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History Of Pakistan Army Volume Three 1965 War Analysed
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Book Synopsis History of Pakistan Army- Volume Three- 1965 War Analysed by : Agha Amin
Download or read book History of Pakistan Army- Volume Three- 1965 War Analysed written by Agha Amin and published by Createspace Independent Publishing Platform. This book was released on 2017-05-11 with total page 234 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: CONCLUSION. The Pakistan Army in 1965 had the potential keeping in view its equipment, particularly tanks and artillery, vis a vis the state of Indian Armour and Artillery to inflict a decisive defeat on India.Poor Military leadership at the higher level in the final reckoning stands out as the principal cause of failure of the Pakistan Army to inflict a decisive military defeat on India.Ayub Khan was directly responsible for the leadership failure of the Pakistan Army. Conversely it was superior equipment and in particular tanks and artillery apart from the BRB in the Ravi-Sutlej Corridor which enabled Pakistan to contain the Indians despite their considerable numerical superiority in infantry. Valour, Morale, Motivation played a part, but we must remember that valour alone did not save the Poles from being overrun by the Russians and Germans repeatedly during the period from late 18th Century till 1939!Valour did not save the Serbians from being over run by the German-Austrian-Bulgarian force in WW One. The tragedy of the Pakistan Army was that it failed to achieve even 50 % of what it was capable of achieving and only because of Qualitative reasons.The definite edge over equipment was lost after 1965 and in 1971 Pakistan was saved largely because of the fact that Indian superiority in infantry coupled with superior equipment was divided between the Eastern and Western Fronts. The year 1965 was crucial and Providence gave an opportunity to Pakistan to achieve something militarily.The Seeds of defeat were sowed long before partition and the seal of mediocrity was laid once the Ayub-Musa duo headed the army during the period 1951-1965! The Indian Army was handicapped because of an indifferent political leadership.Racially both the armies were largely similar and only fools can think that one was inherently braver than the other! Long ago Hobbes had rightly said; "Nature hath made men so equal, in the faculties of the body and mind;as that though there be found one man sometimes manifestly stronger in body or quicker of mind than another; yet when all is reckoned together, the difference between man is not so considerable, as that one man can thereupon claim to himself any benefit to which another may not pretend as well as he " . 126 The Pakistanis failed to do as well as they potentially could in 1965, keeping in view the on ground tangible realities, because in terms of intangible qualities, by virtue of a common historical experience;they were as qualitatively mediocre as the Indians! My service in Pakistan Army from 1981 to 1994, and an intense study of Sub Continental Military history, has reinforced this conviction that I first developed as a student of Forman Christian College Lahore during the period 1977-1978!The rest is Fiction!
Book Synopsis History of Pakistan Army - Volume One- 1757 to 1948-Low Cost Black and White by : Agha Amin
Download or read book History of Pakistan Army - Volume One- 1757 to 1948-Low Cost Black and White written by Agha Amin and published by Createspace Independent Publishing Platform. This book was released on 2017-05-11 with total page 434 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is the history of the post 1947 Pakistan Army as seen through the eyes of an officer who served in this army for a certain period of time. Unlike many books it is not an attempt to glorify an organisation. It does not aim to prove that one religion is better than another is or one country is more pure than another is, while the other is an evil state. It does not project any party or political leader like many post 1958, post 1971 or post 1977 works pertaining to the history of the Pakistan Army do. There are no silent soldiers or visionary soldiers, projected as heroes, as has been done in many post 1988 books, financed off course by dirty money of US dollars siphoned off from the Afghan war! There are however some forgotten or neglected heroes, which this book seeks to, rehabilitate or at least endeavour to restore them to their rightful position. The prime motivation to write this book was disgust with deliberate distortion of history, to a lesser or greater degree in both Pakistan and India. The Indian military history situation is far better than Pakistan because a democratic system ensured that the Indian Army officers were more free to write critical accounts of all three wars, a right which was denied to their Pakistani counterparts by two paper tiger soldiers who not only destroyed all political institutions in Pakistan, but also inflicted incalculable loss on the army as an institution. Ironically a substantial part of Pakistani military history has been distorted by the negative effects of the deliberate efforts of military and civilian dictators who usurped power from 1958 to 1988, three fateful decades, which disrupted intellectual growth of the Pakistani nation and ensured that no progress is made in real intellectual terms in anything to do with history. When freedom of opinion was destroyed and intellectual growth was suffocated under able sycophantic civil servants and army officers in the role of intellectual watchdogs of Ayub Zia and Bhntto regimes. A significant part of the work deals with the various myths and misconception pertaining to Indo Muslim political and military history. Unfortunately modern authors without sufficient scrutiny accepted many of these mvths, and resultantly many 0f these myths have acquired the status of reliable and irrefutable facts. Since the Pakistan Army like the Indian Army is essentially the continuation of the old British Indian Army, an effort has been made to highlight the formative and decisive influence of the colonial heritage on the post 1947 performance of both the armies. In this regard an attempt has been made to analyse the failures and successes of the post 1947 army in relation to the pre 1947 British operational and tactical concepts.
