Health Effects Of Omega3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids In Seafoods

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Seafood Choices

Author : Institute of Medicine
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309133866
Total Pages : 736 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Seafood Choices by : Institute of Medicine

Download or read book Seafood Choices written by Institute of Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2007-03-09 with total page 736 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The fragmented information that consumers receive about the nutritional value and health risks associated with fish and shellfish can result in confusion or misperceptions about these food sources. Consumers are therefore confronted with a dilemma: they are told that seafood is good for them and should be consumed in large amounts, while at the same time the federal government and most states have issued advisories urging caution in the consumption of certain species or seafood from specific waters. Seafood Choices carefully explores the decision-making process for selecting seafood by assessing the evidence on availability of specific nutrients (compared to other food sources) to obtain the greatest nutritional benefits. The book prioritizes the potential for adverse health effects from both naturally occurring and introduced toxicants in seafood; assesses evidence on the availability of specific nutrients in seafood compared to other food sources; determines the impact of modifying food choices to reduce intake of toxicants on nutrient intake and nutritional status within the U.S. population; develops a decision path for U.S. consumers to weigh their seafood choices to obtain nutritional benefits balanced against exposure risks; and identifies data gaps and recommendations for future research. The information provided in this book will benefit food technologists, food manufacturers, nutritionists, and those involved in health professions making nutritional recommendations.

Health Effects of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Seafoods

Author : Artemis P Simopoulos
Publisher : Academic Press
ISBN 13 : 032313811X
Total Pages : 486 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (231 download)

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Book Synopsis Health Effects of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Seafoods by : Artemis P Simopoulos

Download or read book Health Effects of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Seafoods written by Artemis P Simopoulos and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2012-12-02 with total page 486 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Health Effects of the Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Seafoods emerged from the 1985 Proceedings of a Conference on Health Effects of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Seafoods held in Washington, D.C., spearheaded by the National Fisheries Institutes of Health (NIH), the Department of Commerce (DOC), and the National Fisheries Institute (NFI). The conference aims to review the data about the health effects of polyunsaturated fatty acids in seafood; the impact of omega-3 fatty acids on eicosanoid formation, thrombosis, and inflammation; and the role of docosahexaenoic acid in membrane function and metabolism. It also encourages the researchers to study the possible origin of the health effects of seafood in the American diet. Composed of seven parts, the book begins by discussing the summary, conclusions, and recommendations the chairman of each working groups presented during the conference. It also explains the effects of fatty acids on lipoprotein and generation of products of the 5-Lipoxygenase pathway and the membrane functioning and metabolism. Moreover, it discusses the status of the fishery industries worldwide, the different classes of lipids that contain fatty acids, and recipes with seafood as the main ingredient. This book will be of great interest to the scientists such as basic researchers, clinical investigators, and epidemiologists, as well as to health personnel and consumers.

Eat to Beat Disease

Author : William W Li
Publisher : Balance
ISBN 13 : 1538714639
Total Pages : 371 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (387 download)

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Book Synopsis Eat to Beat Disease by : William W Li

Download or read book Eat to Beat Disease written by William W Li and published by Balance. This book was released on 2019-03-19 with total page 371 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Eat your way to better health with this New York Times bestseller on food's ability to help the body heal itself from cancer, dementia, and dozens of other avoidable diseases. Forget everything you think you know about your body and food, and discover the new science of how the body heals itself. Learn how to identify the strategies and dosages for using food to transform your resilience and health in Eat to Beat Disease. We have radically underestimated our body's power to transform and restore our health. Pioneering physician scientist, Dr. William Li, empowers readers by showing them the evidence behind over 200 health-boosting foods that can starve cancer, reduce your risk of dementia, and beat dozens of avoidable diseases. Eat to Beat Disease isn't about what foods to avoid, but rather is a life-changing guide to the hundreds of healing foods to add to your meals that support the body's defense systems, including: Plums Cinnamon Jasmine tea Red wine and beer Black Beans San Marzano tomatoes Olive oil Pacific oysters Cheeses like Jarlsberg, Camembert and cheddar Sourdough bread The book's plan shows you how to integrate the foods you already love into any diet or health plan to activate your body's health defense systems-Angiogenesis, Regeneration, Microbiome, DNA Protection, and Immunity-to fight cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular, neurodegenerative autoimmune diseases, and other debilitating conditions. Both informative and practical, Eat to Beat Disease explains the science of healing and prevention, the strategies for using food to actively transform health, and points the science of wellbeing and disease prevention in an exhilarating new direction.

