Handbook Of Research On Determining The Reliability Of Online Assessment And Distance Learning

Download Handbook Of Research On Determining The Reliability Of Online Assessment And Distance Learning full books in PDF, epub, and Kindle. Read online Handbook Of Research On Determining The Reliability Of Online Assessment And Distance Learning ebook anywhere anytime directly on your device. Fast Download speed and no annoying ads. We cannot guarantee that every ebooks is available!

Handbook of Research on Determining the Reliability of Online Assessment and Distance Learning

Author : Moura, Ana S.
Publisher : IGI Global
ISBN 13 : 1799847705
Total Pages : 548 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (998 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Handbook of Research on Determining the Reliability of Online Assessment and Distance Learning by : Moura, Ana S.

Download or read book Handbook of Research on Determining the Reliability of Online Assessment and Distance Learning written by Moura, Ana S. and published by IGI Global. This book was released on 2020-11-13 with total page 548 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Though in the past online learning was considered of poorer professional quality than classroom learning, it has become a useful and, in some cases, vital tool for promoting the inclusivity of education. Some of its benefits include allowing greater accessibility to educational resources previously unattainable by those in rural areas, and in current times, it has proven to be a critical asset as universities shut down due to natural disasters and pandemics. Examining the current state of distance learning and determining online assessment tools and processes that can enhance the online learning experience are clearly crucial for the advancement of modern education. The Handbook of Research on Determining the Reliability of Online Assessment and Distance Learning is a collection of pioneering investigations on the methods and applications of digital technologies in the realm of education. It provides a clear and extensive analysis of issues regarding online learning while also offering frameworks to solve these addressed problems. Moreover, the book reviews and evaluates the present and intended future of distance learning, focusing on the societal and employer perspective versus the academic proposals. While highlighting topics including hybrid teaching, blended learning, and telelearning, this book is ideally designed for teachers, academicians, researchers, educational administrators, and students.

Handbook of Research on Inequities in Online Education During Global Crises

Author : Kyei-Blankson, Lydia
Publisher : IGI Global
ISBN 13 : 1799865355
Total Pages : 640 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (998 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Handbook of Research on Inequities in Online Education During Global Crises by : Kyei-Blankson, Lydia

Download or read book Handbook of Research on Inequities in Online Education During Global Crises written by Kyei-Blankson, Lydia and published by IGI Global. This book was released on 2021-05-07 with total page 640 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, many educational institutions implemented social distancing interventions such as initiating closure, developing plans for employees to work remotely, and transitioning teaching and learning from face-to-face classrooms to online environments. The abrupt switch to online teaching and learning, for the most part, has been a massive change for administration, faculty, and students at traditional brick-and-mortar universities and colleges as concerns regarding the pedagogical soundness of this mode of delivery remain among some stakeholders. Not only that, but the switch has also revealed the inequities in the system when it comes to the types of students universities serve. It is important as institutions move forward with online instruction that consideration be made about all students and what policies and strategies need to be put into place to help support and meet the needs of all constituents now or when unprecedented situations arise. The only way this can be done is by documenting the experiences through the eyes of faculty who were at the frontline of providing instruction and advising services to students. The Handbook of Research on Inequities in Online Education During Global Crises brings to light the struggles faculty and students faced as they were required to switch to online education during the global COVID-19 health crisis. This crisis has revealed inequities in the educational system as well as the specific effects of inequities when it comes to learning online, and the chapters in this book provide information to help institutions be better prepared for online education or remote learning in the future. While highlighting topics such as new educational trends, remote instruction, diversity in education, and teaching and learning in a pandemic, this book is ideal for in-service and preservice teachers, administrators, teacher educators, practitioners, stakeholders, researchers, academicians, and students interested in the inequalities within the educational systems and the new policies and strategies put in place with online education to combat these issues and support the needs of all diverse student populations.

Determining the Reliability of Online Assessment and Distance Learning

Author : Ana S. Moura
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781799857518
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (575 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Determining the Reliability of Online Assessment and Distance Learning by : Ana S. Moura

Download or read book Determining the Reliability of Online Assessment and Distance Learning written by Ana S. Moura and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "This is a collection of pioneering investigations on the methods and applications of digital technologies in the realm of education. It provides a clear and extensive analysis of issues regarding online learning while also offering frameworks to solve these addressed problems"--

Handbook of Research on K-12 Blended and Virtual Learning Through the i²Flex Classroom Model

Author : Avgerinou, Maria D.
Publisher : IGI Global
ISBN 13 : 1799877620
Total Pages : 710 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (998 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Handbook of Research on K-12 Blended and Virtual Learning Through the i²Flex Classroom Model by : Avgerinou, Maria D.

