Hunting Nazis In Francos Spain

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Hunting Nazis in Franco's Spain

Author : David A. Messenger
Publisher : LSU Press
ISBN 13 : 0807155659
Total Pages : 277 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (71 download)

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Book Synopsis Hunting Nazis in Franco's Spain by : David A. Messenger

Download or read book Hunting Nazis in Franco's Spain written by David A. Messenger and published by LSU Press. This book was released on 2014-05-12 with total page 277 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the waning days and immediate aftermath of World War II, Nazi diplomats and spies based in Spain decided to stay rather than return to a defeated Germany. The decidedly pro-German dictatorship of General Francisco Franco gave them refuge and welcomed other officials and agents from the Third Reich who had escaped and made their way to Iberia. Amid fears of a revival of the Third Reich, Allied intelligence and diplomatic officers developed a repatriation program across Europe to return these individuals to Germany, where occupation authorities could further investigate them. Yet due to Spain's longstanding ideological alliance with Hitler, German infiltration of the Spanish economy and society was extensive, and the Allies could count on minimal Spanish cooperation in this effort. In Hunting Nazis in Franco's Spain, David Messenger deftly traces the development and execution of the Allied repatriation scheme, providing an analysis of Allied, Spanish, and German expatriate responses. Messenger shows that by April 1946, British and American embassy staff in Madrid had compiled a census of the roughly 10,000 Germans then residing in Spain and had drawn up three lists of 1,677 men and women targeted for repatriation to occupied Germany. While the Spanish government did round up and turn over some Germans to the Allies, many of them were intentionally overlooked in the process. By mid-1947, Franco's regime had forced only 265 people to leave Spain; most Germans managed to evade repatriation by moving from Spain to Argentina or by solidifying their ties to the Franco regime and Span-ish life. By 1948, the program was effectively over. Drawing on records in American, British, and Spanish archives, this first book-length study in English of the repatriation program tells the story of this dramatic chapter in the history of post--World War II Europe.

Hunting Nazis in Franco's Spain

Author : David A. Messenger
Publisher : LSU Press
ISBN 13 : 0807155640
Total Pages : 233 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (71 download)

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Book Synopsis Hunting Nazis in Franco's Spain by : David A. Messenger

Download or read book Hunting Nazis in Franco's Spain written by David A. Messenger and published by LSU Press. This book was released on 2014-05-12 with total page 233 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the waning days and immediate aftermath of World War II, Nazi diplomats and spies based in Spain decided to stay rather than return to a defeated Germany. The decidedly pro-German dictatorship of General Francisco Franco gave them refuge and welcomed other officials and agents from the Third Reich who had escaped and made their way to Iberia. Amid fears of a revival of the Third Reich, Allied intelligence and diplomatic officers developed a repatriation program across Europe to return these individuals to Germany, where occupation authorities could further investigate them. Yet due to Spain's longstanding ideological alliance with Hitler, German infiltration of the Spanish economy and society was extensive, and the Allies could count on minimal Spanish cooperation in this effort. In Hunting Nazis in Franco's Spain, David Messenger deftly traces the development and execution of the Allied repatriation scheme, providing an analysis of Allied, Spanish, and German expatriate responses. Messenger shows that by April 1946, British and American embassy staff in Madrid had compiled a census of the roughly 10,000 Germans then residing in Spain and had drawn up three lists of 1,677 men and women targeted for repatriation to occupied Germany. While the Spanish government did round up and turn over some Germans to the Allies, many of them were intentionally overlooked in the process. By mid-1947, Franco's regime had forced only 265 people to leave Spain; most Germans managed to evade repatriation by moving from Spain to Argentina or by solidifying their ties to the Franco regime and Span-ish life. By 1948, the program was effectively over. Drawing on records in American, British, and Spanish archives, this first book-length study in English of the repatriation program tells the story of this dramatic chapter in the history of post--World War II Europe.

Franco, Spain, the Jews, and the Holocaust

Author : Chaim U. Lipschitz
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 264 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Franco, Spain, the Jews, and the Holocaust by : Chaim U. Lipschitz

Download or read book Franco, Spain, the Jews, and the Holocaust written by Chaim U. Lipschitz and published by . This book was released on 1984 with total page 264 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Despite antisemitic statements uttered by Franco, and despite Nazi-influenced antisemitism in Spain, thousands of Jews were saved during the Holocaust period by fleeing from France into Spain. Franco is also credited with a direct role in saving about 250,000 Sephardic Jews in the Balkans. Studies the historical events and Franco's attitudes and ambivalence, concluding that there is no clear explanation for Franco's actions.

