Horizontal Gene Transfer Virulence And The Evolution Of Pathogenic Vibrio Cholerae

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Horizontal Gene Transfer, Virulence and the Evolution of Pathogenic Vibrio Cholerae

Author : Yvonne Ann O'Shea
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 166 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (795 download)

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Book Synopsis Horizontal Gene Transfer, Virulence and the Evolution of Pathogenic Vibrio Cholerae by : Yvonne Ann O'Shea

Download or read book Horizontal Gene Transfer, Virulence and the Evolution of Pathogenic Vibrio Cholerae written by Yvonne Ann O'Shea and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 166 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Vibrio cholerae is a Gram negative, curved, rod shaped bacterium. V. cholerae is the etiological agent of the diarrheal disease cholera. Of the 200 O antigen serogroups, only 01 and 0139 are known to cause epidemic and pandemic cholera. The 01 serogroup strains are divided into two biotypes classical and E1 Tor. Investigators have long sought to understand the evolution of 7th pandemic El Tor and 0139 strains. Examination of the evolutionary relationships and multilocus virulence gene profiles of V. cholerae isolates indicated that consecutive pandemic strains arose from a common 01 serogroup progenitor through the successive acquisition of new virulence regions. One such region is the Vibrio pathogenicity island (VPI) encoding the toxin co-regulated pilus (TCP) an essential host colonisation factor. The mechanism of transfer of the VPI is unclear, however in this thesis it was shown that the VPI could be transferred between V. cholerae 01 serogroup strains, via a generalised transducing phage. Previously, it was shown that certain chromosomal regions are unique to V. cholerae biotype El Tor strains, which may have led to the success of the 7th pandemic strains. For example the 7.5 kb Vibrio seventh pandemic island II (VSP-II), is one such region. In this thesis, it was found that the 7.5 kb genomic island (GI) is part of a novel 26.9 kb GI and that it shows homology to a 43.4 kb GI in V. vulnificus strain YJ016. It has been suggested that V. cholerae biotype El Tor strains persist longer in aquatic ecosystems. In this thesis, I examined the role of the stringent starvation protein A (ssaA) in stress survival. I investigated growth of a V. cholerae sspAB nutant under a range of physiological stress conditions and show that mutaions in these genes did not effect survival. The evolutionary success of V. cholerae as an endemic and pandemic pathogen may be more related to its improved interaction with the human host that to its improved fitness within environmental reservoirs.

Elucidating Factors Affecting H-NS-mediated Regulation of Horizontally Acquired Genes in Vibrio Cholerae

Author : Aaron Ross Conrado
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 198 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (123 download)

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Book Synopsis Elucidating Factors Affecting H-NS-mediated Regulation of Horizontally Acquired Genes in Vibrio Cholerae by : Aaron Ross Conrado

Download or read book Elucidating Factors Affecting H-NS-mediated Regulation of Horizontally Acquired Genes in Vibrio Cholerae written by Aaron Ross Conrado and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 198 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Horizontal gene transfer amongst bacteria plays a critical role in the evolution, emergence, and virulence of both currently recognized and novel pathogens. Vibrio cholerae exemplifies this process, as benign environmental isolates emerge as pandemic pathogens through the acquisition and incorporation of genetic elements encoding virulence factors into their progenitor genomes. In V. cholerae, these genes are localized to distinct areas of the chromosome, known as horizontally acquired islands (HAIs), which are characterized by a lower GC-content than the progenitor genome. In cholera and many other Gram-negative enterics, AT-rich DNA is bound by the H-NS protein immediately upon entrance into the cell, silencing the expression of this potentially toxic DNA. In other enterics, some proteins can remove H-NS from the DNA, allowing the cell to probe these novel genes, while others can interact with H-NS to maintain regulatory control and ensure derepression only happens when appropriate. However, such interactions with H-NS have not been observed in V. cholerae. Here, we discover and characterization of the genetic relationships between H-NS and an H-NS antagonist (ToxR, an essential protein for virulence), as well as an H-NS enhancer (TsrA, a poorly understood protein) in V. cholerae. ToxR is known to be a master activator of virulence, but we demonstrate that ToxR’s critical role is not direct activation, but rather to antagonize H-NS binding at shared binding loci related to host colonization and biofilm formation. Furthermore, TsrA, previously shown to be involved in regulation of type-VI secretion, was detected through immunoprecipitation of H-NS, followed by LC-MS/MS. Subsequent genetic analyses revealed that TsrA enhances H-NS repression of virulence genes on HAIs. Interestingly, TsrA enhances H-NS enrichment at areas of low-GC content, similar to the H-NS interactors in other enterics that V. cholerae was thought to lack. TsrA deletion also affects uptake of a mobile genetic element, establishing the first Vibrio-specific modulator of H-NS function that influences the regulation and acquisition of virulence-defining genetic elements. Knowledge of these interactions sheds light on HNS’ role in defining the virulence potential of V. cholerae and reveals a novel H-NS interactor similar to those present in other Gram-negative bacteria

