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How To Synchronize The Next Generation Of Iptv Explantion Of The Etsi Standardized Version
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Book Synopsis How to synchronize the next generation of IPTV: Explantion of the ETSI standardized version by : Torsten Löbner
Download or read book How to synchronize the next generation of IPTV: Explantion of the ETSI standardized version written by Torsten Löbner and published by diplom.de. This book was released on 2013-07-01 with total page 142 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the last years, research of television systems has increasingly changed from focusing on isolated networks to focusing on a combined network of internet, telecommunication, television and other services. One of the main aspects in that research topic is to guarantee that the user experience will be the same or better than the user expects from a common television system. The purpose of this book is to show a possible protocol implementation for a television system with a packet oriented underlying network. The thesis will show that ETSI TS 183 063 [1] Annex W specified protocol extension to the Realtime Control Protocol will extend a commonly known network system to reach the goals for the users’ quality needs. This book describes the steps from planning to implementation and to evaluation. It will give the reader an overview of the necessary requirements and of the development of the proof of concept to show that the standardized environment will work. Open points in the description of the environment are pointed out and possible solutions are given. This book is divided into seven chapters. The first chapters are the theoretical base, followed by the planning and evaluation of the prototyped IDMS system. In chapter two, an overview of the book’s background and necessary protocols needed for communication is given. This is completed by a description of the network framework, which will be the platform for the synchronization approach. The extension for television usage of the network which is described in chapter two is explained in chapter three. The Software analyzed for the usage in the prototyped implementation is described in chapter four. The necessary modifications and extensions to this software and structure of the applications used to build the environment for the described implementation completes the theoretical part of the thesis. Chapter five shows this software planning. Chapter six gives an overview of the measurements to prove that the created implementation works sufficiently. This is completed by the summary in chapter eight.
Book Synopsis Implementing ETSI standardised RTCP-based Interdestination Media Synchronization by : Torsten Löbner
Download or read book Implementing ETSI standardised RTCP-based Interdestination Media Synchronization written by Torsten Löbner and published by diplom.de. This book was released on 2011-09-14 with total page 145 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Inhaltsangabe:Introduction: This thesis represents the results of my research in synchronization of television during my graduation project. I will describe a solution, which is actually standardized and give a solution on how to implement it in this document. It is a pleasure to thank the people who made this thesis possible. First of all these are my supervisors Oskar van Deventer and Michael Maruschke, who supported me by reviewing my work and discussion on content. I also would like to thank Ray van Brandenburg and Hans Stokking, who were always open for discussion. This work was done at TNO Information and communication technology. The part of TNO this thesis is placed has its main research topic in media technologies and content delivery systems. Research is done in cooperation with Dutch and international companies as well, as with international research groups. TNO is also a member in the NGNLab project, which main purpose is Next Generation Networks and topics related to that. The purpose of this thesis is to create a proof of concept of the synchronization system for IPTV described by ETSI TS 182 027 [2] and ETSI TS 183 063 [1] by using the protocol extension to RTCP from ETSI TS 183 063 Annex W. During planing, implementation and evaluation specifications have to be proofed and requirements, for a sufficient work have to be generated, if the standardized environment is not clear defined on some part of the implementation or not sufficient. This document should give the reader an overview of the necessary requirements and the way of development of the proof of concept. This thesis is divided into seven chapters. The first chapters are the theoretical base, followed by the planing and evaluation of the prototyped IDMS system. In chapter two an overview of the thesis background and necessary protocols needed for communication is given. This is completed by a description of the network framework, which will be the platform for the synchronization approach. The extension for television usage of the network described in chapter two is explained in chapter three. The Software analyzed for the usage in the prototyped implementation is described in chapter four. The necessary modifications and extensions to this software and structure of the applications used to build the environment for the described implementation completes the theoretical part of the thesis. Chapter five shows these software planing. Chapter six gives and overview of [...]
Book Synopsis Social Media Retrieval by : Naeem Ramzan
Download or read book Social Media Retrieval written by Naeem Ramzan and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-05 with total page 479 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This comprehensive text/reference examines in depth the synergy between multimedia content analysis, personalization, and next-generation networking. The book demonstrates how this integration can result in robust, personalized services that provide users with an improved multimedia-centric quality of experience. Each chapter offers a practical step-by-step walkthrough for a variety of concepts, components and technologies relating to the development of applications and services. Topics and features: introduces the fundamentals of social media retrieval, presenting the most important areas of research in this domain; examines the important topic of multimedia tagging in social environments, including geo-tagging; discusses issues of personalization and privacy in social media; reviews advances in encoding, compression and network architectures for the exchange of social media information; describes a range of applications related to social media.
