Historic Survival Rates And Cause Specific Mortality For Columbian Black Tailed Deer In Southwest Oregon

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Historic Survival Rates and Cause-Specific Mortality for Columbian Black-Tailed Deer in Southwest Oregon

Author : Kevyn A. Groot
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 93 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (913 download)

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Book Synopsis Historic Survival Rates and Cause-Specific Mortality for Columbian Black-Tailed Deer in Southwest Oregon by : Kevyn A. Groot

Download or read book Historic Survival Rates and Cause-Specific Mortality for Columbian Black-Tailed Deer in Southwest Oregon written by Kevyn A. Groot and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 93 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In contrast with other Odocoileus species, Columbian black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus columbianus) population dynamics are not well understood throughout the species' range. Concerns over apparent long-term population declines have prompted efforts to fill basic knowledge gaps including estimates of vital rates (fecundity, recruitment and survival) and cause-specific mortality. The Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife completed an extensive Columbian black-tailed (black-tailed) deer radio-collaring study in Oregon's south Cascade range from 1994 - 2000, with the goal of better understanding and anticipating the effects of different harvest management strategies on deer herds in the region. I utilized this historical data to conduct an in-depth investigation of seasonal sex- and age-specific survival rates and cause-specific mortality rates for marked black-tailed deer. I used known-fate data for 293 male and female radio-collared black-tailed of 3 age classes (yearling, 2-year old, adult) to estimate seasonal survival and investigate a variety of explanatory factors including sex, age class, temporal effects (seasonal, annual and trends across season and year), and time-dependent large-scale regional climate covariates. Variation in survival rates for this population was best explained by an interaction between sex and age class, with decreased probability of survival with increasing age class. The age effect was most pronounced in males, and although female survival in the older age classes was higher compared to male survival as predicted, yearling males had higher survival rates than yearling females. There was strong support for temporal variation in survival between summer and winter seasons, with winter survival best modeled as constant across years and summer survival variable across years. Winter survival was generally higher than summer except in 1997 when winter and summer rates were similar. Despite annual variation in summer survival rates, large-scale climate indices (Southern Oscillation Index, Pacific Decadal Oscillation, and Palmer Drought Severity Index) did not explain any temporal variation in survival rates within seasons. Low survival rates during the summer season, particularly for older males, resulted in low estimates of annual survival in some years. Annual estimates for males ranged from 0.47 - 0.76 for yearlings, 0.29 - 0.60 for 2-year olds and 0.14 - 0.40 for adults across the 6 years of this study. Annual estimates for females were generally higher than for males but were some of the lowest documented for the species, ranging from 0.47 - 0.76 for yearlings, 0.46 - 0.75 for 2-year olds and 0.44 - 0.74 for adults. I used the nonparametric cumulative incidence function estimator (NPCIFE) to generate annual and seasonal cumulative incidence functions for four competing risks: harvest, predation, other low-incidence sources of anthropogenic or natural mortality, and mortality due to unknown sources. Annual and seasonal risk functions were pooled across all years of the study to maximize sample size. As predicted in this system with limited antlerless harvest, cumulative risk of harvest across the entire annual cycle (365 days) was significantly higher for males (0.16, 95% CI = 0.11 - 0.21); a 16% annual cumulative risk compared to just 3% for females (0.03, 95% CI = 0.01 - 0.05). In addition, cause-specific mortality by male age class during the period of highest hunting pressure (general Cascade rifle season) suggested that 2-year-old males had over twice the cumulative risk of legal harvest with 22% of this age class killed by hunters during the general rifle season (0.22, 95% CI = 0.12 - 0.33) compared to 10% of adults (0.10, 95% CI = 0.04 - 0.15). Most yearling males survived the harvest season as cumulative legal harvest risk for yearling males was low (0.02, 95% CI = -0.01 - 0.06) relative to 2-year-olds and adults. Cougars (Puma concolor) were the primary predator of marked black-tailed deer and there was no significant difference in annual cumulative predation risk between the sexes (males: 0.05, 95% CI = 0.02 - 0.08; females: 0.05, 95% CI = 0.03 - 0.08), with only 5% risk of predation each year for both males and females. There was strong evidence that cumulative predation risk for females was higher in winter (0.04, 95% CI = 0.02 - 0.06) compared to summer (0.01, 95% CI = -0.002 - 0.02), and an increase in cumulative risk from February to May provides supportive evidence that females are more susceptible to predation during these months. High survival rates of yearling males with dramatic declines in survival once many of these deer became 2-year olds or older suggest that harvest may have had an additive effect and been the primary cause of low survival rates observed for males. Observed variability in summer survival resulted in variable, and in some years very low, annual survival rates for adult females; a strong contrast to the generally stable annual survival rates reported for other populations of mule deer. The highest estimates of annual survival for yearling males and for females of all age classes (0.74) in 1997 are comparable to the low range of estimates observed in other populations, but in other years estimates are much lower than what has been previously reported for black-tailed deer. These low survival rates might suggest a mechanism resulting in population decline over time, but more information on other vital rates (fecundity, fawn survival, and recruitment), carrying capacity of the system and population size is necessary to understand the population dynamics of black-tailed deer in this region during the 1990's. Properties of the data relative to male age classes in particular (low sample sizes, high censoring rates) decreased precision of these estimates and might have resulted in biased estimates. Adult females had consistently sufficient sample sizes over the course of the study to generate more precise, reliable estimates of survival, particularly in the latter 3 years of the study; these estimates should therefore be viewed with more confidence. Cause-specific mortality rates should be viewed as minimums due to the high number of unknown mortalities (40% of total) in the study population, but they suggest that hunting is the primary source of mortality for adult males and predation has the highest impact on seasonal female mortality rates. Given the historical nature of these results, my estimates should be used as a baseline and foundation for comparison with results from current black-tailed deer research in Oregon. These results have raised potential questions regarding harvest levels on male black-tailed deer in addition to possible resource constraints affecting both sexes on seasonal ranges, and can therefore focus new research to address these concerns.