Vibrio Cholerae and Cholera

Author : Kaye Wachsmuth
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 488 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Vibrio Cholerae and Cholera by : Kaye Wachsmuth

Download or read book Vibrio Cholerae and Cholera written by Kaye Wachsmuth and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 488 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Presents the latest molecular studies of virulence, colonization, gene regulation, and the O1 antigen. Gives an in-depth and analytical approach to the epidemiology of cholera that includes outbreak investigations, case-control studies, and surveillance functions. Describes the molecular approach to epidemiologic problems and questions. Tracks the global spread of cholera by genetically defining individual strains. Addresses possible intervention and prevention strategies, including the latest vaccines, and their public health relevance.

Molecular, Evolutionary and Functional Analyses of Vibrio Pathogenicity Island-2 from Vibrio Cholerae

Author : William S. Jermyn
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 177 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (795 download)

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Book Synopsis Molecular, Evolutionary and Functional Analyses of Vibrio Pathogenicity Island-2 from Vibrio Cholerae by : William S. Jermyn

Download or read book Molecular, Evolutionary and Functional Analyses of Vibrio Pathogenicity Island-2 from Vibrio Cholerae written by William S. Jermyn and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 177 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Vibrio cholerae is a Gram negative, curved rod shaped bacterium and is ubiquitous in marine an estuarine environments. V. cholerae is the etiological agent of the profuse, secretory diarrheal disease cholera. Two critical virulence factors, the toxin coregulated pilin (TCP) and cholera toxin (CT) is responsible for the pathogenicity of the bacterium. Both virulence factors are encoded on mobile genetic elements that can be transferred to non-pathogenic strains, enabling these strains to colonise and cause disease. The genes encoding the TCP pilin are located on the Vibrio pathogenicity island; whereas the CT genes are encoded on a filamentous bacteriophage CTX. Neuraminidase is a virulence factor that is thought to act synergistically with CT, by increasing the numbers of receptors available for CT binding. Numerous reports have suggested that neuraminidase is horizontally transferred in bacteria, for example the carriage of the nanH gene on Fels-1 bacteriophage in Salmonella typhimurium LT2. The aim of this thesis was to examine the mechanism of horizontal transfer of nanH in V. cholerae. Molecular and bioinformatics analyses revealed that nanH is encoded on a second pathogenicity island in V. cholerae, which was subsequently named Vibrio pathogenicity island-2 (VPI-2). The island is 57.3 kb in size and consists of three distinct regions; a type-1 restriction modification system, a nan-nag region and a Mu phage-like region. VPI-2 exhibits many of the characteristics of pathogenicity islands such as being located adjacent to a tRNA gene and is found predominantly in pathogenic strains. Interestingly, the island is also prevalent in V. mimicus, a species of Vibrio that is closely related to V. cholerae. The VPI-2 is inserted into the same chromosomal site in both species, adjacent to a tRNA serine and consists of both the nan-nag and Mu phage regions. Intriguingly, the Mu phage region is predominantly associated with clinical isolates whereas the nan-nag region is prevalent in both clinical and environmental isolates. Multi locus sequence analysis indicates that the VPI-2 has recently been transferred between the two species.