Book Synopsis IPTV Delivery Networks by : Suliman Mohamed Fati
Download or read book IPTV Delivery Networks written by Suliman Mohamed Fati and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2018-04-06 with total page 286 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A guide to the current technologies related to the delivery process for both live and on-demand services within IPTV delivery networks IPTV Delivery Networks is an important resource thatoffers an in-depth discussion to the IPTV (Internet Protocol Television) delivery networks for both live and on demand IPTV services.This important book also includes a review of the issues and challenges surrounding the delivery of IPTV over various emerging networking and communications technologies. The authors — an international team of experts — introduce a framework for delivery network applicable for live and video-on-demand services. They review the fundamental issues of IPTV delivery networks and explore the QoS (Quality of Service) issue for IPTV delivery networks that highlights the questions of security and anomaly detection as related to quality. IPTV Delivery Networks also contains a discussion of the mobility issues and next-generation delivery networks. This guide captures the latest available and usable technologies in the field and: Explores the technologies related to delivery process for both live (real time) and on demand services in highly accessible terms Includes information on the history, current state and future of IPTV delivery Reviews all the aspects of delivery networks including storage management, resource allocation, broadcasting, video compression, QoS and QoE Contains information on current applications including Netflix (video on demand), BBC iPlayer (time-shifted IPTV) and live (real time) streaming Written for both researchers and industrial experts in the field of IPTV delivery networks. IPTV Delivery Networks is a groundbreaking book that includes the most current information available on live and on demand IPTV services.
Download or read book Triple Play written by Francisco J. Hens and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2008-04-30 with total page 416 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: “Triple Play”is a combination of Internet access, voice communication (telephony), and entertainment services such as IP television and video on demand. The erosion of the traditional voice service, together with the ever-increasing competition between companies, is pushing the telecommunications industry towards a major shift in its business models. Customers want more services in a more flexible way. Today, this shift can only be carried out by offering converged services built around the Internet Protocol (IP). Triple Play, a bundle of voice, video, and data services for residential customers, is the basis of this new strategy. Hens and Caballero explain how and why the telecommunications industry is facing this change, how to define, implement and offer these new services, and describes the technology behind the converged network. Triple Play analyses a number of business strategies to minimise costs, while migrating infrastructures and offering new services. Triple Play: Describes the elementary concepts of triple play service provision and gives detailed technical information to highlight key aspects. Discussed access networks, transport, signaling, service definition and business models. Covers the latest innovations in Triple Play services such as Ethernet in the First Mile (EFM), VDSL2 (Very High Speed DSL second generation), pseudowires andMultiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS). Explores video solutions (encoding, IPTV, VoD) alongside transmission and switching technologies (Ethernet, DSL, PON, NG-SDH). Includes a chapter on IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) and on fixed/mobile convergence. Triple Play: Building the Converged Network for IP, VoIP and IPTV provides decision makers, engineers, telecommunications operators, network equipment manufacturers, installers and IT managers with a thorough understanding of the changes of traditional voice service and its impact upon the telecommunications industry.
Book Synopsis 5G for the Connected World by : Devaki Chandramouli
Download or read book 5G for the Connected World written by Devaki Chandramouli and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2019-04-29 with total page 513 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Comprehensive Handbook Demystifies 5G for Technical and Business Professionals in Mobile Telecommunication Fields Much is being said regarding the possibilities and capabilities of the emerging 5G technology, as the evolution towards 5G promises to transform entire industries and many aspects of our society. 5G for the Connected World offers a comprehensive technical overview that telecommunication professionals need to understand and take advantage of these developments. The book offers a wide-ranging coverage of the technical aspects of 5G (with special consideration of the 3GPP Release 15 content), how it enables new services and how it differs from LTE. This includes information on potential use cases, aspects of radio and core networks, spectrum considerations and the services primarily driving 5G development and deployment. The text also looks at 5G in relation to the Internet of Things, machine to machine communication and technical enablers such as LTE-M, NB-IoT and EC-GSM. Additional chapters discuss new business models for telecommunication service providers and vertical industries as a result of introducing 5G and strategies for staying ahead of the curve. Other topics include: Key features of the new 5G radio such as descriptions of new waveforms, massive MIMO and beamforming technologies as well as spectrum considerations for 5G radio regarding all possible bands Drivers, motivations and overview of the new 5G system – especially RAN architecture and technology enablers (e.g. service-based architecture, compute-storage split and network exposure) for native cloud deployments Mobile edge computing, Non-3GPP access, Fixed-Mobile Convergence Detailed overview of mobility management, session management and Quality of Service frameworks 5G security vision and architecture Ultra-low latency and high reliability use cases and enablers, challenges and requirements (e.g. remote control, industrial automation, public safety and V2X communication) An outline of the requirements and challenges imposed by massive numbers of devices connected to cellular networks While some familiarity with the basics of 3GPP networks is helpful, 5G for the Connected World is intended for a variety of readers. It will prove a useful guide for telecommunication professionals, standardization experts, network operators, application developers and business analysts (or students working in these fields) as well as infrastructure and device vendors looking to develop and integrate 5G into their products, and to deploy 5G radio and core networks.