Survival Rates and Cause-Specific Mortality of Mule Deer in South-Central Oregon

Author : Elizabeth M. Mulligan
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 87 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (93 download)

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Book Synopsis Survival Rates and Cause-Specific Mortality of Mule Deer in South-Central Oregon by : Elizabeth M. Mulligan

Download or read book Survival Rates and Cause-Specific Mortality of Mule Deer in South-Central Oregon written by Elizabeth M. Mulligan and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 87 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: It is critical for wildlife managers to understand the population dynamics of a harvested species, particularly for ungulates, which are a valuable wildlife resource. Due to concerns that mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) populations in Oregon were declining, more comprehensive data on population vital rates and the factors potentially affecting them were needed by resource managers. To meet this research need, Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife implemented a seven year study to investigate habitat use and survival of mule deer in eastern Oregon. From 2005-2012, the agency radiocollared 621 mule deer in south-central Oregon in order to gain more comprehensive information about seasonal movement, seasonal and annual survival, and changes in habitat use for the population. I used the radio-telemetry data from this larger study to investigate mule deer survival rates and cause-specific mortality and the effects of deer seasonal distributions, movement behavior, and environmental factors such as annual and climatic variation. I used known-fate data for 408 adult female radio-collared mule deer to estimate monthly survival rates and to investigate a variety of factors that might affect these rates including seasonal distribution, temporal effects (seasonal, annual, and trends across season and year), movement behavior, and climatic covariates on differing scales. Variation in survival rates for this population of female mule deer in eastern Oregon was best explained by an additive effect of migration behavior, fall migration period, and precipitation levels on individual winter ranges. Survival was significantly higher for migratory deer than residents. Both groups had lower survival during the fall migration period (Oct-Nov) and a positive linear relationship between survival and winter precipitation in individual winter ranges. Annual survival estimates for migrants ranged from 0.81-0.82, which is similar to other findings, but survival rates for residents (0.76- 0.77) were low in comparison to survival rates for adult female mule deer in other parts of their range. I used a nonparametric cumulative incidence function estimator (NPCIFE) to generate annual cumulative incidence functions separately for males and females due to differing risks associated with each sex. The four competing sources of mortality I included in this analysis for males were legal harvest, illegal harvest, predation, and starvation, disease, vehicle or fence-collision combined as one category (i.e., other). For females in investigated predation, human-associated mortality (vehicle or fence), illegal harvest, and natural causes (starvation and disease). Annual risk functions were pooled across all years of the study to maximize sample size. For males, the cumulative risk was highest for legal harvest (0.249, 95%CI=0.172-0.326), with predation the next highest cause of mortality for this sex (0.104, 95%CI=0.042-0.611). For females, the cumulative risk was highest for predation, (0.044, 95%CI=0.028-0.065) with anthropogenic causes (0.038, 95%CI=0.021-0.054) and illegal harvest (0.031, 95%CI=0.17-0.054) also important sources of mortality. Higher monthly survival rates of migrants compared to residents (across all months of the biological cycle) suggested that leaving for potentially higher quality summer foraging grounds outweighed the cost of traveling through unfamiliar habitats and energy expenditure from migration. Conversely, it may also imply that the summer ranges for residents had a negative effect on survival due to habitat quality or human disturbance. Both migrants and residents had lower monthly survival during the fall migration period (Oct - Nov). Female mule deer were excluded from the state-managed bow and rifle hunting season during this study, but females may experience the negative effects of human disturbance associated with fall hunting activities. This time of year is also energetically costly for females, being that some may still be nursing, which could have an additive effect to the energy used to migrate or avoid human disturbance. Winter precipitation also had positive effect on survival for both groups, possibly because increased average winter precipitation resulted in increased winter forage quantity and quality. My results suggest that female survival rates observed during my study are on the low end of the range reported for this species and may be contributing to population declines of mule deer in Oregon. Annual estimates of male survival were also low, but it is unclear how that might contribute to overall population declines without more information on annual and seasonal variation in male survival. Surprisingly, I observed high levels of illegal harvest on female deer and evidence that female survival during the fall migration period, which overlaps Oregon's legal harvest season, was lower than other times of the year. It is unclear why the fall migration period negatively affects both migrants and resident deer similarly, but future research should attempt to determine the specific factors that are negatively impacting mule deer survival during this time period in south-central Oregon. In addition, as human development in the area continues to grow, it is important to consider migration paths and the habitat quality of both summer and winter ranges. My results suggested that conditions may differ between summer ranges in particular, for residents vs. migrants, and understanding these differences may be the key to increasing survival of female mule deer in Oregon. Sharing information from this study with law enforcement and the general public may be the first step towards increasing awareness of, and thereby reducing, the relatively high levels of illegal harvest I documented for the female population. Future research should focus on investigating the differences in habitat quality for residents versus migrants, the factors that decrease survival during fall migration for both groups, and the social and economic factors that contribute to the illegal harvest of female mule deer in eastern Oregon.

