Identification of New MRNA Targets of Puf Protein-mediated Decay in Yeast

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 78 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (566 download)

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Book Synopsis Identification of New MRNA Targets of Puf Protein-mediated Decay in Yeast by : Randi J. Ulbricht

Download or read book Identification of New MRNA Targets of Puf Protein-mediated Decay in Yeast written by Randi J. Ulbricht and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 78 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Precise regulation of gene expression is accomplished at many levels. Puf proteins are a widely conserved family of RNA binding proteins that regulate gene expression by influencing the stability of their target mRNA transcripts. Puf family members have been characterized as transcript-specific repressors in Drosophila, Dictyostelium, mouse, C. elegans, and Xenopus. In S. cerevisiae, there are 5 conserved Puf family members. Two of them, Puf3p and Puf5p, are known to destabilize their mRNA targets, down-regulating gene expression. The remaining yeast Pufs, Puf1p, Puf2p and Puf4p, are homologous to Puf3p and Puf5p, suggesting that they too have regulatory roles not yet observed. In this work, I attempt to identify new mRNA targets of Puf mediated decay in yeast. In particular, I am interested in targets of the uncharacterized yeast Pufs. The ability of a Puf protein to regulate its target transcript is dependent on Puf binding to a conserved element in the 3'UTR of the target mRNA. A search for similar 3'UTR elements and previous microarray data helped to identify numerous potential mRNA targets of Puf-mediated decay. In this work, experimental analysis of the candidate mRNAs positively identified three new targets of Puf mediated mRNA decay. Two of the targets, HXK1 and TIF1, are destabilized in vivo by Puf1p and Puf5p, respectively. The third target, YHB1, is actually stabilized by Puf2p. Interestingly, while the TIF1 and HXK1 3'UTRs are sufficient for Puf mediated decay as expected, the YHB1 3'UTR is not sufficient to confer Puf2p mediated decay onto the MFA2 coding region. In addition to these functional studies, I also demonstrate Puf interaction with conserved sequence elements in each 3'UTR. Together, my work provides evidence that all yeast Puf proteins selectively regulate mRNA decay, and in some cases, Puf proteins may up-regulate gene expression.

Identification of New MRNA Targets of Puf3 Protein-mediated Decay and Analysis of Their Condition-specific Decay Regulation in Yeast

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 101 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (535 download)

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Book Synopsis Identification of New MRNA Targets of Puf3 Protein-mediated Decay and Analysis of Their Condition-specific Decay Regulation in Yeast by : Melanie A. Miller

Download or read book Identification of New MRNA Targets of Puf3 Protein-mediated Decay and Analysis of Their Condition-specific Decay Regulation in Yeast written by Melanie A. Miller and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 101 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The eukaryotic Puf proteins function to regulate gene expression by altering mRNA stability. Specifically, Puf proteins bind the 3' untranslated region (UTR) of mRNA targets to stimulate their turnover. In the yeast S. cerevisiae, six Puf proteins have been identified, in which Puf1p-Puf5p share a well conserved RNA-binding domain. The yeast Pufs regulate mRNA stability on a transcript-specific basis, though only a few mRNA targets have been experimentally verified. Yeast Puf3p was originally found to mediate rapid turnover of COX17 mRNA, which encodes a mitochondrial copper shuttle. More recently, microarray and computational analyses revealed that Puf3p physically associates with>100 nuclear-transcribed mRNAs that encode mitochondrial proteins. Most of these mRNAs contain one or more conserved putative Puf3p binding site(s) within their 3'UTRs, and it is predicted that their steady-state expression levels are altered by different growth conditions. In addition, Puf3p has been shown to localize to the cytoplasmic face of the mitochondrial membrane and affect its motility, suggesting that Puf3p may play an important role in regulating mitochondrial function. In this work, I have experimentally validated several new mRNAs that are targeted for turnover by Puf3p. I have also determined that these targets are regulated by Puf3p in a condition-specific manner. Specifically, I have analyzed the decay of fifteen putative Puf3p mRNA targets in the absence and presence of Puf3p, identifying transcripts that represent true targets of Puf3p-mediated mRNA decay. These transcripts are rapidly degraded in the presence of Puf3p and are stabilized in a puf3[delta] strain. Transcriptional pulse-chase experiments with one of the identified targets, CYT2, revealed that Puf3p destabilizes this target by stimulating deadenylation of the transcript and subsequent steps of decay, and this regulation only requires the CYT2 3'UTR. I have also monitored the stabilities of COX17, CYT2, and TUF1 mRNAs as reporters of Puf3p activity, and found that these RNAs are stabilized in ethanol, galactose, and raffinose conditions, suggesting that Puf3p activity is severely inhibited. Interestingly, Puf3p is rapidly activated or inactivated upon changing carbon sources to or from dextrose, respectively, as measured by CYT2 and TUF1 decay phenotypes. PUF3 mRNA and protein levels are not decreased in conditions that inhibit Puf3p activity, which suggests that Puf3p activity may be regulated post-translationally. Together, my work provides a greater understanding of the role of Puf3p in mRNA decay regulation, and provides insight into the mechanism of Puf3p activity. The significant structural and functional homology between Pufs suggests that the knowledge gained from my work on Puf3p in yeast will make contributions to understanding Puf protein regulation in higher eukaryotes as well.