Book Synopsis QoS and QoE Management in UMTS Cellular Systems by : David Soldani
Download or read book QoS and QoE Management in UMTS Cellular Systems written by David Soldani and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2007-01-11 with total page 488 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This comprehensive volume provides state-of-the art guidance on Quality of Service (QoS) and Quality of end-user Experience (QoE) management in UMTS cellular systems, tackling planning, provisioning, monitoring and optimisation issues in a single accessible resource. In addition, a detailed discussion is provided on service applications, QoS concept, architecture and functions in access, packet & circuit switched core and backbone networks. Defines and explains the differences between QoS and QoE, and end-to-end concept, based on the premise that it is the end-user who is the ultimate beneficiary of QoS. Covers QoS and QoE issues related to present and forthcoming service applications, including multimedia messaging service (MMS), Video Sharing (VS), content download, business connectivity, Push to talk over Cellular (PoC), Voice over IP (VoIP), presence, instant messaging, gaming, streaming and browsing. Presents QoS concepts and architecture as defined in 3GPP Releases 97/98, 99, 5, 6, and 7, and provides a comprehensive description of protocols and packet data transfer across WCDMA evolved and (E)GPRS networks. Discusses service driven radio network planning aspects for (E)GPRS and WCDMA. Includes three detailed chapters covering concepts, means and methods for QoS provisioning, QoS & QoE performance monitoring and optimisation. This book is aimed at operators, vendors, deployers, consultants and managers specialising in the research, development, implementation, marketing and sales of products and tools for QoS and QoE management in UMTS networks. It will also be of interest to postgraduate students and researchers in the field of telecommunications and specialising in UMTS QoS and QoE principles and practices.
Book Synopsis Network Convergence by : Hu Hanrahan
Download or read book Network Convergence written by Hu Hanrahan and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2007-03-13 with total page 464 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The present information age is enabled by telecommunications and information technology and the continued convergence of their services, technologies and business models. Within telecommunications, the historic separations between fixed networks, mobile telephone networks and data communications are diminishing. Similarly, information technology and enterprise communications show convergence with telecommunications. These synergies are captured in the concept of Next Generation Networks that result from evolution to new technologies, enabling new services and applications. Network Convergence creates a framework to aid the understanding of Next Generation Networks, their potential for supporting new and enhanced applications and their relationships with legacy networks. The book identifies and explains the concepts and principles underlying standards for networks, services and applications. Network Convergence: Gives comprehensive coverage of packet multimedia, enterprise networks, third generation mobile communications, OSA/Parlay and developments in fixed networks. Gives an integrated view of diverse information and communications systems and technology through a common NGN Framework. Delves into protocols, APIs and software processes for supporting services and applications in advanced networks. Discusses a variety of applications of telecommunications supporting IT and IT enhanced by communications. Follows developments in operations support systems standards and links these to next generation networks. Includes a wealth of examples, use cases, tables and illustrations that help reinforce the material for students and practitioners. Features an accompanying website with PowerPoint presentations, glossary, web references, tutorial problems, and 'learn more' pages. This essential reference guide will prove invaluable to advanced undergraduate and graduate students, academics and researchers. It will also be of interest to professionals working for telecommunications network operators, equipment vendors, telecoms regulators, and engineers who wish to further their knowledge of next generation networks.
Book Synopsis Optical Network Technology by : D.W. Smith
Download or read book Optical Network Technology written by D.W. Smith and published by Springer. This book was released on 1994-11-30 with total page 330 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Information Super Highway concept has gained great popularity recently. If the super highway is to be realised it will almost certainly be built mainly using optical fibres. The British Telecoms research group in this area has long been acknowledged as a leading force in developing optical communications technology. In this book they set out the technology necessary to build the super highway of the future.