Franco and Hitler

Author : Stanley G. Payne
Publisher : Yale University Press
ISBN 13 : 0300122829
Total Pages : 336 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (1 download)

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Book Synopsis Franco and Hitler by : Stanley G. Payne

Download or read book Franco and Hitler written by Stanley G. Payne and published by Yale University Press. This book was released on 2008-01-01 with total page 336 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Was Franco sympathetic to Nazi Germany? Why didn't Spain enter World War II? In what ways did Spain collaborate with the Third Reich? How much did Spain assist Jewish refugees? This is the first book in any language to answer these intriguing questions. Stanley Payne, a leading historian of modern Spain, explores the full range of Franco’s relationship with Hitler, from 1936 to the fall of the Reich in 1945. But as Payne brilliantly shows, relations between these two dictators were not only a matter of realpolitik. These two titanic egos engaged in an extraordinary tragicomic drama often verging on the dark absurdity of a Beckett or Ionesco play. Whereas Payne investigates the evolving relationship of the two regimes up to the conclusion of World War II, his principal concern is the enigma of Spain’s unique position during the war, as a semi-fascist country struggling to maintain a tortured neutrality. Why Spain did not enter the war as a German ally, joining with Hitler to seize Gibraltar and close the Mediterranean to the British navy, is at the center of Payne’s narrative. Franco’s only personal meeting with Hitler, in 1940 to discuss precisely this, is recounted here in groundbreaking detail that also sheds significant new light on the Spanish government’s vacillating policy toward Jewish refugees, on the Holocaust, and on Spain’s German connection throughout the duration of the war.

Truman, Franco's Spain, and the Cold War

Author : Wayne H. Bowen
Publisher : University of Missouri Press
ISBN 13 : 082627384X
Total Pages : 205 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (262 download)

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Book Synopsis Truman, Franco's Spain, and the Cold War by : Wayne H. Bowen

Download or read book Truman, Franco's Spain, and the Cold War written by Wayne H. Bowen and published by University of Missouri Press. This book was released on 2017-04-30 with total page 205 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Well-deployed primary sources and brisk writing by Wayne H. Bowen make this an excellent framework for understanding the evolution of U.S. policy toward Spain, and thus how a nation facing a global threat develops strategic relationships over time. President Harry S. Truman harbored an abiding disdain for Spain and its government. During his presidency (1945–1953), the State Department and the Department of Defense lobbied Truman to form an alliance with Spain to leverage that nation’s geostrategic position, despite Francisco Franco’s authoritarian dictatorship. The eventual alliance between the two countries came only after years of argument for such a shift by nearly the entire U.S. diplomatic and military establishment. This delay increased the financial cost of the 1953 defense agreements with Spain, undermined U.S. planning for the defense of Europe, and caused dysfunction over foreign policy at the height of the Cold War.

Science, Culture and National Identity in Francoist Spain, 1939–1959

Author : Marició Janué i Miret
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3030586464
Total Pages : 431 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (35 download)

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Book Synopsis Science, Culture and National Identity in Francoist Spain, 1939–1959 by : Marició Janué i Miret

Download or read book Science, Culture and National Identity in Francoist Spain, 1939–1959 written by Marició Janué i Miret and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-04-24 with total page 431 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book examines the role that science and culture held as instruments of nationalization policies during the first phase of the Franco regime in Spain. It considers the reciprocal relationship between political legitimacy and developments in science and culture, and explores the ‘nationalization’ efforts in Spain in the 1940s and 1950s, via the complex process of transmitting narratives of national identity, through ideas, representations and homogenizing practices. Taking an interdisciplinary approach, the volume features insights into how scientific and cultural language and symbols were used to formulate national identity, through institutions, resource distribution and specific national policies. Split into five parts, the collection considers policies in the Francoist ‘New State’, the role of women in these debates, and perspectives on the nationalization and internationalization efforts that made use of scientific and cultural spheres. Chapters also feature insights into cinema, literature, cultural diplomacy, mathematics and technology in debates on Catalonia, the Nuclear Energy Board, the Spanish National Research Council, and how scientific tools in Spain in this era fed into wider geopolitics with America and onto the UNESCO stage.

Spain, the Second World War, and the Holocaust

Author : Sara J. Brenneis
Publisher : University of Toronto Press
ISBN 13 : 1487505701
Total Pages : 730 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (875 download)

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Book Synopsis Spain, the Second World War, and the Holocaust by : Sara J. Brenneis

Download or read book Spain, the Second World War, and the Holocaust written by Sara J. Brenneis and published by University of Toronto Press. This book was released on 2020 with total page 730 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Spain, the Second World War, and the Holocaust is the first comprehensive historical and cultural study of Spain's unique relationship to this turbulent historical period.