Vibrio ecology, pathogenesis and evolution

Author : Rita R Colwell
Publisher : Frontiers E-books
ISBN 13 : 288919289X
Total Pages : 240 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (891 download)

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Book Synopsis Vibrio ecology, pathogenesis and evolution by : Rita R Colwell

Download or read book Vibrio ecology, pathogenesis and evolution written by Rita R Colwell and published by Frontiers E-books. This book was released on 2014-10-24 with total page 240 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Vibrios are Gram-negative bacilli that occur naturally in marine, estuarine, and freshwater systems. Some species include human and animal pathogens capable of causing gastroenteritis, wound infections, cholera, and fatal septicemia. Over the past decades, cutting edge research on Vibrio genomics has promoted a tremendous advance in our knowledge of these pathogens. Significant developments include the discovery of emerging epidemic clones, tracking the spread of new strain variants, and an intensified appreciation of the role of mobile genetic elements in antibiotic resistance spread as well as pathogenesis. Furthermore, improved understanding of the interaction of Vibrios with a variety of living organisms in the aquatic environment has documented the significant role of environmental reservoirs in their seasonal cycle favoring persistence of the pathogen during inter-epidemic periods and enhancing disease transmission. This Research Topic is dedicated to our current understanding in these areas and will bring together leading experts in the field to provide a deep overview of Vibrios ecology and evolution, and will suggest the pathway of future research in this field.

The Biology of Vibrios

Author : Fabiano Lopes Thompson
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781683671787
Total Pages : 423 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (717 download)

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Book Synopsis The Biology of Vibrios by : Fabiano Lopes Thompson

Download or read book The Biology of Vibrios written by Fabiano Lopes Thompson and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 423 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

The Pangenome

Author : Hervé Tettelin
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3030382818
Total Pages : 311 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (33 download)

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Book Synopsis The Pangenome by : Hervé Tettelin

Download or read book The Pangenome written by Hervé Tettelin and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-04-30 with total page 311 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This open access book offers the first comprehensive account of the pan-genome concept and its manifold implications. The realization that the genetic repertoire of a biological species always encompasses more than the genome of each individual is one of the earliest examples of big data in biology that opened biology to the unbounded. The study of genetic variation observed within a species challenges existing views and has profound consequences for our understanding of the fundamental mechanisms underpinning bacterial biology and evolution. The underlying rationale extends well beyond the initial prokaryotic focus to all kingdoms of life and evolves into similar concepts for metagenomes, phenomes and epigenomes. The book’s respective chapters address a range of topics, from the serendipitous emergence of the pan-genome concept and its impacts on the fields of microbiology, vaccinology and antimicrobial resistance, to the study of microbial communities, bioinformatic applications and mathematical models that tie in with complex systems and economic theory. Given its scope, the book will appeal to a broad readership interested in population dynamics, evolutionary biology and genomics.

Vibrio Pathogenicity Island-2

Author : Salvador Almagro-Moreno
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 187 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (795 download)

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Book Synopsis Vibrio Pathogenicity Island-2 by : Salvador Almagro-Moreno

Download or read book Vibrio Pathogenicity Island-2 written by Salvador Almagro-Moreno and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 187 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The emergence of many pathogenic species is due to the acquisition of genetic material in the form of pathogenicity islands (PAIs). As a model PAI, we work with Vibrio Pathogenicity Island-2 (VPI-2), a 57 kb integrative element encoded within pathogenic strains of Vibrio cholerae. V. cholerae is a natural inhabitant of brackish and estuarine environments; however it is widely known as the etiological agent of the severe diarrheal disease cholera. A neuraminidase (NanH) is encoded within VPI-2 that unmasks the receptors of the cholera toxin, the main cause of the watery diarrhea. The term sialic acid embraces a diverse group of nine-carbon aminosugars that are widely found in mucous surfaces such as the human gut. In this study, we examined the distribution and evolution of the genes involved in the catabolism of sialic acid among bacteria (Nan) and found that they were confined to pathogenic and commensal organisms. We also uncovered several putative HGT events, some of them among kingdoms. Subsequently, we determined the function of the NanA, NanE and NanK proteins encoded within VPI-2 in V. cholerae. In addition, we found that the ability to utilize sialic acid as a carbon source conferred a competitive advantage to pathogenic isolates of V. cholerae, highlighting an important relationship between the exploitation of host{u2019}s resources and bacterial colonization. Consequently, we focused on the first step in the transfer of virulence genes within a PAI through the study of VPI-2 excision. We found that VPI-2 excision is affected by environmental stimuli. and is tightly regulated by its cognate integrase and two novel RDFs. Interestingly, one of the RDFs also affected the excision of another PAI, showing for the first time cross-talk among two PAIs. We also studied the evolution of VPI-2 among a wide number of sequenced V. cholerae.