Download or read book Video Demystified written by Keith Jack and published by Newnes. This book was released on 2005 with total page 954 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This international bestseller and essential reference is the "bible" for digital video engineers and programmers worldwide. This is by far the most informative analog and digital video reference available, includes the hottest new trends and cutting-edge developments in the field.Video Demystified, Fourth Edition is a "one stop" reference guide for the various digital video technologies. The fourth edition is completely updated with all new chapters on MPEG-4, H.264, SDTV/HDTV, ATSC/DVB, and Streaming Video (Video over DSL, Ethernet, etc.), as well as discussions of the latest standards throughout. The accompanying CD-ROM is updated to include a unique set of video test files in the newest formats.
Book Synopsis Autonomous Control for a Reliable Internet of Services by : Ivan Ganchev
Download or read book Autonomous Control for a Reliable Internet of Services written by Ivan Ganchev and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-05-30 with total page 416 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This open access book was prepared as a Final Publication of the COST Action IC1304 “Autonomous Control for a Reliable Internet of Services (ACROSS)”. The book contains 14 chapters and constitutes a show-case of the main outcome of the Action in line with its scientific goals. It will serve as a valuable reference for undergraduate and post-graduate students, educators, faculty members, researchers, engineers, and research strategists working in this field. The explosive growth of the Internet has fundamentally changed the global society. The emergence of concepts like SOA, SaaS, PaaS, IaaS, NaaS, and Cloud Computing in general has catalyzed the migration from the information-oriented Internet into an Internet of Services (IoS). This has opened up virtually unbounded possibilities for the creation of new and innovative services that facilitate business processes and improve the quality of life. However, this also calls for new approaches to ensuring the quality and reliability of these services. The objective of this book is, by applying a systematic approach, to assess the state-of-the-art and consolidate the main research results achieved in this area.
Book Synopsis The Telecommunications Handbook by : Jyrki T. J. Penttinen
Download or read book The Telecommunications Handbook written by Jyrki T. J. Penttinen and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2015-01-13 with total page 1008 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This practical handbook and reference provides a complete understanding of the telecommunications field supported by descriptions and case examples throughout Taking a practical approach, The Telecommunications Handbook examines the principles and details of all of the major and modern telecommunications systems currently available to industry and to end-users. It gives essential information about usage, architectures, functioning, planning, construction, measurements and optimisation. The structure of the book is modular, giving both overall descriptions of the architectures and functionality of typical use cases, as well as deeper and practical guidelines for telecom professionals. The focus of the book is on current and future networks, and the most up-to-date functionalities of each network are described in sufficient detail for deployment purposes. The contents include an introduction to each technology, its evolution path, feasibility and utilization, solution and network architecture, and technical functioning of the systems (signalling, coding, different modes for channel delivery and security of core and radio system). The planning of the core and radio networks (system-specific field test measurement guidelines, hands-on network planning advices and suggestions for the parameter adjustments) and future systems are also described. Each chapter covers aspects individually for easy reference, including approaches such as: functional blocks, protocol layers, hardware and software, planning, optimization, use cases, challenges, solutions to potential problems Provides very practical detail on the planning and operation of networks to enable readers to apply the content in real-world deployments Bridges the gap between the communications in the academic context and the practical knowledge and skills needed to work in the telecommunications industry Section divisions include: General theory; Fixed telecommunications; Mobile communications; Space communications; Other and special communications; and Planning and management of telecommunication networks Covers new commercial and enhanced systems deployed, such as IPv6 based networks, LTE-Advanced and GALILEO An essential reference for Technical personnel at telecom operators; equipment and terminal manufacturers; Engineers working for network operators.
