Toolkit to Combat Trafficking in Persons

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Author :
Publisher : United Nations Publications
ISBN 13 : 9789211337891
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (378 download)

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Book Synopsis Toolkit to Combat Trafficking in Persons by : United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime

Download or read book Toolkit to Combat Trafficking in Persons written by United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime and published by United Nations Publications. This book was released on 2008 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the light of the urgent need for cooperative and collaborative action against trafficking, this publication presents examples of promising practice from around the world relating to trafficking interventions. It is hoped that the guidance offered, the practices showcased and the resources recommended in this Toolkit will inspire and assist policymakers, law enforcers, judges, prosecutors, victim service providers and members of civil society in playing their role in the global effort against trafficking in persons. The present edition is an updated and expanded version of the Toolkit published in 2006.

Criminal Investigation of Sex Trafficking in America

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Author :
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1466554223
Total Pages : 510 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (665 download)

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Book Synopsis Criminal Investigation of Sex Trafficking in America by : Leonard Territo

Download or read book Criminal Investigation of Sex Trafficking in America written by Leonard Territo and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2013-11-01 with total page 510 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Human trafficking is the third largest business for organized crime worldwide, next to illegal weapons trading and drugs. Written by well-respected criminal justice scholars, this book examines the criminal investigation of sex trafficking. Providing a multidisciplinary exploration of this topic, the authors discuss: International and national perspectives and the history of sex trafficking in America Effective ways to train law enforcement in investigations Major federal and state laws most applicable in sex trafficking investigations The sexual exploitation of American children and those brought in from foreign countries Interrogation of sex-trafficking suspects Crime scene examination and physical evidence The role and responsibilities of prosecutors Effective ways to develop and maintain a multiagency task force

Modern Slavery

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Author :
Publisher : Createspace Independent Publishing Platform
ISBN 13 : 9781481897860
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (978 download)

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Book Synopsis Modern Slavery by : Ryan D. Cantrell

Download or read book Modern Slavery written by Ryan D. Cantrell and published by Createspace Independent Publishing Platform. This book was released on 2013-01-04 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Human trafficking may be one of the least understood crimes in the United States. Often referred to as "slavery without chains," it is a widespread and highly profitable crime, largely hidden from public view out of ignorance or denial of its existence in the United States. After drug dealing, human trafficking is tied with the illegal arms trade as the second largest criminal industry in the world, and it is the fastest-growing. There are thousands of law enforcement officers within the United States that are confronted with the epidemic of human trafficking. While human trafficking is not a new crime, it has recently taken center stage as a criminal enterprise that is extremely profitable with less risk to the traffickers. As criminals invent new ways to profit and exploit people, law enforcement has to learn new techniques and tactics to adapt to changing trends. Topics include: RECOGNIZING HUMAN TRAFFICKING AND IDENTIFYING VICTIMS INVESTIGATING HUMAN TRAFFICKING CRIME SCENES, PHYSICAL EVIDENCE, AND EXAMINATIONS IN HUMAN TRAFFICKING THE VICTIM'S PSYCHOLOGICAL REACTIONS AND IMMEDIATE NEEDS COMMUNICATING WITH VICTIMS OF HUMAN TRAFFICKING INTERVIEW CHECKLIST LEGAL TOOLS FOR PROSECUTION INTERNET INVESTIGATIONS TYPES OF RECOVERY/ENFORCEMENT OPERATIONS

Human Trafficking Investigation

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Author :
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1040118216
Total Pages : 291 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (41 download)

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Book Synopsis Human Trafficking Investigation by : Kirsta Leeburg Melton