Economic Relations Between Nazi Germany and Franco's Spain, 1936-1945

Author : Christian Leitz
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9780191677137
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (771 download)

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Book Synopsis Economic Relations Between Nazi Germany and Franco's Spain, 1936-1945 by : Christian Leitz

Download or read book Economic Relations Between Nazi Germany and Franco's Spain, 1936-1945 written by Christian Leitz and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is the first comprehensive study of the economic relationship between Nazi Germany and Franco's Spain between the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War and the end of the Second World War.

Hitler Stopped by Franco

Author : Jane Boyar
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 348 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Hitler Stopped by Franco by : Jane Boyar

Download or read book Hitler Stopped by Franco written by Jane Boyar and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page 348 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Hitler planned to defeat England by closing the Mediterranean to British shipping, forcing England to supply herself via the long, U-boat infested Atlantic highway. Crucial to Hitlers strategy was the use of Spanish soil to take Gibraltar, at the mouth of the Mediterranean. He counted on Francos friendship. For three years General Franco, leader of the weakest nation in Europe defied the wishes, and thwarted the hope of Nazi Germany, the greatest military power in history

A Nazi Past

Author : David A. Messenger
Publisher : University Press of Kentucky
ISBN 13 : 0813160588
Total Pages : 342 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (131 download)

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Book Synopsis A Nazi Past by : David A. Messenger

Download or read book A Nazi Past written by David A. Messenger and published by University Press of Kentucky. This book was released on 2015-04-21 with total page 342 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Since the end of World War II, historians and psychologists have investigated the factors that motivated Germans to become Nazis before and during the war. While most studies have focused on the high-level figures who were tried at Nuremberg, much less is known about the hundreds of SS members, party functionaries, and intelligence agents who quietly navigated the transition to postwar life and successfully assimilated into a changed society after the war ended. In A Nazi Past, German and American scholars examine the lives and careers of men like Hans Globke—who not only escaped punishment for his prominent involvement in formulating the Third Reich's anti-Semitic legislation, but also forged a successful new political career. They also consider the story of Gestapo employee Gertrud Slottke, who exhibited high productivity and ambition in sending Dutch Jews to Auschwitz but eluded trial for fifteen years. Additionally, the contributors explore how a network of Nazi spies and diplomats who recast their identities in Franco's Spain, far from the denazification proceedings in Germany. Previous studies have emphasized how former Nazis hid or downplayed their wartime affiliations and actions as they struggled to invent a new life for themselves after 1945, but this fascinating work shows that many of these individuals actively used their pasts to recast themselves in a democratic, Cold War setting. Based on extensive archival research as well as recently declassified US intelligence, A Nazi Past contributes greatly to our understanding of the postwar politics of memory.

Neutral Countries as Clandestine Battlegrounds, 1939–1968

Author : André Gerolymatos
Publisher : Rowman & Littlefield
ISBN 13 : 1498583210
Total Pages : 287 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (985 download)

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Book Synopsis Neutral Countries as Clandestine Battlegrounds, 1939–1968 by : André Gerolymatos

Download or read book Neutral Countries as Clandestine Battlegrounds, 1939–1968 written by André Gerolymatos and published by Rowman & Littlefield. This book was released on 2020-10-01 with total page 287 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: During the Second World War and the subsequent Cold War, foreign agents conducted intelligence-gathering, sabotage, and subversive operations inside neutral countries aimed at damaging their opponents' interests. The essays contained in this collection analyze the risks of espionage operations on neutral soil as well as the dangers such covert activities posed for the governments of neutral states. In striving to avoid involvement in the firing line of the Second World War or the front line of the Cold War, the contributors argue that neutral states developed security policies that focused on protecting their own sovereignty without provoking overt hostility from any of the great powers. This collection describes how the warring parties engaged in competition on neutral territory and analyzes how neutral governments rose to the existential challenge posed by international spies, their own venal officials, and even foreign assassins.