Download or read book Handbook of Research on K-12 Blended and Virtual Learning Through the i²Flex Classroom Model written by Avgerinou, Maria D. and published by IGI Global. This book was released on 2021-03-05 with total page 710 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Teaching models that focus on blended and virtual learning have become important during the past year and have become integral for the continuance of learning. The i²Flex classroom model, a variation of blended learning, allows non-interactive teaching activities to take place without teachers’ direct involvement, freeing up time for more meaningful teacher-student and student-student interactions. There is evidence that i²Flex leads to increased student engagement and motivation as well as better exploitation of teachers’ and classroom time leading to the development of higher order cognitive skills as well as study skills for students' future needs related to citizenship, college, and careers. The Handbook of Research on K-12 Blended and Virtual Learning Through the i²Flex Classroom Model focuses not only on how to design, deliver, and evaluate courses, but also on how to assess teacher performance in a blended i2Flex way at the K12 level. The book will discuss the implementation of the i²Flex (isquareFlex), a non-traditional learning methodology, which integrates internet-based delivery of content and instruction with faculty-guided, student-independent learning in combination with face-to-face classroom instruction aiming at developing higher order cognitive skills within a flexible learning design framework. While highlighting new methods for improving the classroom and learning experience in addition to preparing students for higher education and careers, this publication is an essential reference source for pre-service and in-service teachers, researchers, administrators, educational technology developers, and students interested in how the i2Flex model was implemented in classrooms and the effects of this learning model.

Handbook of Research on Lessons Learned From Transitioning to Virtual Classrooms During a Pandemic

Author : Thornburg, Amy W.
Publisher : IGI Global
ISBN 13 : 1799865584
Total Pages : 457 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (998 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Handbook of Research on Lessons Learned From Transitioning to Virtual Classrooms During a Pandemic by : Thornburg, Amy W.

Download or read book Handbook of Research on Lessons Learned From Transitioning to Virtual Classrooms During a Pandemic written by Thornburg, Amy W. and published by IGI Global. This book was released on 2021-05-14 with total page 457 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Online instruction is rapidly expanding the way administrators and educators think about and plan instruction. In addition, due to a pandemic, online instructional practices and learning in a virtual environment are being implemented with very little training or support. Educators are learning new tools and strategies at a quick pace, and often on their own, even through resistance. It is important to explore lessons learned through the pandemic but also of importance is sharing the virtual classroom options and instruction that align to best practices when transitioning to online instruction. Sharing these will allow educators to understand and learn that virtual instruction can benefit all, even when not used out of need, and can enhance face-to-face courses in many ways. The Handbook of Research on Lessons Learned From Transitioning to Virtual Classrooms During a Pandemic is a critical reference that presents lessons instructors have learned throughout the COVID-19 pandemic including what programs and tools were found to be the most impactful and useful and how to effectively embed virtual teaching into face-to-face teaching. With difficult choices to be made and implemented, this topic and collection of writings demonstrates the learning curve in a state of survival and also lessons and resources learned that will be useful when moving back to face-to-face instruction as a tool to continue to use. Highlighted topics include the frustrations faced during the transition, lessons learned from a variety of viewpoints, resources found and used to support instruction, online learner perspectives and thoughts, online course content, and best practices in transitioning to online instruction. This book is ideal for teachers, principals, school leaders, instructional designers, curriculum developers, higher education professors, pre-service teachers, in-service teachers, practitioners, researchers, and anyone interested in developing more effective virtual and in-classroom teaching methods.

Educational Recovery for PK-12 Education During and After a Pandemic

Author : Keough, Penelope D.
Publisher : IGI Global
ISBN 13 : 1799869547
Total Pages : 283 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (998 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Educational Recovery for PK-12 Education During and After a Pandemic by : Keough, Penelope D.

Download or read book Educational Recovery for PK-12 Education During and After a Pandemic written by Keough, Penelope D. and published by IGI Global. This book was released on 2021-06-25 with total page 283 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on PK-12 education has halted traditional education but has also fostered innovation in distance learning, parental involvement in their children's education, and families' coping mechanisms when forced to "self-quarantine." The educational community is thirsting for strategies, methods, and tools to help with prevention of gaps in the education of youth during this pandemic and in preparation of future global crises. Educational Recovery for PK-12 Education During and After a Pandemic builds awareness of the needs prevalent to the education of PK-12 students effectively during and after the COVID-19 pandemic and provides tools and strategies to assist these students as they grapple with new teaching and learning styles. This book provides timely information to support new modes of teaching and learning during this unprecedented time and fosters traditional methods of education while concurrently respecting guidelines set by the CDC to keep students safe and eliminate gaps in learning. It also benefits the educational community by leading the field in innovative steps to effectively educate PK-12 students so they will continue to be contributing members of society albeit surviving the most devastating epidemic in the last 100 years. Focusing on a wide range of topics such as student mental health, learning gaps, and best teaching practices, this book is ideal for teachers, administrators, district superintendents, counselors, psychologists, social workers, parents, academicians, researchers, and students.