Omega Fatty Acids in Brain and Neurological Health

Author : Ronald Ross Watson
Publisher : Academic Press
ISBN 13 : 0128152397
Total Pages : 520 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (281 download)

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Book Synopsis Omega Fatty Acids in Brain and Neurological Health by : Ronald Ross Watson

Download or read book Omega Fatty Acids in Brain and Neurological Health written by Ronald Ross Watson and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2019-06-12 with total page 520 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Research has clearly established a link between omega fatty acids and general health, particularly cardiovascular health. Omega Fatty Acids in Brain and Neurological Health, Second Edition, illustrates the importance of omega-3 fatty acids in longevity, cognitive impairment and structure and function of the brain's neurons and also the adverse effects of omega-6 fatty acids on neurological function. This book encompasses some of the most recent research on the links between omega fatty acids and the developing brain, aging, dementia, Alzheimer's disease and multiple sclerosis, including the role of omega-3 fatty acid supplements on hippocampal neurogenesis, substantia nigra modulation, migraine headaches, the developing brain in animals, sleep and neurodegenerative diseases. This completely updated second edition focuses on the counterbalancing dietary and tissue omega-6 fatty acids as well as it studies the effects in pregnancy and early infancy, animal model studies and autoimmune neurological diseases. - Provides a comprehensive introduction to omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids in neurological health and directions for future research - Features novel focus on the adverse effects of omega-6 fatty acids on neurological function and the counterbalancing of dietary and tissue omega-6 - Illustrates the importance of omega-3 fatty acids in longevity and cognitive impairment - Features new chapters on early effects in pregnancy and early infancy, animal model studies and autoimmune neurological diseases - Discusses links between omega fatty acids and the developing brain, aging, dementia, Alzheimer's disease and multiple sclerosis, including the role of omega-3 fatty acid supplements

Poultry Nutrition

Author : Vincenzo Tufarelli
Publisher : MDPI
ISBN 13 : 3039438530
Total Pages : 754 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (394 download)

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Book Synopsis Poultry Nutrition by : Vincenzo Tufarelli

Download or read book Poultry Nutrition written by Vincenzo Tufarelli and published by MDPI. This book was released on 2021-01-06 with total page 754 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The aim of this Special Issue is to publish high quality papers concerning poultry nutrition and the interrelations between nutrition, metabolism, microbiota and the health of poultry. Therefore, I invite submissions of recent findings, as original research or reviews, on poultry nutrition, including, but not limited to, the following areas: the effect of feeding on poultry meat end egg quality; nutrient requirements of poultry; the use of functional feed additives to improve gut health and immune status; microbiota; nutraceuticals; soybean meal replacers as alternative sources of protein for poultry; the effects of feeding poultry on environmental impacts; the use of feed/food by-products in poultry diet; and feed technology.

Seafoods

Author : Cesarettin Alasalvar
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 3662098369
Total Pages : 242 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (62 download)

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Book Synopsis Seafoods by : Cesarettin Alasalvar

Download or read book Seafoods written by Cesarettin Alasalvar and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-03-09 with total page 242 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Seafoods covers selected but vital topics of fish processing with an emphasis on quality, technology and nutraceutical applications in an up-to-date survey. The aspects of seafood quality covered range from the impact of slaughter procedures, through protein functionality, texture, flavour, histamine toxicity to the practical evaluation of quality and measurement. Technological aspects concentrate on automation in processing, waste-water treatment and reuse of scraps. Marine nutraceuticals/functional foods are discussed in detail. This book is highly recommended for scientists and technologists in the seafood industries, plus fish processing professionals, quality managers, and nutritonists..

Toxicological Effects of Methylmercury

Author : National Research Council
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309171717
Total Pages : 364 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Toxicological Effects of Methylmercury by : National Research Council

Download or read book Toxicological Effects of Methylmercury written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2000-09-27 with total page 364 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Mercury is widespread in our environment. Methylmercury, one organic form of mercury, can accumulate up the aquatic food chain and lead to high concentrations in predatory fish. When consumed by humans, contaminated fish represent a public health risk. Combustion processes, especially coal-fired power plants, are major sources of mercury contamination in the environment. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is considering regulating mercury emissions from those plants. Toxicological Effects of Methylmercury reviews the health effects of methylmercury and discusses the estimation of mercury exposure from measured biomarkers, how differences between individuals affect mercury toxicity, and appropriate statistical methods for analysis of the data and thoroughly compares the epidemiological studies available on methylmercury. Included are discussions of current mercury levels on public health and a delineation of the scientific aspects and policy decisions involved in the regulation of mercury. This report is a valuable resource for individuals interested in the public health effects and regulation of mercury. The report also provides an excellent example of the implications of decisions in the risk assessment process for a larger audience.