Download or read book IPv6 Security written by Scott Hogg and published by Pearson Education. This book was released on 2008-12-11 with total page 705 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: IPv6 Security Protection measures for the next Internet Protocol As the world’s networks migrate to the IPv6 protocol, networking professionals need a clearer understanding of the security risks, threats, and challenges this transition presents. In IPv6 Security, two of the world’s leading Internet security practitioners review each potential security issue introduced by IPv6 networking and present today’s best solutions. IPv6 Security offers guidance for avoiding security problems prior to widespread IPv6 deployment. The book covers every component of today’s networks, identifying specific security deficiencies that occur within IPv6 environments and demonstrating how to combat them. The authors describe best practices for identifying and resolving weaknesses as you maintain a dual stack network. Then they describe the security mechanisms you need to implement as you migrate to an IPv6-only network. The authors survey the techniques hackers might use to try to breach your network, such as IPv6 network reconnaissance, address spoofing, traffic interception, denial of service, and tunnel injection. The authors also turn to Cisco® products and protection mechanisms. You learn how to use Cisco IOS® and ASA firewalls and ACLs to selectively filter IPv6 traffic. You also learn about securing hosts with Cisco Security Agent 6.0 and about securing a network with IOS routers and switches. Multiple examples are explained for Windows, Linux, FreeBSD, and Solaris hosts. The authors offer detailed examples that are consistent with today’s best practices and easy to adapt to virtually any IPv6 environment. Scott Hogg, CCIE® No. 5133, is Director of Advanced Technology Services at Global Technology Resources, Inc. (GTRI). He is responsible for setting the company’s technical direction and helping it create service offerings for emerging technologies such as IPv6. He is the Chair of the Rocky Mountain IPv6 Task Force. Eric Vyncke, Cisco Distinguished System Engineer, consults on security issues throughout Europe. He has 20 years’ experience in security and teaches security seminars as a guest professor at universities throughout Belgium. He also participates in the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) and has helped several organizations deploy IPv6 securely. Understand why IPv6 is already a latent threat in your IPv4-only network Plan ahead to avoid IPv6 security problems before widespread deployment Identify known areas of weakness in IPv6 security and the current state of attack tools and hacker skills Understand each high-level approach to securing IPv6 and learn when to use each Protect service provider networks, perimeters, LANs, and host/server connections Harden IPv6 network devices against attack Utilize IPsec in IPv6 environments Secure mobile IPv6 networks Secure transition mechanisms in use during the migration from IPv4 to IPv6 Monitor IPv6 security Understand the security implications of the IPv6 protocol, including issues related to ICMPv6 and the IPv6 header structure Protect your network against large-scale threats by using perimeter filtering techniques and service provider—focused security practices Understand the vulnerabilities that exist on IPv6 access networks and learn solutions for mitigating each This security book is part of the Cisco Press® Networking Technology Series. Security titles from Cisco Press help networking professionals secure critical data and resources, prevent and mitigate network attacks, and build end-to-end self-defending networks. Category: Networking: Security Covers: IPv6 Security
Download or read book MediaSync written by Mario Montagud and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-04-10 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides an approachable overview of the most recent advances in the fascinating field of media synchronization (mediasync), gathering contributions from the most representative and influential experts. Understanding the challenges of this field in the current multi-sensory, multi-device, and multi-protocol world is not an easy task. The book revisits the foundations of mediasync, including theoretical frameworks and models, highlights ongoing research efforts, like hybrid broadband broadcast (HBB) delivery and users’ perception modeling (i.e., Quality of Experience or QoE), and paves the way for the future (e.g., towards the deployment of multi-sensory and ultra-realistic experiences). Although many advances around mediasync have been devised and deployed, this area of research is getting renewed attention to overcome remaining challenges in the next-generation (heterogeneous and ubiquitous) media ecosystem. Given the significant advances in this research area, its current relevance and the multiple disciplines it involves, the availability of a reference book on mediasync becomes necessary. This book fills the gap in this context. In particular, it addresses key aspects and reviews the most relevant contributions within the mediasync research space, from different perspectives. Mediasync: Handbook on Multimedia Synchronization is the perfect companion for scholars and practitioners that want to acquire strong knowledge about this research area, and also approach the challenges behind ensuring the best mediated experiences, by providing the adequate synchronization between the media elements that constitute these experiences.