Vaccines for Biodefense and Emerging and Neglected Diseases

Author : Alan D.T. Barrett
Publisher : Academic Press
ISBN 13 : 0080919022
Total Pages : 1519 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (89 download)

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Book Synopsis Vaccines for Biodefense and Emerging and Neglected Diseases by : Alan D.T. Barrett

Download or read book Vaccines for Biodefense and Emerging and Neglected Diseases written by Alan D.T. Barrett and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2009-03-05 with total page 1519 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The last 20 years has seen a rapid increase in infectious diseases, particularly those that are termed "emerging diseases" such as SARS, "neglected diseases" such as malaria and those that are deemed biothreats such as anthrax. It is well-recognized that the most effective modality for preventing infectious diseases is vaccination. This book provides researchers with a better understanding of what is currently known about these diseases, including whether there is a vaccine available or under development. It also informs readers of the key issues in development of a vaccine for each disease. - Provides a comprehensive treatise of the agents that are responsible for emerging and neglected diseases and those that can be used as biothreats - Includes the processes such as the vaccine development pathway, vaccine manufacturing and regulatory issues that are critical to the generation of these vaccines to the marketplace - Each chapter will include a map of the world showing where that particular disease is naturally found

Vibrios in the Environment

Author : Rita R. Colwell
Publisher : Wiley-Interscience
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 656 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Vibrios in the Environment by : Rita R. Colwell

Download or read book Vibrios in the Environment written by Rita R. Colwell and published by Wiley-Interscience. This book was released on 1984 with total page 656 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Microbial Evolution and Co-Adaptation

Author : Institute of Medicine
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309131219
Total Pages : 330 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Microbial Evolution and Co-Adaptation by : Institute of Medicine

Download or read book Microbial Evolution and Co-Adaptation written by Institute of Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2009-05-10 with total page 330 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Dr. Joshua Lederberg - scientist, Nobel laureate, visionary thinker, and friend of the Forum on Microbial Threats - died on February 2, 2008. It was in his honor that the Institute of Medicine's Forum on Microbial Threats convened a public workshop on May 20-21, 2008, to examine Dr. Lederberg's scientific and policy contributions to the marketplace of ideas in the life sciences, medicine, and public policy. The resulting workshop summary, Microbial Evolution and Co-Adaptation, demonstrates the extent to which conceptual and technological developments have, within a few short years, advanced our collective understanding of the microbiome, microbial genetics, microbial communities, and microbe-host-environment interactions.

Microbial Genomic Islands in Adaptation and Pathogenicity

Author : Indra Mani
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 9811993424
Total Pages : 369 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (119 download)

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Book Synopsis Microbial Genomic Islands in Adaptation and Pathogenicity by : Indra Mani

Download or read book Microbial Genomic Islands in Adaptation and Pathogenicity written by Indra Mani and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2023-03-31 with total page 369 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book elucidates the role of microbial genomic islands (GEIs) in genome stability, plasticity, evolutionary adaptation, and pathogenicity in the bacterial population. The initial chapters of the book present tools, including bioinformatics, artificial intelligence, machine learning, next-generation sequencing, and molecular biology techniques, for the analysis of the genomic islands. The book also discusses the importance of genomic islands in bacterial speciation, acquisition of genes related to resistome, nitrogen fixation, mobilomes, and nutritional fitness and adaptation. It provides recent advances in understanding microbial genomic islands' distribution, evolution, and mechanistic modes of behavior in pathogenic, non-pathogenic, and environmental species. This book is a valuable source for beginners in molecular microbiology, students, researchers, clinicians, stakeholders, and policymakers interested in understanding the role of GEIs in the adaptive evolution of microorganisms.

Pathogenesis of Bacterial Infections in Animals

Author : Carlton L. Gyles
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 0470344830
Total Pages : 456 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (73 download)

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Book Synopsis Pathogenesis of Bacterial Infections in Animals by : Carlton L. Gyles

Download or read book Pathogenesis of Bacterial Infections in Animals written by Carlton L. Gyles and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2008-02-28 with total page 456 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This much-anticipated third edition again consolidates the knowledge of more than twenty experts on pathogenesis of animal disease caused by various species or groups of bacteria. Emphasizing pathogenic events at the molecular and cellular levels, the editors and contributors place these developments in the context of the overall picture of disease. Pathogenesis of Bacterial Infections in Animals, Third edition, updates and expands the content of the second edition and includes cutting-edge information from the most current research. Comments on previous editions: "...highly recommended." --The Veterinary Record "...a comprehensive, complete and easy-to-use source of information." --Veterinary Microbiology "...recommended for graduate students and specialists in microbiology, pathology and infectious disease." --U.S. Animal Health Association Newsletter "...a wonderful book." --Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association "...highly recommended." --The Cornell Veterinarian Graduate students, faculty, researchers, and specialists in microbiology, pathology, and infectious diseases will benefit from this highly-detailed and expanded edition of a popular and well-read veterinary text.