Research Anthology on Combating Cyber-Aggression and Online Negativity

Author : Management Association, Information Resources
Publisher : IGI Global
ISBN 13 : 1668455951
Total Pages : 1658 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (684 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Research Anthology on Combating Cyber-Aggression and Online Negativity by : Management Association, Information Resources

Download or read book Research Anthology on Combating Cyber-Aggression and Online Negativity written by Management Association, Information Resources and published by IGI Global. This book was released on 2022-03-04 with total page 1658 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The advent of the internet and social media were landmarks in furthering communication technologies. Through social media websites, families, friends, and communities could connect in a way never seen. Though these websites are helpful tools in facilitating positive interaction, they have also allowed users to verbally attack and bully each other with no fear of repercussion. Moreover, online predators will often use these tools to harass, stalk, and in some cases even lure their victims. Particularly rampant among adolescents, these harmful actions must be mitigated in order to safeguard the mental health and physical safety of users. The Research Anthology on Combating Cyber-Aggression and Online Negativity discusses the research behind cyber-aggression and cyber bullying, as well as methods to predict and prevent online negativity. It presents policy, technological, and human intervention practices against cyber-aggression. Covering topics such as media literacy, demographic variables, and workplace cyberbullying, this major reference work is a critical resource for students and educators of higher education, libraries, social media administrators, government organizations, K-12 teachers, computer scientists, sociologists, psychologists, human resource managers, researchers, and academicians.

The Black Experience and Navigating Higher Education Through a Virtual World

Author : Hairston, Kimetta R.
Publisher : IGI Global
ISBN 13 : 1799875393
Total Pages : 282 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (998 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis The Black Experience and Navigating Higher Education Through a Virtual World by : Hairston, Kimetta R.

Download or read book The Black Experience and Navigating Higher Education Through a Virtual World written by Hairston, Kimetta R. and published by IGI Global. This book was released on 2021-06-25 with total page 282 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The treasure of the Black experience at a Historically Black College/University (HBCU) is that it offers a personal and intimate experience rooted in Black heritage that cannot be found at other institutions. On campus, face-to-face instruction and activities focused on addressing issues that plague the Black community are paramount. This provides students with small classroom environments and the personal support from administrators, faculty, and staff. In March 2020, the Black experience was interrupted when a global pandemic forced governors to declare states of emergencies and mandate stay-at-home orders. The stay-at-home orders forced universities to transition into fully remote environments. Doing so heightened an array of emotions compounded by the reality of previously recognized disparities in resources and funding amongst higher education institutions. As a result of this abrupt transformation, the HBCU experience was impacted by positive and negative implications for Black people at the campus, local, state, and national levels. The Black Experience and Navigating Higher Education Through a Virtual World explores the reality of the Black experience from various perspectives involving higher education institutions with a focus on HBCUs. The book provides an overview and analysis of a virtual experience that goes beyond the day-to-day technological implications and exposes innovative ideas and ways of navigating students and faculty through a remote world. It focuses on heightening the awareness of disparities through the Black experience in a virtual environment, provides guidance on transitioning to fully remote environments, examines leadership dynamics in virtual environments, analyzes mental health balance, and examines implications on the digital divide. Covering topics such as online course delivery, self-health, and social justice, this book is essential for graduate students, academicians, diversity officers in the academy, professors, and researchers.