Book Synopsis Smart Buildings Systems for Architects, Owners and Builders by : James M Sinopoli
Download or read book Smart Buildings Systems for Architects, Owners and Builders written by James M Sinopoli and published by Butterworth-Heinemann. This book was released on 2009-11-09 with total page 246 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Smart Buildings Systems for Architects, Owners and Builders is a practical guide and resource for architects, builders, engineers, facility managers, developers, contractors, and design consultants. The book covers the costs and benefits of smart buildings, and the basic design foundations, technology systems, and management systems encompassed within a smart building. Unlike other resources, Smart Buildings is organized to provide an overview of each of the technology systems in a building, and to indicate where each of these systems is in their migration to and utilization of the standard underpinnings of a smart building. Written for any professional interested in designing or building smart Buildings systems, this book provides you with the fundamentals needed to select and utilize the most up to date technologies to serve your purpose. In this book, you'll find simple to follow illustrations and diagrams, detailed explanations of systems and how they work and their draw backs. Case studies are used to provide examples of systems and the common problems encountered during instillation. Some simple Repair and Trouble shooting tips are also included. After reading this book, builders, architects and owners will have a solid understanding of how these systems work which of these system is right for their project. Concise and easy to understand, the book will also provide a common language for ensure understanding across the board. Thereby, eliminating confusion and creating a common understanding among professionals. - Ethernet, TCP/IP protocols, SQL datebases, standard fiber optic - Data Networks and Voice Networks - Fire Alarm Systems, Access Control Systems and Video Surveillance Systems - Heating, Ventilating and Air Conditioning Systems and Electric Power Management Systems, Lighting Control Systems - Facility Management Systems
Author :Fredrik Lindeberg Publisher :Linköping University Electronic Press ISBN 13 :9179299350 Total Pages :401 pages Book Rating :4.1/5 (792 download)
Book Synopsis Coordinating the Internet by : Fredrik Lindeberg
Download or read book Coordinating the Internet written by Fredrik Lindeberg and published by Linköping University Electronic Press. This book was released on 2019-12-10 with total page 401 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Många självklarheter i vårt digitala samhälle är beroende av Internet för att fungera. Allt från smarta dörrar för hemtjänster, till självscanningsapparaterna på ICA, till nyare bilar, moderna tillverkningsrobotar, telefoner och affärssystem. Den här licentiatavhandlingen reder ut vad Internet är, hur det styrs och vad det har för praktiska konsekvenser. Tidigare forskning finns bland annat inom telekommunikation där Internet liknas vid andra telekommunikationstjänster, så som kabel-TV eller mobiltelefoni, och inom digitalisering både inom management och informationssystem där Internet i det närmaste tas för givet som teknisk infrastruktur. Här tar jag en ansatts där jag förklarar Internet ur ett kombinerat tekniskt och organisatoriskt perspektiv. Studien är principiellt uppdelad i tre delar. Den första delen fokuserar på att begreppsmässigt hitta ett sätt att diskutera Internet utan att essentiella aspekter faller bort, såsom styrningen eller konsekvenser av den tekniska designen. Jag landar i att Internet är både ett tekniskt och ett organisatoriskt fenomen. Tekniskt i bemärkelsen att det handlar om digital paketbaserad kommunikation (dvs att olika paket kan ta olika väg och att det inte finns ett beroende på en viss specifik väg, eller “krets”), vilket kan särskiljas från exempelvis kretskopplad kommunikation (dvs en specific väg från sändare till mottagare) eller rent analog kommunikation. I denna tekniska dimension är Internet förhållandevis likt klassisk telekommunikation såsom kabel-TV och mobiltelefoni, och förlitar sig på best-effort paketbaserad kommunikation. I den andra dimensionen, styrning och organisation, är Internet ett explicit bottom-up fenomen som styrs med andra principer och ideal än klassisk telekommunikation. Till sin utformning är denna minsta möjliga koordination som krävs för att möjliggöra koordinering av de tekniska unika identifierare som behövs för att Internet ska fungera (dvs idag DNS- och BGP-flororna av protokoll för användning av namn och nummer på Internet). Båda dimensionerna, de organisatoriska och tekniska, följer samma designprinciper, och generellt är det meningsfullt att se Internet som en ekologi av aktörer snarare än en organisation i strikt teoretiska termer (exempelvis finns ingen tydlig övergripande strategi, organisationsnummer eller löneutbetalare). Det är dessa designprinciper, som ligger väl i linje med systemarkitektursprinciper för datorsystem, som är orsaken till Internets lager-design där man (generellt) inte ska bry som om vad som händer på andra lager än sitt eget (beskrivet som “separation of concerns” eller i dubbel negation “high cohesion” i texten) samt att ha en minimalistisk ansatts till koordinering och enbart koordinera eller skapa beroenden mellan enheter (både tekniskt och organisatoriskt) när det verkligen behövs (beskrivet som “minimum coordination” eller “low coupling” i texten). Den andra delen fokuserar på hur Internet kan socialt påverkas eller förändras till något annat, eller till något med en annan funktion sett som en styrd organisation. Jag