Puf1p-mediated MRNA Decay and Combinatorial Control of MRNA Stability by the Yeast Puf Proteins

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 137 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (566 download)

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Book Synopsis Puf1p-mediated MRNA Decay and Combinatorial Control of MRNA Stability by the Yeast Puf Proteins by : Randi J. Ulbricht

Download or read book Puf1p-mediated MRNA Decay and Combinatorial Control of MRNA Stability by the Yeast Puf Proteins written by Randi J. Ulbricht and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 137 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The stability of a messenger RNA (mRNA) is a highly regulated and important aspect of gene expression. Proteins that regulate mRNA stability often bind to 3' untranslated region (UTR) sequence elements. The eukaryotic Puf proteins are one class of 3'UTR binding proteins that regulate the stability and expression of their target transcripts. Several global genome analyses have identified hundreds of potential mRNA targets of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Puf proteins, however only three mRNA targets for these proteins have been characterized thus far. After direct testing of nearly forty candidate mRNAs, I have established three of these as true mRNA targets of Puf-mediated decay in yeast, YHB1, HXK1 and TIF1. In a novel finding, multiple Puf proteins, including Puf1p, regulate HXK1 and TIF1 mRNAs in combination. TIF1 mRNA decay can be stimulated individually by Puf1p and Puf5p, but the combination of both proteins is required for full regulation. This Puf-mediated decay requires the presence of two UGUA binding sites within the TIF1 3'UTR, with one site regulated by Puf5p and the other by both Puf1p and Puf5p. The stability of the endogenously transcribed HXK1 mRNA, cellular levels of Hxk1 protein activity, and HXK1 3'UTR-directed decay are affected by Puf1p and Puf5p as well as Puf4p. YHB1 mRNA decay is mediated by Puf5p and also requires a UGUA sequence element. This work has discovered the first targets of Puf1-mediated decay. Since much of our knowledge of the mechanism suggests that Puf protein target recognition and mechanism of action varies with each of these proteins, I investigate the mechanism of Puf1p-mediated decay using a variety a techniques. The results of this research aid in our understanding of the similar, yet distinct, decay regulation of Puf proteins in yeast and higher organisms.

Natural Targets of the Nonsense-mediated MRNA Decay Pathway in Yeast

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 232 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (89 download)

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Book Synopsis Natural Targets of the Nonsense-mediated MRNA Decay Pathway in Yeast by : Qiaoning Guan

Download or read book Natural Targets of the Nonsense-mediated MRNA Decay Pathway in Yeast written by Qiaoning Guan and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 232 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Mechanisms of Condition-Specific Regulation of MRNA Stability by Puf Proteins

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 182 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (113 download)

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Book Synopsis Mechanisms of Condition-Specific Regulation of MRNA Stability by Puf Proteins by : Joseph Russo (Ph.D.)

