Hemlock Woolly Adelgid Phenology, Winter Mortality, and Systemic Insecticide Efficacy in Tsuga Canadensis and Persistence in Ailanthus Altissima

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (795 download)

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Book Synopsis Hemlock Woolly Adelgid Phenology, Winter Mortality, and Systemic Insecticide Efficacy in Tsuga Canadensis and Persistence in Ailanthus Altissima by : Justin Keyzer

Download or read book Hemlock Woolly Adelgid Phenology, Winter Mortality, and Systemic Insecticide Efficacy in Tsuga Canadensis and Persistence in Ailanthus Altissima written by Justin Keyzer and published by . This book was released on 2023 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This thesis, presented in four chapters, focused on quantifying hemlock woolly adelgid (Adelges tsugae Annand) (HWA) mortality due to cold winters and insecticide treatments, seasonal phenology, and the persistence of systemic insecticides in eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr.), the primary host of HWA, as well as in tree of heaven (Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle), the primary host of the invasive spotted lanternfly (Lycorma delicatula White) (SLF). In chapter one, phenology and winter mortality of HWA was observed at sites in Holland and Norton Shores, MI over two winters. Cumulative growing degree days (base 10 ℗ʻC) associated with HWA life stages were monitored and general risk periods for management activities were established. Winter mortality was observed at both sites in January 2018 and 2019 when temperatures dropped below -20 ℗ʻC. Data from detection surveys were used to map HWA distribution between 2016 and 2022. In chapter two, mortality of HWA due to systemic imidacloprid or dinotefuran applications was monitored over two years. Dinotefuran treatments provided nearly complete HWA control five months after application. Most imidacloprid applications provided HWA control the following year. Canopy condition of treated and untreated control trees was monitored from 2018 through 2021. In chapter three, persistence of imidacloprid and dinotefuran was quantified in foliage and twig samples from trees treated in 2016/2017 or 2018/2019 using two residue analysis methods. Effects of season and application method on concentrations over time were quantified. Most imidacloprid treatments persisted through 2020 at levels effective for HWA control, while dinotefuran was barely detectable in hemlock tissue. In chapter four, persistence and distribution of dinotefuran in foliage and phloem of tree of heaven were quantified in trees treated in 2019 at two sites. Dinotefuran was not detected in branch phloem and concentrations were inconsistent in trunk phloem.

Xylem Transport Models Optimize Effectiveness of Systemic Insecticide Applications for Controlling Hemlock Woolly Adelgid (Adelges Tsugae)

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 16 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Xylem Transport Models Optimize Effectiveness of Systemic Insecticide Applications for Controlling Hemlock Woolly Adelgid (Adelges Tsugae) by : Chelcy R. Ford

Download or read book Xylem Transport Models Optimize Effectiveness of Systemic Insecticide Applications for Controlling Hemlock Woolly Adelgid (Adelges Tsugae) written by Chelcy R. Ford and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 16 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The hemlock woolly adelgid (HWA, Adelges tsugae Annand) is causing widespread decline and mortality of eastern hemlock trees (Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr.). Stem injection of insecticide is widely used as a control measure, but its effectiveness depends on individual tree hydraulic characteristics. Recent work has shown that eastern hemlock daily water use is exponentially related to tree diameter, with smaller-diameter trees using significantly less water than largerdiameter trees. In this study we modeled daily water use for 20 eastern hemlock trees across a range of diameters. Based on expected daily water use and, thus, potential xylem transport of insecticide, we applied a dosage estimated to achieve a lethal and uniform xylem sap concentration of imidacloprid to half the trees (xylem transport treatment), and treated the remaining half based on the manufacturerrecommended dosage (MFR treatment), which is a linear function of tree diameter. At 4 and 56 weeks after treatment, we assessed all trees for the presence or absence of new shoot growth and live HWA population density. We found that both treatment dosages significantly reduced live HWA populations; however, 4 weeks after treatment, live HWA population density was 32 percent lower (LSMEANS) on xylem transport treatment trees compared with MFR treatment trees (treatment by time interaction, P = 0.006). Both treatment dosages also significantly increased the proportion of new shoot growth; however, over time xylem transport treatment trees had a significantly greater increase in new shoot production compared with MFR treatment trees. We conclude that dosages based on a xylem transport model not only significantly improved tree health more than the trees receiving the current recommended dosage, but also caused greater reductions in the live HWA population. Improving treatment dosages would reduce treatment cost, nontargeted effects, and would allow land managers to treat a greater number of trees.