använder begreppet social robusthet, som motpol till teknisk robusthet som i hur man tekniskt kan förstöra Internet, för att diskutera dessa aspekter. Slutsatserna här mynnar ut i att Internets explicita bottom-up och problemsuppdelnings-design gör det märkbart svårt för någon att medvetet påverka Internet för att ändra dess beskaffenhet, och dessutom visar jag att även om man praktiskt lyckas ta över de formellt beslutande råden (exempelvis ICANNs och IETFs styrelser) så finns det inga formella eller praktiska hinder för att bara ignorera dem (dvs switching costs för just ICANN eller IETF är låga, om än tekniskt omständligt med att konfigurera om rötter och routing-tabeller, och betydligt enklare än att gå från IPv4 till IPv6 då utrustning kan behöva ersättas och därmed en betydligt högre switching cost). Med andra ord, det är enklare att byta ut Internets koordinerare än att byta ut Internet mot något som fungerar annorlunda. Däremot är den rådande politiska världsordningen ett hot mot Internet, eftersom den regelstyrda och koordinerade världsordningen inte längre är lika självklar som den varit tidigare. Den tredje och sista studien fokuserar på nätneutralitet, dvs rätten nätverksoperatörer har att fånga värde i andra dimensioner än trafikmängd, som en praktiskt effekt av hur Internet styrs och fungerar. Det primära praktiska bidraget är att nätneutralitet inte får ses som enbart en reglerings och lagstiftningfråga utan det är mer relevant att prata om i termer av nätneutralitet i praktiken. I den bemärkelsen är lagstiftningens vara eller inte vara mindre intressant än praktisk nätneutralitets vara eller inte vara och en tyngdpunktsförskjutning i den offentliga debatten hade fört diskussionen närmare hur Internet fungerar. Sammanfattningsvis ger Internets designprinciper att marknadskrafter, och ej direkt reglering, ska möjliggöra nätneutralitet. För att förtydliga, tanken är att det ska finnas konkurrens inom de flesta nivåer eller lager, och att det är av vikt att det finns konkurrens rakt igenom så att en kundvilja för paketneutralitet på tjänstenivå även påverkar nätägar- och infrastrukturnivå, så att det är användarnas efterfrågan som leder till nätneutralitet (om den användarviljan finns). Dock kan det mycket väl vara så att man som användare inte är intresserad av nätneutralitet och då ska tjänsteleverantörer, nätägare och infrastrukturoperatörer inte heller tvingas vara neutrala genom lagstiftning då det går stick i stäv med designprinciperna. Inte heller ska en grupps vilja kring nätneutralitet påverka andras möjligheter att välja. Genomgående identifierar jag två kolliderande världsbilder, den distribuerade regelstyrda och koordinerade ordningen i sitt perspektiv med sina förkämpar, och den mer integrerande och suveräna världsordningen med sitt perspektiv och sina förkämpar. Rent praktiskt uppfyller Internet en önskad funktion i den tidigare men ej i den senare, då Internet designmässigt är byggt för att tillåta snarare än kontrollera och bestämma. Exempelvis finns det inte inbyggda (tekniska) mekanismer i Internet för att till exempel möjliggöra statlig övervakning eller kontroll av material som finns tillgängligt, och då ligger det mer i statens intresse att ha kontrollerade telekommunikationstjänster, såsom kabel-TV, mobiltelefoni och liknande lösningar där man inte helt enkelt kan lägga på ett “extra lager” för att uppnå kryptering, anonymitet eller tillgång till andra tjänster. I texten använder jag perspektiven tillsammans med teknologi, marknader och byråkrati för att fånga upp dynamiken och strömningarna i Internet-ekologin och jämför med tekniska samhällsförändringar, som exempelvis järnvägsnät, postverk och finansiella marknader. Jag konstaterar att Internet har varit styrt av teknologiskt baserade värderingar, till skillnad från de andra exemplen som i huvudsak har utformats av dynamiken mellan byråkrati och marknad. I denna mån förelår jag att teknologi kan användas som strömning och motperspektiv till den klassiska uppställningen med byråkrati och marknad för att beskriva fenomen i digitaliseringens tidsålder. Avhandlingen sätter även pågående trender i ett bredare perspektiv mot både organisation och teknik, och trycker på vikten av att förstå delarna var för sig och tillsammans för att på ett rikare sätt måla upp helheten. The modern society is to a large extent Internet-dependent. Today we rely on the Internet to handle communication for smart doors, self-scanning convenience stores, connected cars, production robots, telephones and ERP-systems. The purpose of this thesis is to unbundle the Internet, its technology, its coordination, and practical and theoretical consequences. Earlier research has, in telecommunications, focused on the Internet as one of many potential telecommunications services, such as cellphones or cable-TV, and the management and information systems field has by and large treated the Internet as black-boxable infrastructure. This thesis explains the Internet from the combined perspectives of technology and coordination. This text contains three empirical studies. The first is focused on conceptualizing and discussing the Internet in a meaningful way using both technology and coordination frameworks. I unceremoniously conclude that the Internet is both a technological and a coordination phenomenon and neither of these aspects can be ignored. The Internet is technological in that it concerns digital packet switched digital communication (as opposed to circuit switched) or purely analog communications. The technological dimension of the Internet is similar in its constituency to classical telecommunications networks, and has best-effort mechanisms for packet delivery. In the other dimension, coordination, the