Download or read book Mechanisms of Condition-Specific Regulation of MRNA Stability by Puf Proteins written by Joseph Russo (Ph.D.) and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 182 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: RNA binding proteins regulate mRNA decay and translation, two key steps in the control of gene expression in cells. Controlling mRNA metabolism allows cells to respond rapidly to altering conditions by utilizing already available mRNA, bypassing the wait for newly transcribed mRNA. The Puf family of RNA binding proteins bind specific mRNAs through interactions with sequences located in the 3’ untranslated region (UTR). Puf proteins are conserved throughout eukaryotes and have diverse roles including stem cell maintenance, neuronal development, stress response and organelle biogenesis. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Puf proteins are conditionally regulated in response to the cells metabolic. Specifically, in fermentative growth Puf3p is active to stimulate decay of target mRNAs; however, during respiration, Puf3p is inactive, resulting in mRNA stabilization. Presented herein, I show that in addition to Puf3p, the activity of Puf1p, Puf4p and Puf5p in yeast is conditionally regulated. I establish YHB1 mRNA as a bona fide target of Puf1p, Puf4p and Puf5p regulation through one unique binding site located in its 3’ UTR. These Puf proteins regulate YHB1 mRNA in response to nitric oxide stress. This data supports a model for Puf regulation of target mRNAs where transcripts are rapidly degraded in the absence of stress; however, in stress conditions transcripts are stabilized allowing increased protein production. I also show that Puf activity is regulated by two different mechanisms. First, the RNA binding activity of Puf5p is reduced during inactivating conditions; however, Puf1p, Puf3p and Puf4p bind target mRNAs regardless of stress. Puf proteins interact with decay machinery to facilitate mRNA degradation. The Puf3p interaction with Pop2p is disrupted in inactivating conditions and Pop2p is required to bridge interactions with other decay factors, thus preventing Puf3p stimulated decay. In a third project, I evaluated Puf proteins in humans, also called Pum proteins. I sought to identify natural targets of Pum regulation in humans. Utilizing bioinformatic and experimental approaches, I identified SNCA, LRRK2 and SAT1 as bona fide targets of Pum regulation. These mRNAs are all involved in Parkinson’s disease (PD). The implication of this discovery may provide a novel therapeutic approach to PD in the future.

RNA-protein Interactions

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Publisher : Oxford University Press, USA
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 302 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis RNA-protein Interactions by : Kiyoshi Nagai

Download or read book RNA-protein Interactions written by Kiyoshi Nagai and published by Oxford University Press, USA. This book was released on 1994 with total page 302 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The study of RNA-protein interactions is crucial to understanding the mechanisms and control of gene expression and protein synthesis. The realization that RNAs are often far more biologically active than was previously appreciated has stimulated a great deal of new research in this field. Uniquely, in this book, the world's leading researchers have collaborated to produce a comprehensive and current review of RNA-protein interactions for all scientists working in this area. Timely, comprehensive, and authoritative, this new Frontiers title will be invaluable for all researchers in molecular biology, biochemistry and structural biology.

RNA Tagging

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Publisher : Humana
ISBN 13 : 9781071607145
Total Pages : 490 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (71 download)

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Book Synopsis RNA Tagging by : Manfred Heinlein

Download or read book RNA Tagging written by Manfred Heinlein and published by Humana. This book was released on 2021-08-08 with total page 490 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides a compendium of state-of-the-art methods for the labeling, detection, and purification of RNA and RNA-protein complexes and thereby constitutes an important toolbox for researchers interested in understanding the complex roles of RNA molecules in development, signaling, and disease. Beginning with a section on in situ detection of RNA molecules using FISH techniques, the volume continues with parts exploring in vivo imaging of RNA transport and localization, imaging and analysis of RNA uptake and transport between cells, identification and analysis of RNA-binding proteins, guide RNAs in genome editing, as well as other specific analytical techniques. Written for the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Authoritative and practical, RNA Tagging: Methods and Protocols serves as a vital reference for researchers looking to further the increasingly important research in RNA biology.

RNA Metabolism in Neurodegenerative Diseases

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Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 331989689X
Total Pages : 310 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (198 download)

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Book Synopsis RNA Metabolism in Neurodegenerative Diseases by : Rita Sattler

Download or read book RNA Metabolism in Neurodegenerative Diseases written by Rita Sattler and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-06-18 with total page 310 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: It has become evident over the last years that abnormalities in RNA processing play a fundamental part in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. Cellular viability depends on proper regulation of RNA metabolism and subsequent protein synthesis, which requires the interplay of many processes including transcription, pre--‐mRNA splicing, mRNA editing as well as mRNA stability, transport and translation. Dysfunction in any of these processes, often caused by mutations in the coding and non--‐ coding RNAs, can be very destructive to the cellular environment and consequently impair neural viability. The result of this RNA toxicity can lead to a toxic gain of function or a loss of function, depending on the nature of the mutation. For example, in repeat expansion disorders, such as the newly discovered hexanucleotide repeat expansion in theC9orf72 gene found in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD), a toxic gain of function leads to the formation of RNA foci and the sequestration of RNA binding proteins (RBPs). This in return leads to a loss of function of those RBPs, which is hypothesized to play a significant part in the disease progression of ALS and FTD. Other toxicities arising from repeat expansions are the formation of RNA foci, bi--‐directional transcription and production of repeat associated non--‐ATG (RAN) translation products. This book will touch upon most of these disease mechanisms triggered by aberrant RNA metabolism and will therefore provide a broad perspective of the role of RNA processing and its dysfunction in a variety of neurodegenerative disorders, including ALS, FTD, Alzheimer’s disease, Huntington’s disease, spinal muscular atrophy, myotonic dystrophy and ataxias. The proposed authors are leading scientists in the field and are expected to not only discuss their own work, but to be inclusive of historic as well as late breaking discoveries. The compiled chapters will therefore provide a unique collection of novel studies and hypotheses aimed to describe the consequences of altered RNA processing events and its newest molecular players and pathways.