Download or read book Human Trafficking Investigation written by Kirsta Leeburg Melton and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2024-09-16 with total page 291 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Everything you need to know to seek justice for victims and accountability for traffickers is in this approachable guide written by seasoned anti-trafficking professionals. Human Trafficking Investigations: A Practitioner’s Guide to Making the Case is a one-of-a-kind practitioner’s guide, written by and for people on the front lines in the fight against human trafficking. When you run headlong into the realities of trafficking investigation, this book serves as a convenient reference that you can turn to for guidance in moments of uncertainty and discouragement. Human trafficking cases can be built, and they can be won. How do we know? We have done it. If you take nothing else from this book, walk away with the certainty that—while complex, frustrating, even agonizing at times—these cases are not impossible. The authors have personally worked and developed trafficking cases, tried them to verdict, and justice has prevailed. Now we want to help you do the same. This essential casebook distills decades of experience, and the knowledge of a dozen multidisciplinary professionals, to equip law enforcement with the practical skills to: Consistently identify sex and labor trafficking, Prepare cases that will go the distance through trial and appeal, Locate and dismantle trafficking networks, Partner with victims in the criminal justice process, and Recruit and maintain critical allies in the work. Chapters offer practical solutions to thorny issues including generating leads when victims don’t call 911; providing immigration relief for international victims; addressing victims who are also defendants; recognizing and collecting evidence of force, fraud, or coercion; working effectively with partners from different disciplines; and building cases when victims are running from help. Honest, direct, and practical, Human Trafficking Investigations is the definitive implementation guide for investigators intent on developing human trafficking cases that can be tried to a successful conclusion in a court of law.

Combating Human Trafficking

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Author :
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1482240394
Total Pages : 338 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (822 download)

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Book Synopsis Combating Human Trafficking by : Michael J. Palmiotto

Download or read book Combating Human Trafficking written by Michael J. Palmiotto and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2014-12-01 with total page 338 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A centuries-old crime, human trafficking occurs not only in undeveloped countries, but also in some surprising locations. Right here in the United States, individuals are recruited, transported, and held by unlawful means—either through deception or under threat of violence. Approaching the topic from a law enforcement perspective, Combating Human Trafficking: A Multidisciplinary Approach provides an unprecedented look at the investigation of this phenomenon in America. Beginning with historical, sociological, and psychological perspectives, the book discusses how authorities can best conduct an investigation of trafficking. It reviews federal agencies responsible for confronting the problem, examines relevant laws and legal trends, and discusses law enforcement awareness and training. Individual chapters written by experts in law enforcement explore a host of topics, including: Border issues between Mexico and the U.S., including the trafficking of people, drugs, and firearms The role of the Internet in human trafficking Child victim recruitment into sex trafficking How sexually oriented businesses such as escort services, hostess bars, and massage parlors can be fronts for sex trafficking The prevalence of human trafficking among street gangs Forced labor aspects, especially with respect to illegal immigrants How victims are chosen Theoretical, practical, and ethical considerations in providing effective services to victims An ideal resource for police investigators, police training, and community outreach organizations, the book is also suitable as a college text for criminal justice courses. It is hoped that the awareness created through this text will provide the knowledge and tools needed to help to end this form of modern-day slavery.

Global Report on Trafficking in Persons 2020

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Author :
Publisher : UN
ISBN 13 : 9789211304114
Total Pages : 562 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (41 download)

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Book Synopsis Global Report on Trafficking in Persons 2020 by : United Nations

Download or read book Global Report on Trafficking in Persons 2020 written by United Nations and published by UN. This book was released on 2021-04-30 with total page 562 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The 2020 UNODC Global Report on Trafficking in Persons is the fifth of its kind mandated by the General Assembly through the 2010 United Nations Global Plan of Action to Combat Trafficking in Persons. It covers more than 130 countries and provides an overview of patterns and flows of trafficking in persons at global, regional and national levels, based primarily on trafficking cases detected between 2017 and 2019. As UNODC has been systematically collecting data on trafficking in persons for more than a decade, trend information is presented for a broad range of indicators.