Handbook of Research on Establishing Digital Competencies in the Pursuit of Online Learning

Author : Podovšovnik, Eva
Publisher : IGI Global
ISBN 13 : 166847011X
Total Pages : 460 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (684 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Handbook of Research on Establishing Digital Competencies in the Pursuit of Online Learning by : Podovšovnik, Eva

Download or read book Handbook of Research on Establishing Digital Competencies in the Pursuit of Online Learning written by Podovšovnik, Eva and published by IGI Global. This book was released on 2023-07-14 with total page 460 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: After two years of forced changes in the educational system and shifting to a new model where online learning became a reality, students and teachers gained a lot of experience and new insights into online learning. Thus, it is relevant for educators, managers of schools, and developers of online applications to understand what was learned during the pandemic in order to adapt to the new situation. The Handbook of Research on Establishing Digital Competencies in the Pursuit of Online Learning considers important lessons learned about online teaching during the pandemic, the experiences of educators, and the perspectives of students and teachers. The book also assists educators in designing their learning process for it to be more student- and teacher-oriented. Covering key topics such as technology, digital skills, and distance learning, this reference work is ideal for industry professionals, administrators, policymakers, principals, researchers, academicians, scholars, instructors, and students.

Exploring Ethical Dimensions of Environmental Sustainability and Use of AI

Author : Kannan, Hemachandran
Publisher : IGI Global
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 447 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (693 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Exploring Ethical Dimensions of Environmental Sustainability and Use of AI by : Kannan, Hemachandran

Download or read book Exploring Ethical Dimensions of Environmental Sustainability and Use of AI written by Kannan, Hemachandran and published by IGI Global. This book was released on 2023-12-07 with total page 447 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Exploring Ethical Dimensions of Environmental Sustainability and Use of AI is a comprehensive and insightful book that delves into the ethical implications and challenges that emerge at the intersection of environmental sustainability and the utilization of artificial intelligence (AI). With a focus on key ethical dimensions such as transparency, equity, privacy, autonomy, unintended consequences, and trade-offs, this book aims to provide a thorough understanding of the responsible deployment and development of AI in the realm of environmental sustainability. By addressing the ethical aspects and challenges involved, this book contributes to the development of ethical guidelines and frameworks that align AI technologies with the vision of a sustainable and equitable future. Researchers will find immense value in this book as it offers a holistic exploration of the ethical implications, filling a critical gap in the existing literature. Policymakers can gain valuable insights to inform the creation of ethical guidelines and regulations governing AI use in sustainable initiatives. Practitioners, including professionals working in environmental organizations or technology companies, will acquire practical knowledge to guide their decision-making and implementation of AI-driven solutions.

Technology and Innovation in Learning, Teaching and Education

Author : Arsénio Reis
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3030739880
Total Pages : 534 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (37 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Technology and Innovation in Learning, Teaching and Education by : Arsénio Reis

Download or read book Technology and Innovation in Learning, Teaching and Education written by Arsénio Reis and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-04-10 with total page 534 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book constitutes the thoroughly refereed post-conference proceedings of the Second International Conference on Technology and Innovation in Learning, Teaching and Education, TECH-EDU 2020, held in Vila Real, Portugal, in December 2020. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic the conference was held in a fully virtual format. The 27 revised full papers along with 15 short papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from 79 submissions.The papers are organized in topical sections on digital resources as epistemic tools to improve STEM learning; digital technologies to foster critical thinking and monitor self and co-regulation of e-learning; Covid-19 pandemic, changes in educational ecosystem and remote teaching; transforming teaching and learning through technology; educational proposals using technology to foster learning competences.

Technologies for Sustainable Global Higher Education

Author : Maria José Sousa
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1000955788
Total Pages : 280 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (9 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Technologies for Sustainable Global Higher Education by : Maria José Sousa

Download or read book Technologies for Sustainable Global Higher Education written by Maria José Sousa and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2023-09-11 with total page 280 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Digital technologies are influencing the way we learn, live, work, and exist in different contexts of society in the digital age. There are a variety of learning systems that support innovative digital approaches, and universities and organizations around the world are investing in building their own e-learning platforms. Digital technologies are enabling wider access to education and new markets for student recruitment, resulting in increased income prospects for global higher education institutions. Technology enables numerous data and information sources, which give greater access to information and data. It also enables highly virtual environments, which impact teaching and the classroom. The widespread use and application of digital technologies in the teaching and learning process provoke pedagogical inquiry and mediation. It is in this context that Technologies for Sustainable Global Higher Education focuses on analyzing the application of digital technologies in the teaching–learning process. The chapters in this edited collection seek to answer questions relevant to the context of higher education, such as: What is the concept of digital technologies? How is digital technology used to mediate the learning process? What technologies are used to qualify education in higher education? This book provides answers to these questions by focusing on issues central to improving education through digital technologies, digital learning, and pedagogical practices in digital education. It also provides case studies of higher education institutions.