Book Synopsis Why Indian Army and Pakistan Army Failed in 1965 War by : Agha Humayun Amin
Download or read book Why Indian Army and Pakistan Army Failed in 1965 War written by Agha Humayun Amin and published by CreateSpace. This book was released on 2013-10-29 with total page 216 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: ForewordMajor (retd) Agha Humayun Amin is a rare type of army officer. He is a philosopher, debater and a very keen scholar of military affairs. His writings are prolific. He does not hesitate to call into question received wisdom and dares to explode sacred myths behind which military establishments generally hide their blunders and failures. I have benefited a great deal from his scholarly contribution on the Pakistan Army and have cited and quoted him in my book, Pakistan: The Garrison State – Origins, Evolution, Consequences (1947-2011). I particularly found his work very useful to understand the Kashmir War of 1947-48 and the 1965 war. I am therefore truly privileged to note that he has now presented a detailed analysis of the 1965 War in which he explains the reasons why neither India nor Pakistan made much headway in that conflict that lasted 17 days (6 – 23 September 1965). He writes with clarity not mincing words and therefore it is easy even for the general reader to follow his reasoning. However, he writes with an authority that comes only through a long and dedicated commitment to understanding the nature and purpose of war, the sociological and psychological underpinnings of warfare, the quality and competence needed to establish credible armed forces and above all the role and purpose of training for warfare. His knowledge is encyclopedic with regard to military philosophy. Since I have no background in military science or the art of modern warfare I am in no position to comment with authority on his evaluations of the reasons why the 1965 War ended in a stalemate. However, there is no doubt that he brings to bear his vast erudition on his analysis with great skill and persuasion. The roots of the problem are traced to the origins of the British Indian Army from whom both the Indian and Pakistani armies descend. The author argues that the Indians – Hindus, Muslims and Sikhs were recruited into that army essentially with the purpose of maintaining the status quo in the volatile tribal areas. They were never trained to be modern armies capable of independent responsibility to fight national wars. Famously, the British put little trust in the Indians with regard to leadership roles. Even when entry to the officer class or commissioned officers was granted to the Indians in 1919 they were not promoted to command positions beyond the rank of colonels. There were hardly one or two brigadiers when British rule ended in mid-August 1947. Amin asserts that the selection of officers and ordinary ranks was from amongst those sections of society which were traditionally known to have mercenary tendencies. British imperial policy conferred respectability upon them with the dubious “martial races theory”. In reality it was people from the least politically and socially aware sections of society who were employed in the Indian Army. In these circumstances, the partition of India and the division of the Indian Army resulted in sudden quick promotions. Men with little command experience and much less knowledge of strategic planning took over on both countries. While on the Indian side, Mahatma Gandhi's non-violence known as the doctrine of ahmisa resulted in the army being neglected and not being prepared to take upon the task of maintaining a credible defence of that huge country – something Nehru realized to his great horror during the 1962 Sino-Indian boundary war in which his men suffered humiliating defeat. In Pakistan, the military boss General Ayub Khan was content with the acquisition of weapons from the United States as sufficient to safeguard Pakistan. However, the problem was more serious than just two diametrically opposite philosophies on war. It was a lack of perspective on the tasks which devolve upon independent states and their armed forces. Quite simply national armies had to be fully prepared to take up the tasks commensurate with the realities of the territorial state.The author undertakes a detailed and
Book Synopsis History of Pakistan Army - Volume Two - 1948 to 1965 War by : Agha Amin
Download or read book History of Pakistan Army - Volume Two - 1948 to 1965 War written by Agha Amin and published by Createspace Independent Publishing Platform. This book was released on 2017-05-10 with total page 324 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The peculiar socio-political circumstances and historical factors amidst which a country is born, play a decisive and formative role in the qualitative efficiency as well as political outlook of an army. Thus the Israeli Army like the state of Israel was acutely conscious of the more than two thousand years of persecution which the Jews had suffered and determined to fight and die for the many century old dream of a Jewish state. The Red Army created by the military organisational genius of Leon Trotsky was again a highly motivated body of men resolved at all cost to fight for the preservation of the ideals of the Russian