Mortality Studies of Columbian Black-tailed Deer in the Coastal Region of Oregon

Author : Lee Wallace Kuhn
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 156 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (191 download)

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Book Synopsis Mortality Studies of Columbian Black-tailed Deer in the Coastal Region of Oregon by : Lee Wallace Kuhn

Download or read book Mortality Studies of Columbian Black-tailed Deer in the Coastal Region of Oregon written by Lee Wallace Kuhn and published by . This book was released on 1942 with total page 156 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Ecology and Management of Black-tailed and Mule Deer of North America

Author : James R. Heffelfinger
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1000851559
Total Pages : 537 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (8 download)

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Book Synopsis Ecology and Management of Black-tailed and Mule Deer of North America by : James R. Heffelfinger

Download or read book Ecology and Management of Black-tailed and Mule Deer of North America written by James R. Heffelfinger and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2023-04-27 with total page 537 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Black-tailed and mule deer represent one of the largest distributions of mammals in North America and are symbols of the wide-open American West. Each chapter in this book was authored by the world’s leading experts on that topic. Both editors, James R. Heffelfinger and Paul R. Krausman, are widely published in the popular and scientific press and recipients of the O. C. Wallmo Award, given every two years to a leading black-tailed and mule deer expert who has made significant contributions to the conservation of this species. In addition, Heffelfinger has chaired the Mule Deer Working Group sponsored by the Western Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies for more than 15 years. This working group consists of the leading black-tailed and mule deer experts from each of 24 states, provinces, and territories in western North America, putting them at the forefront of all conservation and much of the research on this species. The book represents all current knowledge available on these deer, including how changing conditions such as fires, habitat alteration and loss, disease, climate change, socio-economic forces, energy development, and other aspects are influencing their distribution and abundance now and into the future. It takes a completely fresh look at all chapter topics. The revisions of distribution, taxonomy, evolution, behavior, and new and exciting work being done in deer nutrition, migration and movements, diseases, predation, and human dimensions are all assembled in this volume. This book will instantly become the foundation for the latest information and management strategies to be implemented on the ground by practitioners and to inform the public. Although this book is about deer, the topics discussed influence most terrestrial wildlife worldwide, and the basic concepts in many of the chapters are applicable to other species.

Effects of Predation and Forage Availability on the Survival of Black-tailed Deer (Odocoileus Hemionus Columbianus) in the Mendocino National Forest, California

Download Effects of Predation and Forage Availability on the Survival of Black-tailed Deer (Odocoileus Hemionus Columbianus) in the Mendocino National Forest, California PDF Online Free

Author : Tavis Donahue Forrester
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781321608526
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (85 download)

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Book Synopsis Effects of Predation and Forage Availability on the Survival of Black-tailed Deer (Odocoileus Hemionus Columbianus) in the Mendocino National Forest, California by : Tavis Donahue Forrester

Download or read book Effects of Predation and Forage Availability on the Survival of Black-tailed Deer (Odocoileus Hemionus Columbianus) in the Mendocino National Forest, California written by Tavis Donahue Forrester and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Mule (Odocoileus hemionus) and black-tailed deer (O. h. columbianus) have exhibited marked population fluctuations throughout their range over the past century. The relative contributions of predation, forage availability, and weather to observed population changes remain unclear and controversial. I evaluated the effects of both predation and forage on the survival of mule and black-tailed deer though a literature review and extensive field research in the Mendocino National Forest from 2009-2013. I reviewed 48 studies on mule deer survival and predation from the past 30 years and quantified age-specific vital rates, population growth rates (lamda) and causes of mortality. I also evaluated the effect of environmental variables on variation in vital rates and the contribution of age-specific survival to population growth. Age-specific survival (Phi) was the most frequently studied population parameter. Mule deer have lower and more variable fawn survival than other ungulate species (Phi(summer)=0.44, CV=0.42; Phi(annual)=0.29, CV=0.67). Adult female survival conversely appeared to be high and stable throughout the geographical range of the species (Phi(annual)=0.84, CV=0.06). Observed low fawn survival appears to be compensated for by high fecundity rates. Predation was the primary proximate cause of mortality for all age classes, and was an important source of summer fawn mortality and of mortality in multi-prey, multi-predator systems. However, predator removal studies suggest that predation is compensatory, particularly at high deer densities, and that nutrition and weather shape population dynamics. I propose three models to explain local population dynamics of mule deer: a) populations are limited by forage availability and weather; b) adult females are limited by forage availability, fawns are limited by forage availability and predation, and population growth is constrained by fecundity and fawn predation; and c) large changes in the abundance of predators or alternative prey change predation risk and destabilize population dynamics. From 2009 to 2013, I led field crews that captured and monitored 135 black-tailed deer fawns in coastal California to study possible interactions between forage and predation on survival. I estimated seasonal and annual survival rates, assessed the cause of all mortalities (n=95), measured available forage, estimated relative abundances of predators on summer range (i.e., fawning areas) each year, and used remote sensing to quantify habitat on winter range. I then used cumulative incidence and proportional hazards functions to evaluate how environmental covariates were related to fawn survival. Summer survival rates averaged 0.40 across all years (SE=0.05) and the mean annual survival rate was 0.25 (SE=0.04). I found that most fawn mortality resulted from predation during summer, mainly by black bears (Ursus americanus) and coyotes (Canis latrans), and spatial differences in summer survival persisted until recruitment. Black bear predation, the single largest cause of mortality, was unrelated to forage availability. Observed spatial variation in mortality risk due to other causes was linked to the availability of oak forage but not predator abundance. Additionally, characteristics of deer including adult female condition and fawn birthweight, did not provide evidence for purely bottom-up limitation. Rather my results provided evidence that both bottom-up and top-down effects were influencing fawn survival in this declining population, and that predator identity and the timing of mortality affected these interactions. I also tracked 57 adult female black-tailed deer using GPS collars and radio-telemetry to determine seasonal movements and home ranges and monitor survival and cause of mortality. I used the seasonal home range as a measure of site familiarity and modeled how mortality risk varied with use of familiar areas, forage availability, age class, and elevational overlap with simultaneously collared pumas using Cox proportional hazards models. Adult female survival was low in our study area (0.70 vs. 0.84 species average), and predation was the largest cause of mortality. The use of familiar areas was the best predictor of mortality risk, and deer that had a 40% chance of leaving the home range in a given week were 4 times more likely to die. Puma predation was the largest cause of mortality and deer whose average weekly elevation was farther from the average elevation of pumas were less likely to die. While forage availability was not related to mortality risk, adult females with lower forage availability were more likely to leave their home range in both summer and winter. I found fitness benefits of using familiar areas and bottom-up effects on the use of familiar areas as a refuge from predation. The benefits of site familiarity are likely widespread in ungulates, especially when there are stable home ranges, complex habitats, and unclear cues of predation risk. My results provide evidence that both bottom-up and top-down effects were influencing black-tailed deer survival in this declining population, and that predator identity, the timing of mortality, and individual behavior affected these interactions.