Spatial, Temporal, and Tri-trophic Distribution of Imidacloprid, Olefin and 5-hydroxy and Their Effect on Hemlock Woolly Adelgid, Adelges Tsugae Annand, (Hemiptera: Adelgidae).

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 147 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (842 download)

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Book Synopsis Spatial, Temporal, and Tri-trophic Distribution of Imidacloprid, Olefin and 5-hydroxy and Their Effect on Hemlock Woolly Adelgid, Adelges Tsugae Annand, (Hemiptera: Adelgidae). by : Carla Irene Coots

Download or read book Spatial, Temporal, and Tri-trophic Distribution of Imidacloprid, Olefin and 5-hydroxy and Their Effect on Hemlock Woolly Adelgid, Adelges Tsugae Annand, (Hemiptera: Adelgidae). written by Carla Irene Coots and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 147 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Extensive mortality of eastern hemlock, Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carrière, resulting from infestation by hemlock woolly adelgid, Adelges tsugae Annand (Hemiptera: Adelgidae) (HWA), has occurred throughout the eastern United States. Imidacloprid, a systemic insecticide, is used to control hemlock woolly adelgid. The metabolism of imidacloprid in eastern hemlock produces two metabolites of toxicological interest, olefin and 5-hydroxy. The objectives of this study were to 1.) determine the distribution and persistence of the metabolites in eastern hemlock in the southern Appalachians, 2.) their effect on hemlock woolly adelgid mortality, 3.) assess the tri-trophic movement of these compounds, 4.) evaluate the effects of hemlock woolly adelgid infestation levels on water stress, and 5.) assess the use of near-infrared spectroscopy for predicting imidacloprid concentrations in needle tissue. Imidacloprid and 5-hydroxy concentrations in sap was highest at 12 months post-treatment and in twig and needle tissue was highest at 15 months post-treatment. Imidacloprid was detected through month 36 post-treatment and 5-hydroxy was detected through month 15 post-treatment. Olefin concentrations progressively increased in both sap and twig and needle tissue through month 36 post-treatment. Concentrations of imidacloprid were highest in the bottom stratum of the canopy and lowest in the top stratum. Concentrations of olefin and 5-hydroxy were highest in the top stratum and lowest in the bottom stratum. A significant relationship was found between imidacloprid concentrations > 158 ppb and olefin concentrations > 7 ppb and hemlock woolly adelgid mortality greater than 80% in field studies. In dose-response tests imidacloprid concentrations greater than 131 ppb and olefin concentration greater than 7 ppb were associated with high levels of hemlock woolly adelgid mortality (> 80%). Tri-trophic movement of imidacloprid and olefin was documented through 2 years post-treatment. The highest level of water stress was found in those trees with hemlock woolly adelgid infestation levels greater than 75%. The lowest level of water stress was found in those trees with less than 25% hemlock woolly adelgid infestation levels. Near-infrared spectroscopy results indicate that it can be used to predict concentrations of imidacloprid in needle tissue.

Eastern Hemlock Forests

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 36 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (319 download)

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Book Synopsis Eastern Hemlock Forests by : Jeffrey S. Ward

Download or read book Eastern Hemlock Forests written by Jeffrey S. Ward and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 36 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Biological Control of Hemlock Woolly Adelgid

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 32 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (319 download)

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Book Synopsis Biological Control of Hemlock Woolly Adelgid by :

Download or read book Biological Control of Hemlock Woolly Adelgid written by and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 32 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Riparian Ecosystem Response to Hemlock Woolly Adelgid (Adelges Tsugae) Induced Eastern Hemlock (Tsuga Canadensis) Mortality in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, USA

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 134 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (793 download)

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Book Synopsis Riparian Ecosystem Response to Hemlock Woolly Adelgid (Adelges Tsugae) Induced Eastern Hemlock (Tsuga Canadensis) Mortality in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, USA by : Misty Dawn Huddleston