Transcriptional and Translational Regulation of Stem Cells

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Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 9400766211
Total Pages : 370 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (7 download)

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Book Synopsis Transcriptional and Translational Regulation of Stem Cells by : Gary Hime

Download or read book Transcriptional and Translational Regulation of Stem Cells written by Gary Hime and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-05-22 with total page 370 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume describes the latest findings on transcriptional and translational regulation of stem cells. Both transcriptional activators and repressors have been shown to be crucial for the maintenance of the stem cell state. A key element of stem cell maintenance is repression of differentiation factors or developmental genes – achieved transcriptionally, epigenetically by the Polycomb complex, and post-transcriptionally by RNA-binding proteins and microRNAs. This volume takes two approaches to this topic – (1) illustrating the general principles outlined above through a series of different stem cell examples – embryonic, iPS and adult stem cells, and (2) describing several molecular families that have been shown to have roles in regulation of multiple stem cell populations.

Anthrax in Humans and Animals

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Publisher : World Health Organization
ISBN 13 : 9241547537
Total Pages : 219 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (415 download)

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Book Synopsis Anthrax in Humans and Animals by : World Health Organization

Download or read book Anthrax in Humans and Animals written by World Health Organization and published by World Health Organization. This book was released on 2008 with total page 219 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This fourth edition of the anthrax guidelines encompasses a systematic review of the extensive new scientific literature and relevant publications up to end 2007 including all the new information that emerged in the 3-4 years after the anthrax letter events. This updated edition provides information on the disease and its importance, its etiology and ecology, and offers guidance on the detection, diagnostic, epidemiology, disinfection and decontamination, treatment and prophylaxis procedures, as well as control and surveillance processes for anthrax in humans and animals. With two rounds of a rigorous peer-review process, it is a relevant source of information for the management of anthrax in humans and animals.

Neuroepigenomics in Aging and Disease

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Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319538896
Total Pages : 520 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (195 download)

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Book Synopsis Neuroepigenomics in Aging and Disease by : Raul Delgado-Morales

Download or read book Neuroepigenomics in Aging and Disease written by Raul Delgado-Morales and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-05-18 with total page 520 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Epigenetic mechanisms (DNA modifications, histone alterations and non-coding RNAs) are crucial for transcriptional regulation and alterations of the “physiological epigenome” are increasingly associated with human diseases. During the last decade the emerging field of neuroepigenomics have started to impact tremendously in areas such learning and memory, addiction or neurodegeneration. This expert volume covers the role of epigenetic molecular mechanism in regulation of central nervous system’s function, one of the most exciting areas of contemporary molecular neuroscience. The book describes the current knowledge on the epigenetic basis of human disease covering the complete lifespan: from neurodevelopment/childhood (Rett Syndrome, Rubinstein-Taybi, autism), adolescence (eating disorders, drug addiction, anxiety), adulthood (depression, schizophrenia, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Huntington’s disease) and elderly (Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease). The book also covers the three major players on neuroepigenomic mechanisms: histones alterations, DNA modifications and non-coding RNAs, their roles at the molecular and cellular level and the impact of their alterations on neuronal function and behavior. Finally, a special chapter on state-of-the-art technologies helps the reader not only to understand epigenetic driven changes in human cognition and diseases but also the methodology that will help to generate paradigm shifts on our understanding of brain function and the role of the neuroepigenome in human diseases.

1843-1871

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 376 pages
Book Rating : 4.A/5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis 1843-1871 by : Caroline Fox

Download or read book 1843-1871 written by Caroline Fox and published by . This book was released on 1882 with total page 376 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Systems Biology of RNA Binding Proteins

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Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 1493912216
Total Pages : 474 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (939 download)

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Book Synopsis Systems Biology of RNA Binding Proteins by : Gene W. Yeo