Internet is an explicit bottom-up phenomenon minimally coordinated (or governed) by other ideals than classical telecommunications networks and systems. At its core this least necessary coordination concerns technical unique identifiers necessary for inter-network communication (in practice today manifested as naming with the DNS protocol suite, and numbering with the BGP protocol suite). Both dimensions follow similar design characteristics; the design of the technical Internet is similar to the design of the coordination of the Internet. These design principles, which are well aligned with software design principles, is the cause of the Internet’s layered design (“separation of concerns” in practice) and minimal view of coordination (the “least coordinated Internet”). In general terms it is fruitful to view the Internet and involved actors as an ecology, rather than one organization or entity in need of governance or control. The second study looks at the social resilience of the Internet. That is, is it possible through social means to change what the Internet is or can be viewed as. I use social resilience as a counterpart to technical resilience, i.e. resilience to technical interference. In essence, the bottom-up and separations of concerns design of the coordination aspect of the Internet minimizes possible influence of actors intent on mission disruption. I also practically show that even a take-over of the central councils have little effect the constituency of the Internet, since these councils are not invested with formal powers of enforcement. This thesis suggests that the cost of switching from ICANN and IETF to another set of organizations is quite low due to the nature of the coordination of the Internet, compared to for example, switching all equipment to IPv6 capable equipment. However, the current political situation is a threat to the current Internet regime, since an international and rule-based world order is no longer on all states’ agendas. The final empirical study focus on the practical and theoretical implications of the Internet on the case of net neutrality. The primary contribution is that de facto and de jure net neutrality differ in practice, and as such de facto net neutrality deserves more attention. Also, I suggest that any regulation, either for or against net neutrality, is problematic, since such regulation would interfere with the inherent coordination mechanisms of the Internet. As such regulation should focus on providing the necessary markets for Internet function given the coordination and design of the Internet. As a net neutrality example, net neutral Internet access options should exist as part of a natural service offering if wanted by customers, not due to direct regulation. Throughout the thesis I identify two colliding world orders, both in terms of digital communication networks and terms of organizing society in general: the rule-based and coordinating order with its champions, and the integrated or sovereign order with its champions. In practical terms, the Internet can be considered a want in the former (the distributed perspective), but not the later (the integrative perspective), since the Internet lacks inherent (technical) controls for surveillance and content control which are necessary in a world order where borders are important. Regardless of if that importance stems from state oversight or intellectual property rights legislation. I use these perspectives together with technology, markets and bureaucracy to catch the dynamics of the Internet ecology. I then compare these dynamics with other technological and societal phenomena, such as railway networks, postal services and financial markets. And conclude that the Internet (as conceptualized in this thesis) can best be explained by technological values, in opposite to the other examples which can best by explained by the dynamics of markets and bureaucracies without any real influence of the values of technology. As such, I suggest that the classical frame of markets and bureaucracy can fruitfully be expanded with technology to better explain the Internet and similar digitization phenomena. This thesis puts current trends in a broader perspective based on technology and organization, where the two perspectives together better can draw the full picture in a rich fashion.
Book Synopsis Transforming Global Information and Communication Markets by : Peter F. Cowhey
Download or read book Transforming Global Information and Communication Markets written by Peter F. Cowhey and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 2012-01-13 with total page 353 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Innovation in information and communication technology (ICT) fuels the growth of the global economy. How ICT markets evolve depends on politics and policy, and since the 1950s periodic overhauls of ICT policy have transformed competition and innovation. For example, in the 1980s and the 1990s a revolution in communication policy (the introduction of sweeping competition) also transformed the information market. Today, the diffusion of Internet, wireless, and broadband technology, growing modularity in the design of technologies, distributed computing infrastructures, and rapidly changing business models signal another shift. This pathbreaking examination of ICT from a political economy perspective argues that continued rapid innovation and economic growth require new approaches in global governance that will reconcile diverse interests and enable competition to flourish. The authors (two of whom were architects of international ICT policy reforms in the 1990s) discuss this crucial turning point in both theoretical and practical terms.