Human Trafficking in Ohio

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Author :
Publisher : Rand Corporation
ISBN 13 : 0833042963
Total Pages : 109 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (33 download)

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Book Synopsis Human Trafficking in Ohio by : Jeremy M. Wilson

Download or read book Human Trafficking in Ohio written by Jeremy M. Wilson and published by Rand Corporation. This book was released on 2007 with total page 109 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Human trafficking has garnered a significant and growing amount of attention from the U.S. government since the 1990s, culminating in the passage of the federal Trafficking Victims Protection Act in 2000. There is also a growing body of research on human trafficking, but most of it has focused on trying to show that human trafficking is a problem. Wilson and Dalton explore the extent and characteristics of concrete cases of human trafficking in Columbus and Toledo, Ohio, as well as the awareness of and response to the problem by the justice systems and social service provider communities in the two cities. The authors summarize their content analysis of newspaper accounts as well as key respondent interviews that they conducted with criminal justice officials and social service providers in each site. These identified several cases of juvenile sex trafficking and forced prostitution in Toledo, as well as a smaller trafficking market centered on the forced labor of noncitizens in Columbus. Wilson and Dalton compare the two cities' considerably different responses to human trafficking, and conclude with suggestions on how to raise awareness about human trafficking and improve the responses of the criminal justice system, the juvenile justice system, and social services to the problem.

Human Trafficking Investigations

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Author :
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 9781032170152
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (71 download)

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Book Synopsis Human Trafficking Investigations by : KIRSTA. LEEBURG MELTON

Download or read book Human Trafficking Investigations written by KIRSTA. LEEBURG MELTON and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2024-09-16 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Everything you need to know to seek justice for victims and accountability for traffickers is in this approachable guide written by seasoned anti-trafficking professionals. Human Trafficking Investigations: A Practitioner's Guide to Making the Case is a one-of-a-kind practitioner's guide, written by and for people on the front lines in the fight against human trafficking. When you run headlong into the realities of trafficking investigation, this book serves as a convenient reference that you can turn to for guidance in moments of uncertainty and discouragement. Human trafficking cases can be built, and they can be won. How do we know? We have done it. If you take nothing else from this book, walk away with the certainty that--while complex, frustrating, even agonizing at times--these cases are not impossible. The authors have personally worked and developed trafficking cases, tried them to verdict, and justice has prevailed. Now we want to help you do the same. This essential casebook distills decades of experience, and the knowledge of a dozen multidisciplinary professionals, to equip law enforcement with the practical skills to: Consistently identify sex and labor trafficking, Prepare cases that will go the distance through trial and appeal, Locate and dismantle trafficking networks, Partner with victims in the criminal justice process, and Recruit and maintain critical allies in the work. Chapters offer practical solutions to thorny issues including generating leads when victims don't call 911; providing immigration relief for international victims; addressing victims who are also defendants; recognizing and collecting evidence of force, fraud, or coercion; working effectively with partners from different disciplines; and building cases when victims are running from help. Honest, direct, and practical, Human Trafficking Investigations is the definitive implementation guide for investigators intent on developing human trafficking cases that can be tried to a successful conclusion in a court of law.

Confronting Commercial Sexual Exploitation and Sex Trafficking of Minors in the United States

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Author :
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309286581
Total Pages : 479 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (92 download)

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Book Synopsis Confronting Commercial Sexual Exploitation and Sex Trafficking of Minors in the United States by : National Research Council