Download or read book Systems Biology of RNA Binding Proteins written by Gene W. Yeo and published by Springer. This book was released on 2014-09-08 with total page 474 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: After transcription in the nucleus, RNA binding proteins (RBPs) recognize cis-regulatory RNA elements within pre-mRNA sequence to form mRNA-protein (mRNP) complexes. Similarly to DNA binding proteins such as transcription factors that regulate gene expression by binding to DNA elements in the promoters of genes, RBPs regulate the fate of target RNAs by interacting with specific sequences or RNA secondary structural features within the transcribed RNA molecule. The set of functional RNA elements recognized by RBPs within target RNAs and which control the temporal, functional and spatial dynamics of the target RNA define a putative “mRNP code”. These cis-regulatory RNA elements can be found in the 5’ and 3’ untranslated regions (UTRs), introns, and exons of all protein-coding genes. RNA elements in 5’ and 3’ UTRs are frequently involved in targeting RNA to specific cellular compartments, affecting 3’ end formation, controlling RNA stability and regulating mRNA translation. RNA elements in introns and exons are known to function as splicing enhancers or silencers during the splicing process from pre-mRNA to mature mRNA. This book provides case studies of RNA binding proteins that regulate aspects of RNA processing that are important for fundamental understanding of diseases and development. Chapters include systems-level perspectives, mechanistic insights into RNA processing and RNA Binding proteins in genetic variation, development and disease. The content focuses on systems biology and genomics of RNA Binding proteins and their relation to human diseases.

Translational Control of Gene Expression

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Publisher : CSHL Press
ISBN 13 : 9780879696184
Total Pages : 1034 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (961 download)

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Book Synopsis Translational Control of Gene Expression by : Nahum Sonenberg

Download or read book Translational Control of Gene Expression written by Nahum Sonenberg and published by CSHL Press. This book was released on 2001 with total page 1034 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Since the 1996 publication of Translational Control, there has been fresh interest in protein synthesis and recognition of the key role of translation control mechanisms in regulating gene expression. This new monograph updates and expands the scope of the earlier book but it also takes a fresh look at the field. In a new format, the first eight chapters provide broad overviews, while each of the additional twenty-eight has a focus on a research topic of more specific interest. The result is a thoroughly up-to-date account of initiation, elongation, and termination of translation, control mechanisms in development in response to extracellular stimuli, and the effects on the translation machinery of virus infection and disease. This book is essential reading for students entering the field and an invaluable resource for investigators of gene expression and its control.

An Introduction to Ecological Genomics

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Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0199594686
Total Pages : 374 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (995 download)

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Book Synopsis An Introduction to Ecological Genomics by : Nico M. van Straalen

Download or read book An Introduction to Ecological Genomics written by Nico M. van Straalen and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2012 with total page 374 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The authors also provide a comparative survey of the properties of genomes (genome size, gene families, synteny, and polymorphism) for prokaryotes as well as the main eukaryotic models.

RNA Turnover in Eukaryotes: Nucleases, Pathways and Analysis of mRNA Decay

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Publisher : Academic Press
ISBN 13 : 0080922074
Total Pages : 661 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (89 download)

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Book Synopsis RNA Turnover in Eukaryotes: Nucleases, Pathways and Analysis of mRNA Decay by : Lynne E. Maquat

Download or read book RNA Turnover in Eukaryotes: Nucleases, Pathways and Analysis of mRNA Decay written by Lynne E. Maquat and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2009-01-30 with total page 661 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Specific complexes of protein and RNA carry out many essential biological functions, including RNA processing, RNA turnover, RNA folding, as well as the translation of genetic information from mRNA into protein sequences. Messenger RNA (mRNA) decay is now emerging as an important control point and a major contributor to gene expression. Continuing identification of the protein factors and cofactors, and mRNA instability elements responsible for mRNA decay allow researchers to build a comprehensive picture of the highly orchestrated processes involved in mRNA decay and its regulation. Covers the nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) or mRNA surveillance pathway Expert researchers introduce the most advanced technologies and techniques to identify mRNA processing, transport, localization and turnover, which are central to the process of gene expression Offers step-by-step lab instructions, including necessary equipment and reagents

RNA Infrastructure and Networks

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Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1461403324
Total Pages : 297 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (614 download)

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Book Synopsis RNA Infrastructure and Networks by : Lesley J. Collins

Download or read book RNA Infrastructure and Networks written by Lesley J. Collins and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2011-09-15 with total page 297 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: RNAs form complexes with proteins and other RNAs. The RNA‐infrastructure represents the spatiotemporal interaction of these proteins and RNAs in a cell‐wide network. RNA Infrastructure and Networks brings together these ideas to illustrate the scope of RNA‐based biology, and how connecting RNA mechanisms is a powerful tool to investigate regulatory pathways. This book is but a taste of the wide range of RNA‐based mechanisms that connect in the RNA infrastructure.