Download or read book Riparian Ecosystem Response to Hemlock Woolly Adelgid (Adelges Tsugae) Induced Eastern Hemlock (Tsuga Canadensis) Mortality in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, USA written by Misty Dawn Huddleston and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 134 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An invasive insect, hemlock woolly adelgid (HWA), has initiated widespread hemlock decline and mortality in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park (GSMNP). Riparian hemlock mortality impacts on vegetative and aquatic systems of first-order, headwater streams were evaluated. Reference sites for this study were representative of the best available conditions within the GSMNP, with initial stages of HWA presence. Impacted sites were defined as areas with over 90 percent hemlock mortality. Impacted streams had decreased canopy coverage and increased light availability. Residual red maple, yellow birch, and sweet birch capitalized on the loss of hemlock, with increases in relative basal area and species importance values. Rosebay rhododendron responded with increased density and height at impacted sites, thereby preventing woody regeneration. Since long-term regeneration and post-mortality canopy recruitment are limited, alterations of vegetative composition and structure in the stream riparian zone are expected. A seasonal assessment (Sept. 2009 -- March 2010) of aquatic impacts revealed increased diurnal variation in stream temperature and exhibited cooler temperatures during the colder months than reference streams. Impacted streams exhibited greater amounts and larger size classes of large woody debris (LWD). Higher concentrations for several nutrients, including silicon, sodium, potassium, magnesium, chlorine, and copper were detected in impacted streams than detected in reference streams. Impacted streams were characterized by higher pH and increased acid neutralization capacity, while reference streams exhibited nitrate concentrations three times higher than impacted stream concentrations. Reference streams were experiencing the initial stage of HWA-induced defoliations, increasing stream nitrate concentrations, while impacted sites had levels suggesting nitrate concentrations have returned to pre-infestation levels. A seasonal assessment of macroinvertebrates found species diversity, abundance, and taxa richness were not affected by hemlock mortality. Impacted streams had a lower density of Chironomidae and Ephemeroptera when compared to reference streams, while Pleuroceridae snails were virtually eliminated at impacted stream sites. Reference streams were dominated by the collector/filter functional feeding group (FFG), while impacted streams were dominated by the scraper FFG. Hemlock mortality induced by the presence of HWA has resulted in short-term impacts to vegetative and aquatic dynamics in stream riparian areas of the Great Smoky Mountain National Park.

Impacts of Hemlock Woolly Adelgid on Tsuga Canadensis Forest Communities in Great Smoky Mountains National Park, USA

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 83 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (666 download)

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Book Synopsis Impacts of Hemlock Woolly Adelgid on Tsuga Canadensis Forest Communities in Great Smoky Mountains National Park, USA by : Kurt J. Krapfl

Download or read book Impacts of Hemlock Woolly Adelgid on Tsuga Canadensis Forest Communities in Great Smoky Mountains National Park, USA written by Kurt J. Krapfl and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 83 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr. (eastern hemlock), a long lived and shade tolerant coniferous tree species native to eastern North America, is currently threatened by the hemlock woolly adelgid ( Adelges tsugae Annand, HWA). This exotic, invasive insect poses a serious threat to T. canadensis stands throughout their native range. The loss of this unique tree species is often coupled with numerous ecological consequences. HWA-induced mortality has exceeded 95% in some forest types, and will likely continue to decimate T. canadensis populations in the coming years. Shortly after HWA was found in Great Smoky Mountains National Park (GSMNP), long-term monitoring plots were established across a gradient of T. canadensis associated forest communities to monitor HWA impacts and stand decline. Our objectives were to (1) determine how T. canadensis populations have changed in conjunction with HWA infestation, and (2) document how HWA has affected vegetative community dynamics following five to six years of infestation in GSMNP.

Imidacloprid Insecticide Treatments for Hemlock Woolly Adelgid, Adelges Tsugae Annand (Hemiptera: Adelgidae), Affect a Non-target Soil Arthropod Community Surrounding Eastern Hemlock, Tsuga Canadensis (L.) Carriere

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 140 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (318 download)

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Book Synopsis Imidacloprid Insecticide Treatments for Hemlock Woolly Adelgid, Adelges Tsugae Annand (Hemiptera: Adelgidae), Affect a Non-target Soil Arthropod Community Surrounding Eastern Hemlock, Tsuga Canadensis (L.) Carriere by : William Nicholas Reynolds