Ecology of Columbian Black-tailed Deer Fawns in Western Oregon

Author : Nathan P. Pamplin
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 150 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (561 download)

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Book Synopsis Ecology of Columbian Black-tailed Deer Fawns in Western Oregon by : Nathan P. Pamplin

Download or read book Ecology of Columbian Black-tailed Deer Fawns in Western Oregon written by Nathan P. Pamplin and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page 150 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Little is known about Columbian black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus columbianus) because of their elusive nature and the logistical difficulty of studying them in densely forested and mountainous terrain. The Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife has identified fawn survival as an important gap in the current knowledge of demography and their understanding of an apparent population decline. We used vaginal-implant transmitters to locate birth sites and capture newborn Columbian black-tailed deer fawns in the Umpqua National Forest in western Oregon. We used modified Clover traps to capture deer during the winter and early spring of 2000 and 2001. Vaginal-implant transmitters were inserted into 36 adult does in 2000 and 32 adult does in 2001. We identified a total of 42 birth sites within our study area using this technique and we captured 23 fawns which we monitored daily throughout the summer. We modeled birth site selection by examining both site-specific variables and characteristics that describe habitat structure across a nested, hierarchical range of four circular areas. We used logistic regression to compare 42 birth sites with 80 random sites. The model that explained the most variation included the amount of edge and the average slope within 1,000 m of the birth site. We radiocollared 23 fawns from 2000 and 2001; 19 were captured at the birth site, which was identified using the vaginal-implant transmitter, and 4 were captured opportunistically. Fawns were located at least every other day and we assessed habitat selection using selection ratios. Fawns used open and shelterwood patches more than their availability in the study area. Timber habitats were used most by fawns, but were used less than available. Survival was monitored daily from the fawns estimated date of birth to 76 days. The Kaplan-Meier survival estimate for 76 days was 44% (95% confidence interval=23-66%). We fitted our survival data to the Weibull distribution and took an information-theoretic approach to construct a priori models using fawn capture morphometrics and habitat variables within a 600 m and 1,000 m radius of the capture site. The model that best explained fawn survival time was the amount of roads within a 1,000 m radius of the capture site. A higher road density within fawn summer range increases fawn survival time by likely minimizing predator density due to vehicular disturbance.

Ecological Relationships Between Columbian White-tailed and Black-tailed Deer in Southwest Oregon

Author : Lowell W. Whitney
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 212 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (539 download)

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Book Synopsis Ecological Relationships Between Columbian White-tailed and Black-tailed Deer in Southwest Oregon by : Lowell W. Whitney

Download or read book Ecological Relationships Between Columbian White-tailed and Black-tailed Deer in Southwest Oregon written by Lowell W. Whitney and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page 212 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: I examined ecological relationships and mechanisms of coexistence for sympatric populations of Columbian white-tailed (Odocoileus virginianus leucurus) and black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus columbianus) in Douglas County, Oregon, from September 1997 to August 1998. Horseback transects were used to describe spatial distributions, population overlap, and habitat use for both species. Behavioral observations were conducted to examine intraspecific and interspecific social interactions. Diets were studied with microhistological analysis, and fecal nitrogen and neutral detergent fiber in fecal samples were used as indices of diet quality. Interspecific differences in foraging micro-site use and selection were investigated using vegetative surveys. Distribution patterns indicated that white-tailed and black-tailed deer maintained a degree spatial separation during most seasons, with spatial overlap ranging from 5 to 40% seasonally. White-tailed deer were more concentrated and tended to occur in the southern portions of the study area, which was characterized by lower elevations, more gradual slopes, and closer proximity to streams. Black-tailed deer were more wide ranging and tended to occur in the northern portions of the study area, which had higher elevations and greater topological relief. Coefficients of species association were negative suggesting that the species maintained spatial separation through mutual avoidance. In regions of population overlap, the species maintained separation by choosing different micro-sites in which to forage. Habitat use patterns were similar seasonally between white-tailed and black-tailed deer with overlap ranging from 89 to 96%. White-tailed deer used nearly all habitats available on the study area except those associated with conifers. They used oak-hardwood savanna shrub, open grassland, oak-hardwood savanna and riparian habitats the most. Black-tailed deer exhibited high use for open grassland and oak-hardwood savanna shrub habitats and lower use of all others. Columbian white-tailed and black-tailed deer exhibited strong seasonal similarities in diets with overlap ranging from 89 to 95%. White-tailed deer diets were dominated by forbs, shrubs, grasses, and other food sources (e.g., nuts, lichens). Columbian black-tailed deer diets were dominated mostly by forbs and other food sources. Seasonal diet diversity followed similar patterns for both species with the most diverse diets occurring in the fall and the least diverse diets in the spring. Detailed observation of behavioral interactions among white-tailed and black-tailed deer groups revealed that intraspecific interactions were more likely than interspecific interactions. Interactions among white-tailed deer groups were equally likely to be passive or active, while those among black-tailed groups were more likely to be passive. Interspecific interactions between white-tailed and black-tailed deer were infrequent. When they did occur, little aggression was observed and evidence of consistent dominance by either species was lacking. High overlap in habitat use and diets resulted in high trophic overlap (81 to 85% seasonally) between white-tailed and black-tailed deer; however, the low spatial overlap reduced the potential for exploitative competition between the species. High habitat heterogeneity on the study area created diverse niche characteristics that allowed white-tailed and black-tailed deer to have strong similarities in diets and habitat use, while coexisting. I hypothesized that the two species were competitively excluding each other.