Nutritional Health

Author : Norman J. Temple
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1617798940
Total Pages : 570 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (177 download)

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Book Synopsis Nutritional Health by : Norman J. Temple

Download or read book Nutritional Health written by Norman J. Temple and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-07-27 with total page 570 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Now going into its third much-expanded edition, the highly praised Nutritional Health: Strategies for Disease Prevention has been brought fully up to date to include all the new thinking and discoveries that have the greatest capacity to improve human health and nutritional advancement. About half the new edition will be revised and updated from the second edition while the other half will consist of major revisions of previous chapters or new subjects. Like the two previous editions the book will consist of general reviews on various topics in nutrition, especially those of much current interest. The authors provide extensive, in-depth chapters covering the most important aspects of the complex interactions between diet, its nutrient components, and their impacts on disease states, and on those health conditions that increase the risk of chronic dieases. Up to date and comprehensive, Nutritional Health: Strategies for Disease Prevention, Third Edition offers physicians, dietitians, and nutritionists a practical, data-driven, integrated resource to help evaluate the critical role of nutrition.

Nutraceutical Fatty Acids from Oleaginous Microalgae

Author : Alok Kumar Patel
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1119631718
Total Pages : 368 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (196 download)

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Book Synopsis Nutraceutical Fatty Acids from Oleaginous Microalgae by : Alok Kumar Patel

Download or read book Nutraceutical Fatty Acids from Oleaginous Microalgae written by Alok Kumar Patel and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2020-08-11 with total page 368 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Over the past several years, extensive research has been done on the microbial production of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). Regardless, research on the oleaginous microalgae used as feedstock for biofuels production and the overall story about the production of nutraceutical fatty acids from oleaginous microalgae has been very limited. This volume provides an exclusive insight on the production of nutraceutical fatty acids from oleaginous microalgae and their role on human health. Some saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids can be synthesized by humans, whereas long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) such as α-linolenic acid and linoleic acid cannot and are deemed essential. The products of these acids, such as DHA, which is important for early visual and neurological development, are extremely important to human health. Replacing SFAs with omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids in the diet reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases and prevent Alzheimer's, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia, among other benefits. The ever-rising global demand for omega-3 & 6 PUFAs, however, cannot be met solely by fish oil, due to diminishing fish stocks and pollution of marine ecosystems, which has led to increased interest in alternative sustainable sources. Vegetable oils from genetically engineered plant oilseeds and microorganisms are two potential alternatives to fish oil, even though omega-3 PUFAs are highest in the latter. Although transgenic plants present numerous advantages, their production is dependent on seasonal and climatic conditions and the availability of arable land. Moreover, there are public concerns regarding the cultivation of transgenic crops in open ecosystems. These, together with regulatory issues restrict the large-scale production of genetically modified crops. Microorganisms, however, are known natural producers of microbial oils similar to those obtained from plants and animals and a possible source of nutritionally important omega-3 & 6 PUFAs. This groundbreaking volume presents invaluable new research on essential fatty acids, their production from various oleaginous microorganisms, biochemical and metabolic engineering to improve PUFAs content in oil, extraction and purification of omega 3 fatty acids, and the current market scenario. Whether a veteran engineer or scientist using it as a reference or a professor using it as a textbook, this outstanding new volume is a must-have for any engineer or scientist working in food science.

Omega-6/omega-3 Essential Fatty Acid Ratio

Author : Artemis P. Simopoulos
Publisher : Karger Medical and Scientific Publishers
ISBN 13 : 3805576404
Total Pages : 188 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (55 download)

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Book Synopsis Omega-6/omega-3 Essential Fatty Acid Ratio by : Artemis P. Simopoulos

Download or read book Omega-6/omega-3 Essential Fatty Acid Ratio written by Artemis P. Simopoulos and published by Karger Medical and Scientific Publishers. This book was released on 2003-01-01 with total page 188 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Studies on the evolutionary aspects of diet and molecular studies included in this volume indicate that human beings evolved on a diet that was balanced in the essential fatty acids (EFA). In fact, the ratio of omega-6/omega-3 EFA was 1/1 whereas present day diets in both developed and developing countries have a much higher ratio, between 5/1 and 50/1. Additional studies show that a high ratio of omega-6/omega-3 EFA is detrimental to health and may lead to the development of chronic diseases. Improving the dietary ratio by decreasing the omega-6 fatty acids and increasing the omega-3 fatty acids is essential for brain function and for the management of cardiovascular disease, arthritis and cancer. A ratio of 4/1 or less leads to lower dosage and to the reduction of adverse effects of drugs. This volume should be of interest to a large and varied audience of researchers in academia, industry, and government; cardiologists, geneticists, immunologists, neuroscientists, and cancer specialists; as well as nutritionists, dietitians, food scientists, agriculturists, economists and regulators.

Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Metabolism

Author : Graham C. Burdge
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 012811231X
Total Pages : 256 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (281 download)

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Book Synopsis Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Metabolism by : Graham C. Burdge

Download or read book Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Metabolism written by Graham C. Burdge and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2018-05-04 with total page 256 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Metabolism explores a number of major roles of PUFA in the body, including its role as a component of cell membranes and how it provides substrates for the synthesis of lipid second messengers. Recent studies are unraveling the effect of interactions between diet and endocrine factors and genetic and epigenetic variation on the regulation of PUFA biosynthesis in animals. Together, these recent findings provide novel insights into the impact of differences in PUFA supply on health. This book captures these findings in a manner that marks the state-of-the-art, placing them in the wider context of PUFA metabolism and nutritional science. Users will find a comprehensive discussion on the topic that presents the contributions of leading researchers who combine their knowledge to create a cohesive academic resource for researchers, those involved in production, and health policymakers. - Provides a comprehensive view of polyunsaturated fatty acid metabolism - Describes underlying metabolism on lipids that include polyunsaturated fatty acids - Includes discussions on recent findings on the genetic and epigenetic regulation of polyunsaturated fatty acid metabolism

Omega-3 for Optimal Life: Why You Need Fish Oil

Author : Joseph C. Maroon, MD, FACS
Publisher : Lulu.com
ISBN 13 : 1483455211
Total Pages : 110 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (834 download)

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Book Synopsis Omega-3 for Optimal Life: Why You Need Fish Oil by : Joseph C. Maroon, MD, FACS

Download or read book Omega-3 for Optimal Life: Why You Need Fish Oil written by Joseph C. Maroon, MD, FACS and published by Lulu.com. This book was released on 2016-10-05 with total page 110 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Fish oil's universal actions and benefits make it one of the best choices for all Americans to influence their health for the better. Taking fish oil as a supplement or as part of a healthy diet, along with adequate amounts of exercise and stress reduction, can save lives, prevent disease, and reduce our healthcare requirements. In this book, we will discuss the latest science on the benefits of omega-3's and how this special molecule can benefit every organ in our body. We will also focus on how our body's innate natural protective mechanism, the inflammatory response, is hijacked by our poor diet and lifestyle choices and contributes, rather than prevents diseases of aging. We will give you the information you need to make better choices when looking for fish oil supplements and help you determine what dose of omega-3's works best for you. We hope to lead you down a road of exciting discovery, give you the tools to make better choices and help you to die young... as late as possible!

Seafoods: Chemistry, Processing Technology and Quality

Author : Fereidoon Shahidi
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1461521815
Total Pages : 356 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (615 download)

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Book Synopsis Seafoods: Chemistry, Processing Technology and Quality by : Fereidoon Shahidi

Download or read book Seafoods: Chemistry, Processing Technology and Quality written by Fereidoon Shahidi and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 356 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Seafoods are important sources of nutrients for humans. Proteins and non protein nitrogenous compounds play an important role in the nutritional value and sensory quality of seafoods. Consumption of fish and marine oils is also actively encouraged for the prevention and treatment of cardio vascular diseases and rheumatoid arthritis. Highly unsaturated long-chain omega-3 fatty acids are regarded as the active components of marine oils and seafood lipids. The basic chemical and biochemical properties of seafood proteins and lipids, in addition to flavour-active components, their microbiological safety and freshness quality, are important factors to be considered. A presentation of the state-of-the-art research results on seafoods with respect to their chemistry, processing technology and quality in one volume was made possible by cooperative efforts ofan international group of experts. Following a brief overview, the book is divided into three sections. In Part 1 (chapters 2 to 8) the chemistry of seafood components such as proteins, lipids, flavorants (together with their properties and nutritional significance) is discussed. Part 2 (chapters 9 to 13) describes the quality of seafoods with respect to their freshness, preservation, micro biological safety and sensory attributes. The final section of the book (chapters 14 to 16) summarizes further processing of raw material, underutilized species and processing discards for production of value added products.