The Routledge History of the Second World War

Author : Paul R. Bartrop
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 0429848471
Total Pages : 866 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (298 download)

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Book Synopsis The Routledge History of the Second World War by : Paul R. Bartrop

Download or read book The Routledge History of the Second World War written by Paul R. Bartrop and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2021-11-08 with total page 866 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Routledge History of the Second World War sums up the latest trends in the scholarship of that conflict, covering a range of major themes and issues. The book delivers a thematic analysis of the many ways in which study of the Second World War can take place, considering international, transnational, and global approaches, and serves as a major jumping off point for further research into the specific fields covered by each of the expert authors. It demonstrates the global and total nature of the Second World War, giving due coverage to the conflict in all major theatres and through the lens of the key combatants and neutrals, examines issues of race, gender, ideology, and society during the war, and functions as a textbook to educate students as to the trends that have taken place in how the conflict has been (and can be) interpreted in the modern world. Divided into twelve parts that cover central themes of the conflict, including theatres of war, leadership, societies, occupation, secrecy and legacies, it enables those with no memory of war to approach it with a view to comprehending what it was all about and places the history of this conflict into a context that is international, transnational, and institutional. This is a comprehensive and accessible reference volume for anyone interested in the most up to date scholarship on this major conflict. Chapter 18 of this book is freely available as a downloadable Open Access PDF under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives 4.0 license available at http://www.taylorfrancis.com

Fugitives

Author : Danny Orbach
Publisher : Simon and Schuster
ISBN 13 : 1643138960
Total Pages : 241 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (431 download)

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Book Synopsis Fugitives by : Danny Orbach

Download or read book Fugitives written by Danny Orbach and published by Simon and Schuster. This book was released on 2022-03-01 with total page 241 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Shrouded in government secrecy, clouded by myths and propaganda, the enigmatic tale of Nazi fugitives in the early Cold War has never been properly told—until now. In the aftermath of WWII, the victorious Allies vowed to hunt Nazi war criminals “to the ends of the earth.” Yet many slipped away to the four corners of the world or were shielded by the Western Allies in exchange for cooperation. Most prominently, Reinhard Gehlen, the founder of West Germany's foreign intelligence service, welcomed SS operatives into the fold. This shortsighted decision nearly brought his cherished service down, as the KGB found his Nazi operatives easy to turn, while judiciously exposing them to threaten the very legitimacy of the Bonn Government. However, Gehlen was hardly alone in the excessive importance he placed on the supposed capabilities of former Nazi agents; his American sponsors did much the same in the early years of the Cold War. Other Nazi fugitives became freelance arms traffickers, spies, and covert operators, playing a crucial role in the clandestine struggle between the superpowers. From posh German restaurants, smuggler-infested Yugoslav ports, Damascene safehouses, Egyptian country clubs, and fascist holdouts in Franco's Spain, Nazi spies created a chaotic network of influence and information. This network was tapped by both America and the USSR, as well as by the West German, French, and Israeli secret services. Indeed, just as Gehlen and his U.S sponsors attached excessive importance to Nazi agents, so too did almost all other state and non-state actors, adding a combustible ingredient to the Cold War covert struggle. Shrouded in government secrecy, clouded by myths and propaganda, the tangled and often paradoxical tale of these Nazi fugitives and operatives has never been properly told—until now.

Nationalism in Modern Europe

Author : Derek Hastings
Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1350303607
Total Pages : 385 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (53 download)

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Book Synopsis Nationalism in Modern Europe by : Derek Hastings

Download or read book Nationalism in Modern Europe written by Derek Hastings and published by Bloomsbury Publishing. This book was released on 2023-01-12 with total page 385 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Derek Hastings's Nationalism in Modern Europe is the essential guide to a potent political and cultural phenomenon that featured prominently across the modern era. With firm grounding in transnational and global contexts, the book traces the story of nationalism in Europe from the French Revolution to the present. Hastings reflects on various nationalist ideas and movements across Europe, and always with a keen appreciation of other prevalent signifiers of belonging – such as religion, race, class and gender – which helps to inform and strengthen the analysis. The text shines a light on key historiographical trends and debates and includes 20 images, 14 maps and a range of primary source excerpts which can serve to sharpen vital analytical skills which are crucial to the subject. New content and features for the second edition include: - A chapter examining region, religion, class and gender as alternative 'markers of identity' throughout the 19th century - An enhanced global dimension that covers transnational fascism and non-European comparatives - Additional primary source excerpts and figures - Historiographical updates throughout which account for recent research in the field

The Hunt for Nazi Spies

Author : Simon Kitson
Publisher : University of Chicago Press
ISBN 13 : 0226438953
Total Pages : 241 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (264 download)

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Book Synopsis The Hunt for Nazi Spies by : Simon Kitson