Survival, Cause-specific Mortality, and Habitat Selection of Translocated Female Mule Deer in Southern New Mexico

Author : Jana Bethanie Ashling
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 248 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (958 download)

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Book Synopsis Survival, Cause-specific Mortality, and Habitat Selection of Translocated Female Mule Deer in Southern New Mexico by : Jana Bethanie Ashling

Download or read book Survival, Cause-specific Mortality, and Habitat Selection of Translocated Female Mule Deer in Southern New Mexico written by Jana Bethanie Ashling and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 248 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Many mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) populations in southern New Mexico have failed to recover from past population declines. Concurrently, populations near urban areas have increased, resulting in overabundant populations and increased human-wildlife conflicts, including damage to property and increased vehicle collisions. Rather than conducting large-scale, lethal removal of mule deer, a translocation program was initiated in an effort to simultaneously reduce the density of the urban mule deer population in Silver City, New Mexico, and augment low density populations in two local mountain ranges: the Peloncillo Mountains (PE) and San Francisco River Valley (SFRV) in southwestern New Mexico. I monitored survival and cause-specific mortality, and compared a hard versus soft release method in the second year to determine if release method influenced survival rates. Causes of mortality were predation (51%), disease (9%), accident (5%), and poaching (5%) with an additional 20% of mortalities due to unknown causes. Mountains lions (Puma concolor) caused most of the confirmed predator kills. Annual survival of translocated deer varied by year and location, but did not differ between release methods. In 2013-2014, annual survival in the PE of hard-released deer was 0.61 (SE = 0.10) compared to 0.26 (SE = 0.09) in the SFRV. In 2014-2015, survival of hard-released deer in the PE was 0.65 (SE = 0.16) and survival of soft-released deer was 0.77 (SE = 0.12). In the SFRV, survival of hard- and soft-released deer was 0.67 (SE = 0.15) and 0.49 (SE = 0.16), respectively. Results of my study demonstrate that translocation can be an effective management tool to augment populations of mule deer while reducing over abundant urban populations. It also aids in evaluation of release method, with my study showing that release method did not appear to affect survival. although the timeframe and conditions were limited.

Movements, Habitat Associations, and Survival of Columbian White-tailed Deer in Western Oregon

Author : Mark A. Ricca
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 340 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (443 download)

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Book Synopsis Movements, Habitat Associations, and Survival of Columbian White-tailed Deer in Western Oregon by : Mark A. Ricca