The Omega Principle

Author : Paul Greenberg
Publisher : Penguin
ISBN 13 : 0698183460
Total Pages : 239 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (981 download)

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Book Synopsis The Omega Principle by : Paul Greenberg

Download or read book The Omega Principle written by Paul Greenberg and published by Penguin. This book was released on 2018-07-10 with total page 239 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: By the bestselling author of Four Fish and American Catch, an eye-opening investigation of the history, science, and business behind omega-3 fatty acids, the "miracle compound" whose story is intertwined with human health and the future of our planet Omega-3 fatty acids have long been celebrated by doctors and dieticians as key to a healthy heart and a sharper brain. In the last few decades, that promise has been encapsulated in one of America's most popular dietary supplements. Omega-3s are today a multi-billion dollar business, and sales are still growing apace--even as recent medical studies caution that the promise of omega-3s may not be what it first appeared. But a closer look at the omega-3 sensation reveals something much deeper and more troubling. The miracle pill is only the latest product of the reduction industry, a vast, global endeavor that over the last century has boiled down trillions of pounds of marine life into animal feed, fertilizer, margarine, and dietary supplements. The creatures that are the victims of that industry seem insignificant to the untrained eye, but turn out to be essential to the survival of whales, penguins, and fish of all kinds, including many that we love to eat. Behind these tiny molecules is a big story: of the push-and-pull of science and business; of the fate of our oceans in a human-dominated age; of the explosion of land food at the expense of healthier and more sustainable seafood; of the human quest for health and long life at all costs. James Beard Award-winning author Paul Greenberg probes the rich and surprising history of omega-3s--from the dawn of complex life, when these compounds were first formed; to human prehistory, when the discovery of seafood may have produced major cognitive leaps for our species; and on to the modern era, when omega-3s may point the way to a bold new direction for our food system. With wit and boundless curiosity, Greenberg brings us along on his travels--from Peru to Antarctica, from the Canary Islands to the Amalfi Coast--to reveal firsthand the practice and repercussions of our unbalanced way of eating. Rigorously reported and winningly told, The Omega Principle is a powerful argument for a more deliberate and forward-thinking relationship to the food we eat and the oceans that sustain us.

Fish Oil

Author : Matthias van Dijk
Publisher : Nova Biomedical Books
ISBN 13 : 9781614709633
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (96 download)

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Book Synopsis Fish Oil by : Matthias van Dijk

Download or read book Fish Oil written by Matthias van Dijk and published by Nova Biomedical Books. This book was released on 2012 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Fish oils contain the omega-3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), precursors of eicosanoids that are known to reduce inflammation throughout the body, and are thought to have many health benefits. In this book, the authors present topical research in the study of the production, consumption and health benefits of fish oil, including polyunsaturated fatty acids and their dietary implications during pregnancy; plant-derived antioxidants as potential omega-3 pufa stabilisers; stability and behaviour of omega-3 food emulsions; the combined effects of omega-3 fatty acids and exercise on cardiovascular disease risk and mortality and fish oil and male fertility.

Lipid Mediators

Author : Fiona M. Cunningham
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 402 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Lipid Mediators by : Fiona M. Cunningham

Download or read book Lipid Mediators written by Fiona M. Cunningham and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 402 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume provides an overview of lipid mediators from synthesis to inhibition. It addresses the immune system and its diseases from a pharmacological viewpoint and combines clinical aspects with basic science.

Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Health

Author : Joyce A. Nettleton
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1461520711
Total Pages : 372 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (615 download)

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Book Synopsis Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Health by : Joyce A. Nettleton

Download or read book Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Health written by Joyce A. Nettleton and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 372 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The evidence that omega-3 fatty acids are essential for human development and most helpful to achieve good health throughout life is clearly documented by Dr. Joyce Nettleton in her new book Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Health. Omega 3 fatty acids are produced by the plants of the land and sea. The tissues of the body require the omega-3 fatty acids for their proper functioning just as they also need the omega-6 essential fatty acids. It is probable in man's evolutionary development that there has always been the proper balance between these two groups of essential fatty acids, but in the modern era with the provision of inexpensive vegetable oils it is possible that the pendulum for increased dietary omega-6 fatty acids in the form of linoleic acid has swung too far and the intake ofomega-3 fatty acids has actualIy declined. In particular, the 22 carbon omega 3 fatty acid, docosahexaenoic acid, which has six double bonds, is important in the membranes of brain cells, heart muscle cells, the rods and cones of the retina and spermatozoa. Docosahexaenoic acid is found only in foods such as fish and other sea life, having been synthesized by the phytoplankton of the waters. An outright deficiency of omega-3 fatty acids has led to a number of distur bances in animals and human infants such as impaired vision, abnormalities of the electroretinogram, of the eye and various behavioral aberrations.