health research and education. It describes in depth the development and evaluation of a health education programme designed to enhance everyday health-related behaviours in an adolescent population, and offers comprehensive reviews of developmental theories of adolescence, ethical and theoretical issues in adolescent health education, and the major theories used in adolescent health research. The research presented here led to the development and testing of a new theory – the Theory of Salient Meanings of Behaviour – which departed from the cognitive theories that had thus far dominated adolescent health education and research, but which had often proved inadequate in describing and predicting adolescent health-related behaviour. The inception, growth, testing, and field testing of this new theory are traced here. The book is designed to appeal to both theoretical and applied scientists in the field of adolescent development, adolescent health and health education. A clear research methodology is set out for the complementary use of a wide range of qualitative and quantitative research methods.

Modern Dietary Fat Intakes in Disease Promotion

Author : Fabien De Meester
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1603275711
Total Pages : 475 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (32 download)

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Book Synopsis Modern Dietary Fat Intakes in Disease Promotion by : Fabien De Meester

Download or read book Modern Dietary Fat Intakes in Disease Promotion written by Fabien De Meester and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2010-06-07 with total page 475 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Nutrition and Health series of books have had great success because each volume has the consistent overriding mission of providing health professionals with texts that are essential because each includes (1) a synthesis of the state of the science, (2) timely, in-depth reviews by the leading researchers in their respective ?elds, (3) extensive, up-to-date fully annotated ref- ence lists, (4) a detailed index, (5) relevant tables and ?gures, (6) identi?cation of paradigm shifts and the consequences, (7) virtually no overlap of information between chapters, but targeted, inter-chapter referrals, (8) suggestions of areas for future research, and (9) balanced, data-driven answers to patient as well as health professionals questions which are based upon the totality of evidence rather than the ?ndings of any single study. The series volumes are not the outcome of a symposium. Rather, each editor has the potential to examine a chosen area with a broad perspective, both in subject matter and in the choice of chapter authors. The editor(s), whose training(s) is (are) both research and practice oriented, has(ve) the opportunity to develop a primary objective for their book, de?ne the scope and focus, and then invite the leading authorities to be part of their initiative. The authors are encouraged to provide an overview of the ?eld, discuss their own research, and relate the research ?ndings to potential human health consequences.