Download or read book Movements, Habitat Associations, and Survival of Columbian White-tailed Deer in Western Oregon written by Mark A. Ricca and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page 340 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Columbian white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus leucurus, CWTD) are a geographically isolated and federally endangered sub-species for which there is a paucity of recent ecological information. I described and examined sources of variation in spatial use patterns (i.e. home range, areas of concentrated use, and movements), habitat associations, and survival for adult and fawn CWTD in Douglas County, Oregon. I radio-collared and monitored 64 adult CWTD and 36 newborn fawn CWTD from ca. December 1995 - September 1998. Locations for adults were obtained from September 1996 - December 1998. Locations for fawns were obtained from June - September, 1997 - 1998. Spatial use estimates for adults tended to be variable among deer. Mean 95% fixed kernel home range size was 74.5 ha (CV = 83%), while areas of concentrated use averaged 8.5 ha (CV = 93%). The sexes appeared to be partitioning space because males had larger home ranges, areas of concentrated use (which are analogous to core areas), and movements than females. Deer inhabiting human-influenced areas (suburban deer) consistently exhibited smaller movements and used less space than those away from human influence (wild deer). Mean home range size, area of concentrated use size, and distance between successive locations was generally greatest in fall and lowest in winter. Site fidelity to seasonal home ranges and areas of concentrated use was lowest between fall-winter and summer-fall. Unexpectedly, size of home ranges and areas of concentrated use were positively correlated with cover type heterogeneity. Annual adult survival rates averaged 0.73. Neither annual survival rates nor functions differed by sex or type. Survival over the entire 3 year study was low (0.39). Most deer died in winter from a combination of emaciation and disease and generally were in poor body condition. Oak-hardwood woodland, riparian, and oak-hardwood savanna shrub were the most frequently used cover types. On an annual basis, the majority of deer (31%) selected riparian areas. The frequency of selection of all non-riparian cover types was

Annual Survival and Cause-specific Mortality of White-tailed Deer Fawns on Mount Desert Island, Maine

Author : Robert A. Long
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 56 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (411 download)

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Book Synopsis Annual Survival and Cause-specific Mortality of White-tailed Deer Fawns on Mount Desert Island, Maine by : Robert A. Long

Download or read book Annual Survival and Cause-specific Mortality of White-tailed Deer Fawns on Mount Desert Island, Maine written by Robert A. Long and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 56 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

The Science of Overabundance

Author : William J. Mcshea
Publisher : National Geographic Books
ISBN 13 : 1588340627
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (883 download)

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Book Synopsis The Science of Overabundance by : William J. Mcshea

Download or read book The Science of Overabundance written by William J. Mcshea and published by National Geographic Books. This book was released on 2003-01-17 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Easily the most common of America’s large wildlife species, white-tailed deer are often referred to as "overabundant." But when does a species cross the threshold from common to overpopulated? This question has been the focus of debate in recent years among hunters, animal rights activists, and biologists. William McShea and his colleagues explore every aspect of the issue in The Science of Overabundance. Are there really too many deer? Do efforts to control deer populations really work? What broader lessons can we learn from efforts to understand deer population dynamics? Through twenty-three chapters, the editors and contributors dismiss widely held lore and provide solid information on this perplexing problem.

Cougar

Author : Maurice Hornocker
Publisher : University of Chicago Press
ISBN 13 : 0226353478
Total Pages : 331 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (263 download)

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Book Synopsis Cougar by : Maurice Hornocker

Download or read book Cougar written by Maurice Hornocker and published by University of Chicago Press. This book was released on 2009-12-15 with total page 331 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The cougar is one of the most beautiful, enigmatic, and majestic animals in the Americas. Eliciting reverence for its grace and independent nature, it also triggers fear when it comes into contact with people, pets, and livestock or competes for hunters’ game. Mystery, myth, and misunderstanding surround this remarkable creature. The cougar’s range once extended from northern Canada to the tip of South America, and from the Pacific to the Atlantic, making it the most widespread animal in the western hemisphere. But overhunting and loss of habitat vastly reduced cougar numbers by the early twentieth century across much of its historical range, and today the cougar faces numerous threats as burgeoning human development encroaches on its remaining habitat. When Maurice Hornocker began the first long-term study of cougars in the Idaho wilderness in 1964, little was known about this large cat. Its secretive nature and rarity in the landscape made it difficult to study. But his groundbreaking research yielded major insights and was the prelude to further research on this controversial species. The capstone to Hornocker’s long career studying big cats, Cougar is a powerful and practical resource for scientists, conservationists, and anyone with an interest in large carnivores. He and conservationist Sharon Negri bring together the diverse perspectives of twenty-two distinguished scientists to provide the fullest account of the cougar’s ecology, behavior, and genetics, its role as a top predator, and its conservation needs. This compilation of recent findings, stunning photographs, and firsthand accounts of field research unravels the mysteries of this magnificent animal and emphasizes its importance in healthy ecosystem processes and in our lives.