Download or read book Confronting Commercial Sexual Exploitation and Sex Trafficking of Minors in the United States written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2013-11-12 with total page 479 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Every day in the United States, children and adolescents are victims of commercial sexual exploitation and sex trafficking. Despite the serious and long-term consequences for victims as well as their families, communities, and society, efforts to prevent, identify, and respond to these crimes are largely under supported, inefficient, uncoordinated, and unevaluated. Confronting Commercial Sexual Exploitation and Sex Trafficking of Minors in the United States examines commercial sexual exploitation and sex trafficking of U.S. citizens and lawful permanent residents of the United States under age 18. According to this report, efforts to prevent, identify, and respond to these crimes require better collaborative approaches that build upon the capabilities of people and entities from a range of sectors. In addition, such efforts need to confront demand and the individuals who commit and benefit from these crimes. The report recommends increased awareness and understanding, strengthening of the law's response, strengthening of research to advance understanding and to support the development of prevention and intervention strategies, support for multi-sector and interagency collaboration, and creation of a digital information-sharing platform. A nation that is unaware of these problems or disengaged from solutions unwittingly contributes to the ongoing abuse of minors. If acted upon in a coordinated and comprehensive manner, the recommendations of Confronting Commercial Sexual Exploitation and Sex Trafficking of Minors in the United States can help advance and strengthen the nation's emerging efforts to prevent, identify, and respond to commercial sexual exploitation and sex trafficking of minors in the United States.

Data and Research on Human Trafficking

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Author :
Publisher : DIANE Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1437929702
Total Pages : 122 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (379 download)

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Book Synopsis Data and Research on Human Trafficking by : Elzbieta M. Gozdiak

Download or read book Data and Research on Human Trafficking written by Elzbieta M. Gozdiak and published by DIANE Publishing. This book was released on 2011 with total page 122 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is a print on demand edition of a hard to find publication. The subject of human trafficking, or the use of force, fraud or coercion to transport persons across international borders or within countries to exploit them for labor or sex, has received renewed attention within the last two decades. This report provides a detailed description of the processes involved in a project to identify English language research-based literature on human trafficking; the databases searched and the keywords used to identify pertinent references; discussion of the development of the taxonomy used to categorize identified research-based journal articles, reports, and books; and the results of the categorization of the research according to the taxonomy.

Human Trafficking

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Author :
Publisher : SAGE Publications
ISBN 13 : 1506305709
Total Pages : 353 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (63 download)

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Book Synopsis Human Trafficking by : Noël Bridget Busch-Armendariz

Download or read book Human Trafficking written by Noël Bridget Busch-Armendariz and published by SAGE Publications. This book was released on 2017-03-31 with total page 353 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Human Trafficking: Applying Research, Theory, and Case Studies is a practical, interdisciplinary text that draws from empirically grounded scholarship, survivor-centered practices, and an ecological perspective to help readers develop an understanding of the meaning and scope of human trafficking. Throughout the book, authors Noël Bridget Busch-Armendariz , Maura Nsonwu, and Laurie Cook Heffron address the specific vulnerabilities of human trafficking victims, their medical-psycho-social needs, and issues related to direct service delivery. They also address the identification of human trafficking crimes, traffickers, and the impact of this crime on the global economy. Using detailed case studies to illuminate real situations, the book covers national and international anti-trafficking policies, prevention and intervention strategies, promising practices to combat human trafficking, responses of law enforcement and service providers, organizational challenges, and the cost of trafficking to human wellbeing.

Identifying Factors in Human Trafficking

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Author :
Publisher : Universal-Publishers
ISBN 13 : 1581122837
Total Pages : 62 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (811 download)

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Book Synopsis Identifying Factors in Human Trafficking by : Patrice M. Broderick

Download or read book Identifying Factors in Human Trafficking written by Patrice M. Broderick and published by Universal-Publishers. This book was released on 2005-07-23 with total page 62 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This thesis reviews the transnational problem of human trafficking, a form of slavery. Women and children are trafficked within and between countries at an alarming rate and it has become a prime agenda for the Bush Administration and the Department of State to call for action and solutions to. This thesis opens with a defining of this problem and overview of the scope of the problem on a global scale. It reviews social, political and economic factors which play a role. It describes laws enacted and police responses and describes what research has been conducted to get a grasp of what is involved and what might be done. This author decided to explore factors that other researchers have suggested are compelling factors in victimization. This research hypothesis for this thesis explores the economic factors. Comparisons are made between countries of origin where victims originate from and destination countries where they are trafficked to. The research findings reveal some significant differences in economic factors exist between the origin and destination countries. The findings lend support in why victims feel compelled to seek entrance to countries like the U.S. and Australia or U.K. and might be easy prey for traffickers. This author makes it clear that the research here does not mean that this is why they are victimized. Further research with victim surveys and victim interviews will be helpful. Furthermore, it will be valuable to conduct more exploration of the economic factors, but more accurate data sources are needed. It is recommended that countries attempt to establish more standardized criteria for reporting economic data.

Confronting Commercial Sexual Exploitation and Sex Trafficking of Minors in the United States

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Author :
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309310466
Total Pages : 42 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (93 download)

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Book Synopsis Confronting Commercial Sexual Exploitation and Sex Trafficking of Minors in the United States by : National Research Council

Download or read book Confronting Commercial Sexual Exploitation and Sex Trafficking of Minors in the United States written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2014-08-21 with total page 42 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Every day in the United States, children and adolescents are victims of commercial sexual exploitation and sex trafficking. These are not only illegal activities, but also forms of violence and abuse that result in immediate and long-term physical, mental, and emotional harm to victims and survivors. In 2013, the Institute of Medicine/National Research Council released the report Confronting Commercial Sexual Exploitation and Sex Trafficking of Minors in the United States. The report found that the United States is in the very early stages of recognizing, understanding, and developing solutions for these crimes. Health care professionals need to be able to recognize past, ongoing, or potential victimization by commercial sexual exploitation and sex trafficking among the youth in their care. Failure to do so increases the possibility that those at risk may become victims, and victims may miss opportunities for assistance and remain vulnerable to further exploitation and abuse. This Guide for the Health Care Sector provides a summary of information from the original report that is most relevant to individuals who and settings that see children and adolescents for prevention and treatment of injury, illness, and disease. This includes physicians, nurses, advanced practice nurses, physician assistants, mental health professionals, and dentists who practice in settings such as emergency departments, urgent care, primary care clinics, adolescent medicine clinics, school clinics, shelters, community health centers, and dental clinics among others. This guide includes definitions of key terms and an overview of risk factors and consequences; barriers to identifying victims and survivors as well as opportunities for overcoming these barriers; examples of current practices in the health care sector; and recommendations aimed at identifying, preventing, and responding to these crimes.

Investigation of Missing and Exploited Children: The Gateway of Child Sex Trafficking

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Author :
Publisher : Lulu.com
ISBN 13 : 0359153275
Total Pages : 204 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (591 download)

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Book Synopsis Investigation of Missing and Exploited Children: The Gateway of Child Sex Trafficking by : Pastor Joseph A. Travers, CPI, CCDI, CMECI

Download or read book Investigation of Missing and Exploited Children: The Gateway of Child Sex Trafficking written by Pastor Joseph A. Travers, CPI, CCDI, CMECI and published by Lulu.com. This book was released on 2019-04-10 with total page 204 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Investigation of Missing & Exploited Children: The Gateway of Child Sex Trafficking is designed to provide the essential knowledge needed to identify and understand the issues and solutions that effectively combat the evils of domestic child sex trafficking in the United States. It is both an instructional guide and a resource manual for both the citizen and the government manager. The approach is direct and concise, which facilitates comprehension by novices as well as experienced public servants. The purpose of this book is to fill the existing need within the field of public and private prevention/investigation of runaways for a precise, comprehensive manual detailing the elements necessary for the elimination of turning vulnerable children into sex slaves. There is a lack of professional resources on preventing child sex trafficking currently available. Investigation of Missing & Exploited Children: The Gateway of Child Sex Trafficking will help fill this void

Combating Trafficking in Persons

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Author :
Publisher : United Nations Publications
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 144 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (243 download)

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Book Synopsis Combating Trafficking in Persons by :