Revolution.The Khalsa Sikh Army created by Ranjit Singh was the final supreme qualitative result of the indomitable and legendary response of the Punjabi Sikhs to two centuries of oppression by the Mughals and Afghans. The Army of Ahmad Shah Abdali was imbued with the spirit of being the first independent army of the Pathan Muslim independent Kingdom of Afghanistan.The army of Cromwell was the result of a basically Puritan/Democratic sentiment, determined to stand against the tyranny of believers in Divine Rights of the Kings. The army of Sayyid Ahmad Shaheed was motivated by the desire to fight for the cause of their Pathan and Punjabi Muslim brethren who had been under the iron heal of an oppressive Sikh government for some three decades. The Prussian Army of 1813 was motivated by desire to expel the French who had occupied their fatherland since 1806, and the prime motivation in establishment of the famous German General Staff was in intense desire to qualitatively improve the defeated Prussian Army in such a manner that the humiliation of Jena and Auerstadt could be avenged.Similarly the motivational basis of the Wehrmacht of 1939 was an intense desire to avenge the humiliating peace treaty of Versailles. In short all armies created or owing their foundation to a state of revolutionary activity or an extraordinary situation were qualitatively superior than armies whose foundation rested on more unspectacular and ordinary political situation . The creation of India and Pakistan was not the result of an armed struggle bnt the result of a constitutional process started in 1858, and hastened by the First and Second World Wars.
Book Synopsis The Pakistan Army War of 1965 by : Shaukat Riza
Download or read book The Pakistan Army War of 1965 written by Shaukat Riza and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 650 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis A Decisive History of the 1965 Indo-Pakistani War by : Marwan Khan
Download or read book A Decisive History of the 1965 Indo-Pakistani War written by Marwan Khan and published by Independently Published. This book was released on 2018 with total page 128 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Dive into 1965 when the subcontinent was rife with increasing tensions and the boiling over of decades of growing mistrust and uncontainable conflict. This is the account of a war that is celebrated by both countries but only won by one. This is the book detailing the actual happenings of the war, its causes, and aftermath.
Book Synopsis Pakistan's Drift into Extremism by : Hassan Abbas
Download or read book Pakistan's Drift into Extremism written by Hassan Abbas and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2015-03-26 with total page 305 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book examines the rise of religious extremism in Pakistan, particularly since 1947, and analyzes its connections to the Pakistani army's corporate interests and U.S.-Pakistan relations. It includes profiles of leading Pakistani militant groups with details of their origins, development, and capabilities. The author begins with an historical overview of the introduction of Islam to the Indian sub-continent in 712 AD, and brings the story up to the present by describing President Musharraf's handling of the war on terror. He provides a detailed account of the political developments in Pakistan since 1947 with a focus on the influence of religious and military forces. He also discusses regional politics, Pakistan's attempt to gain nuclear power status, and U.S.-Pakistan relations, and offers predictions for Pakistan's domestic and regional prospects.
Book Synopsis 1965 War, the Inside Story by : R. D. Pradhan
Download or read book 1965 War, the Inside Story written by R. D. Pradhan and published by Atlantic Publishers & Dist. This book was released on 2007 with total page 172 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: 1965 War Was The First All-Out Clash Between The Two Nations India And Pakistan, After The Partition In 1947.Y.B. Chavan, India S Former Defence Minister, Recorded In His Own Hand The 22-Day War. The Inside Story Reveals:" Utter Failure Of Intelligence On Timing Of Pak Attack." How And Why Chavan Ordered Iaf To Launch Attack Without Even Informing The Pm." Why India Attacked Across The International Border? Reasons As Per Chavan Recording, If We Fail And I Cannot Even Imagine Of It The Nation Fails ." How A Division Commander Bolted From The Theatre Of Operation. " How The Army Commander Sacrificed Over 300 Men For The Greater Glory Of His Regiment . " Why The Indian Army Did Not March Into Lahore." Occasions When The Army Chief Almost Lost His Nerve." How The Defence Minister, The Army And Air Chiefs Worked As Team." How Pm Kept His Cool And Emerged As A Great Leader In War." Was It A Futile War? Did India Lose In Tashkent What Was Won On Battle-Fields." Finally, How The Political Leadership Re-Established Its Proper Relationship With The Defence Forces Leadership And Wiped Out Bitter Memories Of The 1962 India-China War.The Book Is A Tribute To The Iaf That Was Deployed In War For The First Time After The Independence. Also To India S Armoured Regiments That Fought Valiantly And Destroyed Myth Of Superiority Of The Pattons.