Animal Behaviour Abstracts

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 448 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Animal Behaviour Abstracts by :

Download or read book Animal Behaviour Abstracts written by and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 448 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Under the Weather

Author : National Research Council
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309072786
Total Pages : 161 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (9 download)

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Book Synopsis Under the Weather by : National Research Council

Download or read book Under the Weather written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2001-06-29 with total page 161 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Since the dawn of medical science, people have recognized connections between a change in the weather and the appearance of epidemic disease. With today's technology, some hope that it will be possible to build models for predicting the emergence and spread of many infectious diseases based on climate and weather forecasts. However, separating the effects of climate from other effects presents a tremendous scientific challenge. Can we use climate and weather forecasts to predict infectious disease outbreaks? Can the field of public health advance from "surveillance and response" to "prediction and prevention?" And perhaps the most important question of all: Can we predict how global warming will affect the emergence and transmission of infectious disease agents around the world? Under the Weather evaluates our current understanding of the linkages among climate, ecosystems, and infectious disease; it then goes a step further and outlines the research needed to improve our understanding of these linkages. The book also examines the potential for using climate forecasts and ecological observations to help predict infectious disease outbreaks, identifies the necessary components for an epidemic early warning system, and reviews lessons learned from the use of climate forecasts in other realms of human activity.

Biology and Management of White-tailed Deer

Author : David G. Hewitt
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1482295989
Total Pages : 668 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (822 download)

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Book Synopsis Biology and Management of White-tailed Deer by : David G. Hewitt

Download or read book Biology and Management of White-tailed Deer written by David G. Hewitt and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2011-06-24 with total page 668 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Winner of the Wildlife Society Outstanding Edited Book Award for 2013! Winner of the Texas Chapter of The Wildlife Society Outstanding Book Award for 2011! Winner of a CHOICE Outstanding Academic Title Award for 2011! Biology and Management of White-tailed Deer organizes and presents information on the most studied large mammal species in the world. The book covers the evolutionary history of the species, its anatomy, physiology, and nutrition, population dynamics, and ecology across its vast range (from central Canada through northern South America). The book then discusses the history of management of white-tailed deer, beginning with early Native Americans and progressing through management by Europeans and examining population lows in the early 1900s, restocking efforts through the mid 1900s, and recent, overabundant populations that are becoming difficult to manage in many areas. Features: Co-published with the Quality Deer Management Association Compiles valuable information for white-tailed deer enthusiasts, managers, and biologists Written by an authoritative author team from diverse backgrounds Integrates white-tailed deer biology and management into a single volume Provides a thorough treatment of white-tailed deer antler biology Includes downloadable resources with color images The backbone of many state wildlife management agencies' policies and a featured hunting species through much of their range, white-tailed deer are an important species ecologically, socially, and scientifically in most areas of North America. Highly adaptable and now living in close proximity to humans in many areas, white-tailed deer are both the face of nature and the source of conflict with motorists, home-owners, and agricultural producers. Capturing the diverse aspects of white-tailed deer research, Biology and Management of White-tailed Deer is a reflection of the resources invested in the study of the species’ effects on ecosystems, predator-prey dynamics, population regulation, foraging behavior, and browser physiology.

Wild Turkey Management

Author : C. Alan Stewart
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 426 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Wild Turkey Management by : C. Alan Stewart

Download or read book Wild Turkey Management written by C. Alan Stewart and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 426 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Climate Change and Indigenous Peoples in the United States

Author : Julie Koppel Maldonado
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319052667
Total Pages : 178 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (19 download)

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Book Synopsis Climate Change and Indigenous Peoples in the United States by : Julie Koppel Maldonado

Download or read book Climate Change and Indigenous Peoples in the United States written by Julie Koppel Maldonado and published by Springer. This book was released on 2014-04-05 with total page 178 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: With a long history and deep connection to the Earth’s resources, indigenous peoples have an intimate understanding and ability to observe the impacts linked to climate change. Traditional ecological knowledge and tribal experience play a key role in developing future scientific solutions for adaptation to the impacts. The book explores climate-related issues for indigenous communities in the United States, including loss of traditional knowledge, forests and ecosystems, food security and traditional foods, as well as water, Arctic sea ice loss, permafrost thaw and relocation. The book also highlights how tribal communities and programs are responding to the changing environments. Fifty authors from tribal communities, academia, government agencies and NGOs contributed to the book. Previously published in Climatic Change, Volume 120, Issue 3, 2013.