Molecular Basis of Bacterial Pathogenesis

Author : Barbara H. Iglewski
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0323148670
Total Pages : 486 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (231 download)

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Book Synopsis Molecular Basis of Bacterial Pathogenesis by : Barbara H. Iglewski

Download or read book Molecular Basis of Bacterial Pathogenesis written by Barbara H. Iglewski and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 1990-01-01 with total page 486 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Molecular Basis of Bacterial Pathogenesis focuses on the molecular mechanism of disease associated with bacterial pathogens. Topics covered include the population genetics of bacterial pathogenesis; environmental modulation of gene expression in gram-negative pathogens; and bacterial invasion and intracellular growth. Bacterial toxins are also discussed. This volume is comprised of 20 chapters and begins with an overview of pathogenesis, paying particular attention to common elements and genetic mechanisms of regulation. The discovery that many bacterial pathogens are clonal, with individual clones often having a greater virulence than others, is then considered. The next section deals with the regulation of synthesis of surface components and their role in colonization of the host and/or evasion of the host immune defense systems; antigenic variation and its role in evasion of the host immune response; and the role of iron acquisition systems in the colonization of the host. Subsequent chapters explore the invasion and intracellular growth of facultative and obligate intracellular parasites. The last section is devoted to studies on the role of bacterial toxic products in pathogenesis. Bacterial lipopolysaccharides (endotoxins) and exotoxins are described. This book should be of interest to molecular biologists, physiologists, clinical specialists, pathologists, and geneticists.

The Vibrios

Author : A. L. Furniss
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 76 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (52 download)

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Book Synopsis The Vibrios by : A. L. Furniss

Download or read book The Vibrios written by A. L. Furniss and published by . This book was released on 1978 with total page 76 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Bacteriophages

Author : David R. Harper
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3319419862
Total Pages : 1376 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (194 download)

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Book Synopsis Bacteriophages by : David R. Harper

Download or read book Bacteriophages written by David R. Harper and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-01-30 with total page 1376 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This first major reference work dedicated to the mannifold industrial and medical applications of bacteriophages provides both theoretical and practical insights into the emerging field of bacteriophage biotechnology. The book introduces to bacteriophage biology, ecology and history and reviews the latest technologies and tools in bacteriophage detection, strain optimization and nanotechnology. Usage of bacteriophages in food safety, agriculture, and different therapeutic areas is discussed in detail. This book serves as essential guide for researchers in applied microbiology, biotechnology and medicine coming from both academia and industry.

Fighting Campylobacter Infections

Author : Steffen Backert
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3030654818
Total Pages : 334 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (36 download)

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Book Synopsis Fighting Campylobacter Infections by : Steffen Backert

Download or read book Fighting Campylobacter Infections written by Steffen Backert and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-02-23 with total page 334 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This edited volume explores Campylobacter species, which are some of the most important foodborne pathogens. Above all, contaminated poultry meat can cause human gastroenteritis in both developed and developing countries. The respective contributions reveal how these infections can also increase the risk of generalized paralytic diseases such as Guillain-Barré syndrome, Miller-Fisher syndrome, and Chinese paralytic syndrome. Due to their influence on the nervous system, circulatory system, and various organs, Campylobacter infections represent a serious public health concern. Campylobacter can be effectively combated by addressing the hygienic conditions in both food production and human lifestyles. Accordingly, the authors put forward a One Health perspective, which provides readers with essential insights into the basic biology of Campylobacter, as well as practical guidance on aspects ranging from food production to the clinical treatment of infections. Chapters 'Population Biology and Comparative Genomics of Campylobacter Species' and 'Natural Competence and Horizontal Gene Transfer in Campylobacter' are available open access under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License via link.springer.com.