Download or read book The India-Pakistan War of 1965 written by and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 388 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: For the first time, the Ministry of Defence, Government of India, has made public the official documents and reports of the Indian government of India's war with Pakistan in 1965. The book contains information from war diaries, first-hand interviews, and reports of the units who served in the war. The book is extremely useful for anyone which is interested in military history and relations between India and Pakistan.
Book Synopsis Orbat 1965 India Pakistan War by : Agha H Amin
Download or read book Orbat 1965 India Pakistan War written by Agha H Amin and published by . This book was released on 2020-07-28 with total page 124 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Orders of battle (ORBAT) of Pakistan Army for India Pakistan 1965 war.Useful for students of military history as well as layman.
Book Synopsis Fighting to the End by : C. Christine Fair
Download or read book Fighting to the End written by C. Christine Fair and published by Oxford University Press, USA. This book was released on 2014 with total page 369 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Pakistan Army is poised for perpetual conflict with India which it cannot win militarily or politically. What explains Pakistan's persistent revisionism despite increasing costs and decreasing likelihood of success? This book argues that an understanding of the army's strategic culture explains its willingness to fight to the end
Download or read book Crossed Swords written by Shuja Nawaz and published by Oxford University Press, USA. This book was released on 2008 with total page 726 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Based on 30 years of research and analysis, this definitive book is a profound, multi-layered, and historical analysis of the nature and role of the Pakistan army in the country's polity as well as its turbulent relationship with the United States. Shuja Nawaz examines the army and Pakistan in both peace and war. Using many hitherto unpublished materials from the archives of the United States, the United Kingdom, and the General Headquarters of the Pakistan Army, as well as interviews with key military and political figures in Pakistan and the United States, he sheds light not only on the Pakistan Army and its US connections but also on Pakistan as a key Muslim country in one of the world's toughest neighborhoods. In doing so, he lays bare key facts about Pakistan's numerous wars with India and its many rounds of political musical chairs, as well as the Kargil conflict of 1999. He then draws lessons from this history that may help Pakistan end its wars within and create a stabler political entity. Visit http://www.shujanawaz.com for more information about Shuja Nawaz.
Book Synopsis Pakistan Military Review by : Agha Amin
Download or read book Pakistan Military Review written by Agha Amin and published by . This book was released on 2005-12-01 with total page 38 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Pakistan Army till 1965 serialised.
Book Synopsis The Turning Points 1965 War by : Sonnia Singh
Download or read book The Turning Points 1965 War written by Sonnia Singh and published by K W Publishers Pvt Limited. This book was released on 2020-12-05 with total page 194 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The 1965 war was a series of conflicts between India and Pakistan and was the second war fought over Kashmir. The war was a response to intrusions that were carried out by the Pakistani forces. The turning points are the points or the situations during the war when the eventual outcome got redefined. Each story highlights the point of no return wherein the position of a seeming defeat of India was turned around to that of victory thanks to the grit of our soldiers and the strategic planning of the military commanders. Despite being outnumbered and having outdated equipment the Indian side turned from a defensive position to offensive stance-The hunters became the hunted! The book is about strategy and tactics that changed the course of history forever. A typical war book chronicles battles and military conquests, but this book has a different approach. It presents the battles in chapters and these are chronicled in short story format though neither the battle nor the people are the ultimate subjects. The book is about the turning points that make history dramatic and are crucial to changing the tide of history. The focus is on acts, ideas and triumphs that shaped the strategy and tactics and thus shaped the course of the history of India. I have deliberately not dwelt on battalion formations and division compositions so as to make easy reading for everyone. The book has deliberately not focused on troop formations and detailed military terms and tactics.