Download or read book The Hunt for Nazi Spies written by Simon Kitson and published by University of Chicago Press. This book was released on 2008-11-15 with total page 241 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: From 1940 to 1942, French secret agents arrested more than two thousand spies working for the Germans and executed several dozen of them—all despite the Vichy government’s declared collaboration with the Third Reich. A previously untold chapter in the history of World War II, this duplicitous activity is the gripping subject of The Hunt for Nazi Spies, a tautly narrated chronicle of the Vichy regime’s attempts to maintain sovereignty while supporting its Nazi occupiers. Simon Kitson informs this remarkable story with findings from his investigation—the first by any historian—of thousands of Vichy documents seized in turn by the Nazis and the Soviets and returned to France only in the 1990s. His pioneering detective work uncovers a puzzling paradox: a French government that was hunting down left-wing activists and supporters of Charles de Gaulle’s Free French forces was also working to undermine the influence of German spies who were pursuing the same Gaullists and resisters. In light of this apparent contradiction, Kitson does not deny that Vichy France was committed to assisting the Nazi cause, but illuminates the complex agendas that characterized the collaboration and shows how it was possible to be both anti-German and anti-Gaullist. Combining nuanced conclusions with dramatic accounts of the lives of spies on both sides, The Hunt for Nazi Spies adds an important new dimension to our understanding of the French predicament under German occupation and the shadowy world of World War II espionage.

Truman, Franco's Spain, and the Cold War

Author : Wayne H. Bowen
Publisher : University of Missouri Press
ISBN 13 : 0826221173
Total Pages : 206 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (262 download)

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Book Synopsis Truman, Franco's Spain, and the Cold War by : Wayne H. Bowen

Download or read book Truman, Franco's Spain, and the Cold War written by Wayne H. Bowen and published by University of Missouri Press. This book was released on 2017-03-31 with total page 206 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "President Harry S. Truman harbored an abiding disdain for Spain and its government. During his presidency (1945-1953), the State Department and the Department of Defense lobbied Truman to form an alliance with Spain to leverage that nation's geostrategic position, despite Francisco Franco's authoritarian dictatorship. Truman's negative views on Spain developed from his Baptist upbringing and youth during the Spanish-American War and his first term in the US Senate. As a Freemason and Protestant, Truman struggled to overcome his bias against a regime that persecuted those with similar affiliations, and whose politics were set against the liberal democracy, the workers and farmers the "Man from Independence" championed throughout his career. The eventual alliance between the two countries came only after years of argument for such a shift by nearly the entire US diplomatic and military establishment. Truman begrudgingly accepted an agreement with the Spanish government after years of pressure, and with the overarching need for allies during the Cold War. This delay increased the financial cost of the 1953 defense agreements with Spain, undermined US planning for the defense of Europe, and caused dysfunction over foreign policy at the height of the Cold War. Truman never reconciled to this accommodation, continuing to consider Spain, its history, and culture with a mix of apathy and derision. This important book tells the story of Truman's hostility to Spain and its impact on this military, diplomatic, and commercial relationship, the history of the early Cold War, and the extent of presidential leadership in strategic foreign policy shifts."-- Inside jacket flap.

Hitler and Spain

Author : Robert H. Whealey
Publisher : University Press of Kentucky
ISBN 13 : 0813182751
Total Pages : 307 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (131 download)

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Book Synopsis Hitler and Spain by : Robert H. Whealey

Download or read book Hitler and Spain written by Robert H. Whealey and published by University Press of Kentucky. This book was released on 2021-05-11 with total page 307 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: “An imperative starting point of any future inquiry concerning Nazi Germany’s incursion into and manipulation of Spain’s civil strife.” —International History Review The Spanish Civil War, begun in July 1936, was a preliminary round of World War II. Hitler’s and Mussolini’s cooperation with General Franco resulted in the Axis agreement of October 1936 and the subsequent Pact of Steel of May 1939, immediately following the end of the Civil War. This study presents comprehensive documentation of Hitler’s use of the upheaval in Spain to strengthen the Third Reich diplomatically, ideologically, economically, and militarily. While the last great cause drew all eyes to Western Europe and divided the British and especially the French internally, Hitler could pursue territorial gains in Eastern Europe. This book, based on little-known German records and recently opened Spanish archives, fills a major gap in our understanding of one of the twentieth century’s most significant conflicts. Its comprehensive treatment of German-Spanish relations from 1936 through 1939, bringing together diplomatic, economic, military, and naval aspects, will be of great value to specialists in European diplomacy and the political economy of Nazi imperialism, as well as to all students of the Spanish Civil War. “A major contribution to understanding not only the Spanish conflict, but also the history of the thirties and, in particular, the failure of Britain, France and the Soviet Union to make common cause against fascist powers.” —History Workshop Journal