Download or read book Combating Trafficking in Persons written by and published by United Nations Publications. This book was released on 2009 with total page 144 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Giver et overblik over de internationale traktater om menneskehandel og beskriver best practice om bekæmpelse heraf

Confronting Commercial Sexual Exploitation and Sex Trafficking of Minors in the United States

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Author :
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309313430
Total Pages : 59 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (93 download)

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Book Synopsis Confronting Commercial Sexual Exploitation and Sex Trafficking of Minors in the United States by : National Research Council

Download or read book Confronting Commercial Sexual Exploitation and Sex Trafficking of Minors in the United States written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2014-10-17 with total page 59 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Every day in the United States, children and adolescents are victims of commercial sexual exploitation and sex trafficking. These are not only illegal activities, but also forms of violence and abuse that result in immediate and long-term physical, mental, and emotional harm to victims and survivors. In 2013, the Institute of Medicine/National Research Council released the report Confronting Commercial Sexual Exploitation and Sex Trafficking of Minors in the United States. The report found that the United States is in the very early stages of recognizing, understanding, and developing solutions for these crimes. Law enforcement professionals, attorneys, and judges all have important roles to play in responding to commercial sexual exploitation and sex trafficking of minors in the United States. Their knowledge and ability to identify victims, investigate cases, and make appropriate referrals is crucial to the development of an overall response to these crimes. This Guide for the Legal Sector provides a summary of information from the original report that is most relevant to individuals within the legal sector who interact in some way with victims, survivors, and perpetrators of commercial sexual exploitation and sex trafficking of minors. This includes federal, state, county, local, and tribal law enforcement agencies; police officers and investigators; probation officers; parole officers; corrections officers; prosecutors and defense attorneys; victim advocates; and judges. This guide includes definitions of key terms and an overview of risk factors and consequences; noteworthy examples of efforts by law enforcement personnel, attorneys, the juvenile and criminal justice systems, and the judiciary; multisector and interagency efforts in which the legal sector plays an important role; and recommendations aimed at identifying, preventing, and responding to these crimes.

Ethical Concerns in Research on Human Trafficking

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Author :
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319215213
Total Pages : 280 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (192 download)

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Book Synopsis Ethical Concerns in Research on Human Trafficking by : Dina Siegel

Download or read book Ethical Concerns in Research on Human Trafficking written by Dina Siegel and published by Springer. This book was released on 2015-12-08 with total page 280 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents a vivid description of the solutions that researchers have discovered for ethical dilemmas that pose themselves at studying disadvantaged, vulnerable and victimized populations. Ethical codes prescribe that the scholar should in all circumstances avoid potential harm, that informed consent is necessary and that the limits of confidentiality should always be respected. However, in the practice of research among women involved in prostitution, illegal immigrant workers, enslaved children, people who sell their organs and all the traffickers thereof, the ethical rules cannot always be followed. This book shows that there is a surprising variety of arguable possibilities in dealing with ethical dilemmas in the field. Authors reflect on concrete experiences from their own fieldwork in a wide variety of settings such as the USA, Singapore, Kosovo and The Netherlands. Some choose to work on the basis of conscientious partiality, others negotiate the rules with their informants and still others purposely break the rules in order to disclose and damage the exploiters. Researchers may find themselves in a vulnerable position. Their experiences, as presented in this volume, will help field workers, university administrators, representatives of vulnerable groups, philosophers of ethics and most of all students to go into the field well-prepared. This is a book that every researcher planning to do fieldwork in the difficult field of hidden, illicit and victimized people should read in advance. Dr. Frank Bovenkerk, Professor (Emeritus), Willem Pompe Institute for Criminal Law and Criminology, Universiteit Utrecht, The Netherlands This book allows a peek in the kitchen of empirical fieldwork, going into not only “best practices,” but mistakes made, in a frank, courageous and honest way. Dr. Brenda C. Oude Breuil, Willem Pompe Institute for Criminal Law and Criminology, Universiteit Utrecht, The Netherlands