Book Synopsis Atlas and Military History of India Pakistan Wars by : Agha Amin
Download or read book Atlas and Military History of India Pakistan Wars written by Agha Amin and published by CreateSpace. This book was released on 2012-10-13 with total page 476 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The first of my book 'The Pakistan Army till 1965' was distributed free of cost to a vast cross section of people including retired and serving Pakistani army officers of ranks varying from captain to four star general. Some copies were sent to libraries both Pakistani as well as foreign and some copies sent to research oriented organisations. No feedback was received from Pakistani readers, a happening, which may be termed as a rule rather than an exception. I have been writing for various Pakistani military journals since 1989. The various articles, which I thus wrote, dealt with doctrine, military training, leadership etc. With the exception of four cases out of which three were letters written praising my articles in two lines by officers who retired as colonels or brigadiers and one in which a factual error inadvertently committed by me was pointed out by the late General Attiq-ur-Rahman. No letter was written by any officer critically analysing my articles. The same is true for the vast majority of articles published in various army journals and magazines. The trend in Pakistan since independence has been towards anti-intellectualism. There are historical reasons for this anti-intellectualism. The irony is that the situation was not remedied after independence. Education in British India was aimed at acquiring degrees so that Indians could become lawyers doctors or government officials. That they surely did, in the process of which some acquired great wealth and also became political leaders, senior civil servants and prosperous middle class professionals. The intellectual basis of modern Europe's success was the renaissance, the French Revolution and the Industrial revolution. During this period great progress was made in Europe in political thought, philosophy and scientific advancement. The Indo-Pak sub-continent was introduced to modern thought by the British by virtue of being colonial subjects of the English East India Company. Thus research intellectual activity etc were never important or of any consequence for the people of the Indo-Pak. On the other hand a mad rush towards acquiring rank and status, government jobs or political power by claiming to be champions of Hindu and Muslim rights plagued the Indo-Pak Sub-Continent! Once this mad rush for government patronage and jobs got an impetus from 1858, communalism became a major factor in Indo-Pak politics. This was since at this time the other parts of the world were talking about nationalism, socialism and political liberties. All the intellectual thrust of Indians was towards interpreting laws in communal terms! This was a Godsend blessing for the British colonial rulers! They encouraged communalism since it divided the Indians and ensured that they stayed away from dangerous ideas like war of liberation against the colonial state or from socialism or communism. The British very cleverly introduced parliamentary institutions, which enabled the leading Indians to divert their energy into harmless constitutional debates! The fathers of communalism as an idea in Indian politics were Syed Ahmad Khan, Lala Lajpat Rai, Gandhi and the Jauhar brothers! The British on the other hand right from 1858 followed a subtle but brilliant policy, introducing parliamentary democracy as bait to divert the energies of the more prominent Indians! A bait, which aroused ambition, whether based on ego, lust for glory, social recognition or material rewards! Peaceful yet heroic! Safe yet glorious! The double advantage of pursuing a prosperous law practice or business career or wielding feudal power while at the same time also being leaders of the subject Indians and the possible successors of the British Viceroys! Parliamentary democracy or its prospects once the British finally left India produced two distinct kinds of reactions, both of which helped the British and went against the people of the Indo-Pak Sub-continent!
Book Synopsis Illusion of Victory by : Mahmud Ahmed
Download or read book Illusion of Victory written by Mahmud Ahmed and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 638 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Journal of Book Reviews-Christine Fairs Twisted Analysis of Pakistan Army by : Agha Amin
Download or read book Journal of Book Reviews-Christine Fairs Twisted Analysis of Pakistan Army written by Agha Amin and published by . This book was released on 2018-08-22 with total page 82 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Christine cites sources who were in their nappies when Pakistans disputes with India started but forgets direct participants like Lieutenant Sir James Wilson,KBE,MC who in an article published Army Quarterly and Defence Journal,Volume 121,No 3,July 1991, noted on page-304 that :--"Many influential Indians,most importantly the key minister for the interior ,Sardar Patel never accepted the reality of Pakistan".They felt it was a ramshackle creation which would collapse sooner rather than later,and resolved to give the new state neither help nor credibility".But Ms Christine is infected with preconceived germs of hostility and constantly cites rabidly hostile sources like Haqqani,Arif Jamal,Ganguly etc.Her assertion on page 4 that Pakistan was repeatedly defeated by India also proves her total ignorance of basic facts of Indo Pak military history which this scribe will re-state for the benefit of the layman reader:--1- Kashmir War-1947-48- DRAW2- 1965 Indo pak War- INCONCLUSIVE3- 1971 Indo Pak War- Pakistan lost its Eastern wing but India failed to destroy Pakistans strategic centre of gravity in West Pakistan and Indias greatest Strategic thinker Ravi Rikhye describes 1971 War as a strategic failure.Even Indias Chief of Staff of Eastern Command General Jacob in his book "Surrender at Dacca" stated that all that India gained in the war was lost at the negotiating table at Simla.4- Siachen -1984- Ongoing -INCONCLUSIVE5- Kargil - Pakistani failure but brought no strategic change in Kashmir.6- Afghanistan proxy war of Pakistan and India . Pakistani proxies called Taliban dominate some 55 % of the country despite US/NATO presence.How this so called educated lady terms it as repeated defeat for Pakistan is hard to understand.Her claim on page-4 that Pakistans concerns towards India are ideological rather than security driven is also questionable and debatable.