Training Engineering Students for Modern Technological Advancement

Author : Alves, Anabela Carvalho
Publisher : IGI Global
ISBN 13 : 1799888185
Total Pages : 468 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (998 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Training Engineering Students for Modern Technological Advancement by : Alves, Anabela Carvalho

Download or read book Training Engineering Students for Modern Technological Advancement written by Alves, Anabela Carvalho and published by IGI Global. This book was released on 2021-12-17 with total page 468 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Engineering education leads the preparation of the next generation of engineers. This is a difficult task as engineering practices rapidly evolve, pressured by the technological advancements promoted by these same engineers. Engineering schools are integrated into large and rigid higher education institutions (HEI) that are not known for their agility. Nevertheless, engineering educators must have the agility to go beyond HEI boundaries to close the gap between professional practice needs and engineering education. Training Engineering Students for Modern Technological Advancement examines the role of engineering teachers in preparing the next generation of engineers and presents perspectives on active learning methods for engineering education. As such, it contributes to bypassing the compartmentalized way of course organization typical in many HEIs and prepares for more agile engineering education. Covering topics such as game-based teaching methods, Industry 4.0, and management skills, this book is a dynamic resource ideal for engineers, engineering professors, engineering students, general educators, engineering professionals, academicians, and researchers.

Handbook of Research on Humanizing the Distance Learning Experience

Author : Northcote, Maria
Publisher : IGI Global
ISBN 13 : 1522509690
Total Pages : 530 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (225 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Handbook of Research on Humanizing the Distance Learning Experience by : Northcote, Maria

Download or read book Handbook of Research on Humanizing the Distance Learning Experience written by Northcote, Maria and published by IGI Global. This book was released on 2016-11-08 with total page 530 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Distance learning is becoming increasingly prevalent in educational settings around the world as it provides more flexibility and access to classes for students and educators alike. While online classrooms are proving to be popular, there is a significant gap in the personalization and humanization of these courses. The Handbook of Research on Humanizing the Distance Learning Experience features empirical research on promoting the personalization of online learning courses through presence, emotionality, and interactivity within digital classrooms. Highlighting best practices and evaluating student perceptions on distance learning, this handbook will appeal to researchers, educators, course designers, professionals, and administrators.

Online Assessment and Measurement

Author : Mary Hricko
Publisher : IGI Global
ISBN 13 : 1591404991
Total Pages : 372 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (914 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Online Assessment and Measurement by : Mary Hricko

Download or read book Online Assessment and Measurement written by Mary Hricko and published by IGI Global. This book was released on 2006-01-01 with total page 372 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "This book explores the development of online assessment and the way practitioners of online learning can modify their methodologies in the design, development, and delivery of their instruction to best accommodate their participants"--Provided by publisher.

Online Assessment and Measurement

Author : Scott L. Howell
Publisher : IGI Global
ISBN 13 : 1591407222
Total Pages : 280 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (914 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Online Assessment and Measurement by : Scott L. Howell

Download or read book Online Assessment and Measurement written by Scott L. Howell and published by IGI Global. This book was released on 2006-01-01 with total page 280 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "This book features case studies detailing online applications and uses of assessment and measurement methodologies, systems, and practices across three broad educational or training areas"--Provided by publisher.

Handbook of Research on Managing and Designing Online Courses in Synchronous and Asynchronous Environments

Author : Durak, Gürhan
Publisher : IGI Global
ISBN 13 : 1799887030
Total Pages : 731 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (998 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Handbook of Research on Managing and Designing Online Courses in Synchronous and Asynchronous Environments by : Durak, Gürhan

Download or read book Handbook of Research on Managing and Designing Online Courses in Synchronous and Asynchronous Environments written by Durak, Gürhan and published by IGI Global. This book was released on 2021-12-17 with total page 731 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In order to be successful, online learning should be planned systematically. It can be said that offering distance education courses without preparation and knowledge about the theoretical background can cause drawbacks. While distance education has become widespread and popular, it is observed that there could be problems in its application. Such problems can include technical problems, inability to meet the learning needs at the learners’ own speeds, lack of communication among learners and between learners and teachers, and lack of quality materials appropriate for online learning or the inclusion of materials used in traditional methods directly into online learning. For successful online courses, these critical aspects of distance education are important, and they should be taken into account by the institutions and the instructors offering online courses. The Handbook of Research on Managing and Designing Online Courses in Synchronous and Asynchronous Environments provides up-to-date knowledge and experiences regarding technologies, processes, and environments for online course design in distance education systems and covers topics related to the aspects of successful distance education systems with a focus on teaching and learning in online environments. Focusing on topics such as instructional design and integrated systems, it is an ideal guide for online course designers, instructional designers, curricula developers, administrators, educators, researchers, trainers, and students.