Download or read book Imidacloprid Insecticide Treatments for Hemlock Woolly Adelgid, Adelges Tsugae Annand (Hemiptera: Adelgidae), Affect a Non-target Soil Arthropod Community Surrounding Eastern Hemlock, Tsuga Canadensis (L.) Carriere written by William Nicholas Reynolds and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 140 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The hemlock woolly adelgid (HWA), Adelges tsugae Annand, is an invasive pest that is causing declines in populations of eastern hemlock, Tsuga canadensis Carriere, in eastern North American forests. The threat of losing the hemlock as a foundation species in eastern forests prompted reserve managers to devise and implement HWA management strategies integrating cultural, biological, and chemical control tactics. Chemical control methods, systemic imidacloprid applications and horticultural oil foliar sprays, provide the most immediate and effective control of HWA in accessible hemlocks. Non-target impacts of HWA chemical control methods on soil arthropod communities are undocumented. Empirical studies in the field and in the laboratory were performed to determine the extent of effects of the common HWA chemical control treatments to non-target soil arthropods. Treatments were the horticultural oil foliar spray (no imidacloprid), imidacloprid trunk injection, imidacloprid soil injection, imidacloprid soil drench, and untreated controls. Microarthropods in soil drench plots displayed marginally non-significant decreases in abundance and richness. Microarthropod species composition was distinct in all of the imidacloprid treatments when compared to controls. Acari, the mites, consisted of approximately 50% of the observed abundance, and showed no responses to imidacloprid or horticultural oil treatments. Abundance and richness of Collembola, in contrast, were markedly decreased by the soil drench treatments. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to quantify concentrations of imidacloprid from soils following imidacloprid treatments. Concentrations of imidacloprid observed in soils from imidacloprid treatment plots exceeded the LD50 and ED50 concentrations for Folsomia candida Willem (Collembola: Isotomidae) observed in the laboratory, especially in the soil drench plots, less frequently so in the soil injection plots and in a few of the trunk injection plots. The springtail Folsomia candida were reared in the laboratory on standard soil substrates containing a series of known imidacloprid concentrations to observe impacts to reproduction and survival. The imidacloprid concentration at which Folsomia candida adults displayed 50% mortality in the laboratory, as inferred from regression analysis of observed dose responses (LD50), was 1.38 mg imidacloprid / kg dry soil. The concentration at which F. candida produced half the number of juveniles observed in control microcosms (ED50) was 0.598 mg imidacloprid / kg dry soil.

Hemlock Woolly Adelgid Risk Assessment in Deer Wintering Areas of Southern Vermont

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 210 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (72 download)

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Book Synopsis Hemlock Woolly Adelgid Risk Assessment in Deer Wintering Areas of Southern Vermont by : Shane C. Lishawa

Download or read book Hemlock Woolly Adelgid Risk Assessment in Deer Wintering Areas of Southern Vermont written by Shane C. Lishawa and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 210 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Benefits and Risks of Imidacloprid-based Management Programs for Hemlock Woolly Adelgid

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 206 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (974 download)

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Book Synopsis Benefits and Risks of Imidacloprid-based Management Programs for Hemlock Woolly Adelgid by : Elizabeth Paige Benton

Download or read book Benefits and Risks of Imidacloprid-based Management Programs for Hemlock Woolly Adelgid written by Elizabeth Paige Benton and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 206 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Hemlock woolly adelgid, Adelges tsugae (Annand) (HWA) (Hemiptera: Adelgidae), has caused widespread decline of eastern hemlock, Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carriére. This collaborative retrospective analysis with Great Smoky Mountains National Park (GRSM) provides research-based management guidance on imidacloprid treatments and nontarget risks to aquatic systems. Imidacloprid and olefin concentrations were assessed in foliage from different diameter at breast height (DBH) size hemlocks 4 -- 7 yr post-imidacloprid treatment. Imidacloprid concentrations were below the LC50 [lethal concentration] for HWA, but olefin was above the LC50 4 yr post-treatment. HWA populations were suppressed, and hemlock canopies were healthy. Treatment efficacy can last up to 7 yr post-treatment. Hemlocks from the larger (61 and 76 cm) size classes generally had higher concentrations of imidacloprid and olefin. Concentration data from foliage of different size hemlocks were used to develop a model to optimize dosages based on tree diameter. Smaller ( 30 cm) and larger ( 63 cm) hemlocks can be given lower imidacloprid doses, while maintaining > 80% HWA mortality in hemlocks. Impacts to stream water quality and aquatic macroinvertebrates were assessed in ten streams in hemlock conservation areas. Water samples were collected upstream and downstream from conservation areas and in nearby control streams. Imidacloprid was present in seven downstream locations in concentrations from 28.5 to 379 ppt, which is below USEPA aquatic life benchmarks. Aquatic macroinvertebrate bioassessments were conducted at downstream and upstream locations, and downstream baseline data were available. Diversity measures at downstream samples did not vary from those at upstream and baseline samples. Imidacloprid treatments did not negatively affect aquatic macroinvertebrate communities. Imidacloprid treatments suppress HWA populations for up to 7 yr. Dosages can be optimized based on the DBH size of the hemlock. Imidacloprid risks to aquatic systems for this HWA management program were minimal and within USEPA benchmarks.

Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation Management Options

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Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1466572752
Total Pages : 494 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (665 download)

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Book Synopsis Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation Management Options by : James M. Vose

Download or read book Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation Management Options written by James M. Vose and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2013-12-05 with total page 494 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Forest land managers face the challenges of preparing their forests for the impacts of climate change. However, climate change adds a new dimension to the task of developing and testing science-based management options to deal with the effects of stressors on forest ecosystems in the southern United States. The large spatial scale and complex interactions make traditional experimental approaches difficult. Yet, the current progression of climate change science offers new insights from recent syntheses, models, and experiments, providing enough information to start planning now for a future that will likely include an increase in disturbances and rapid changes in forest conditions. Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation Management Options: A Guide for Natural Resource Managers in Southern Forest Ecosystems provides a comprehensive analysis of forest management options to guide natural resource management in the face of future climate change. Topics include potential climate change impacts on wildfire, insects, diseases, and invasives, and how these in turn might affect the values of southern forests that include timber, fiber, and carbon; water quality and quantity; species and habitats; and recreation. The book also considers southern forest carbon sequestration, vulnerability to biological threats, and migration of native tree populations due to climate change. This book utilizes the most relevant science and brings together science experts and land managers from various disciplines and regions throughout the south to combine science, models, and on-the-ground experience to develop management options. Providing a link between current management actions and future management options that would anticipate a changing climate, the authors hope to ensure a broader range of options for managing southern forests and protecting their values in the future.

Invasive Species in Forests and Rangelands of the United States

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Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3030453677
Total Pages : 455 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (34 download)

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Book Synopsis Invasive Species in Forests and Rangelands of the United States by : Therese M. Poland

Download or read book Invasive Species in Forests and Rangelands of the United States written by Therese M. Poland and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-02-01 with total page 455 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This open access book describes the serious threat of invasive species to native ecosystems. Invasive species have caused and will continue to cause enormous ecological and economic damage with ever increasing world trade. This multi-disciplinary book, written by over 100 national experts, presents the latest research on a wide range of natural science and social science fields that explore the ecology, impacts, and practical tools for management of invasive species. It covers species of all taxonomic groups from insects and pathogens, to plants, vertebrates, and aquatic organisms that impact a diversity of habitats in forests, rangelands and grasslands of the United States. It is well-illustrated, provides summaries of the most important invasive species and issues impacting all regions of the country, and includes a comprehensive primary reference list for each topic. This scientific synthesis provides the cultural, economic, scientific and social context for addressing environmental challenges posed by invasive species and will be a valuable resource for scholars, policy makers, natural resource managers and practitioners.

Gypsy Moth Management in the United States: Chapters 1-9 and appendixes A-E

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 326 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (555 download)

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Book Synopsis Gypsy Moth Management in the United States: Chapters 1-9 and appendixes A-E by :

Download or read book Gypsy Moth Management in the United States: Chapters 1-9 and appendixes A-E written by and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 326 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

The Ecology of Old Woman Creek, Ohio

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ISBN 13 : 9780966803495
Total Pages : 448 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (34 download)

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Book Synopsis The Ecology of Old Woman Creek, Ohio by : Charles E. Herdendorf

Download or read book The Ecology of Old Woman Creek, Ohio written by Charles E. Herdendorf and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 448 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A comprehensive ecological study of a Lake Eric estuary and its watershed, including chapters on geology, soils, climatology, hydrolesy, biology, ecology, archaeology, history, and land use. This book serves as a site profile of the only Nation a Estuarine Research Reserve in the Great Lakes Resion. Over 200 color illustrations.

Planning an Idaho Vegetable Garden

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ISBN 13 : 9781588030023
Total Pages : 40 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (3 download)

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Book Synopsis Planning an Idaho Vegetable Garden by : Susan Bell

Download or read book Planning an Idaho Vegetable Garden written by Susan Bell and published by . This book was released on 1996-08-31 with total page 40 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Four gardening experts provide successful gardening methods. Discusses site selection, garden layout, weed and insect control, and crop by crop planting instructions. Also contains a thorough list of related gardening publications. Reviewed in Sunset magazine as "a great new booklet to help beginning gardeners."

A Contribution Toward a Monograph of the Adelginae (Phylloxeridae) of North America

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Publisher : Stanford University Press
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 152 pages
Book Rating : 4./5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis A Contribution Toward a Monograph of the Adelginae (Phylloxeridae) of North America by : Percy Nicol Annand

Download or read book A Contribution Toward a Monograph of the Adelginae (Phylloxeridae) of North America written by Percy Nicol Annand and published by Stanford University Press. This book was released on 1983 with total page 152 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Red Pine Scale

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 8 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis Red Pine Scale by : James L. Bean

Download or read book Red Pine Scale written by James L. Bean and published by . This book was released on 1971 with total page 8 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: