Goal-Setting To Improve Physical Activity

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (139 download)

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Book Synopsis Goal-Setting To Improve Physical Activity by : Stephanie Emmett

Download or read book Goal-Setting To Improve Physical Activity written by Stephanie Emmett and published by . This book was released on 2023 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As part of usual care, patients who have cardiovascular disease are simply told by providers to increase their physical activity. A large portion of adult patients continue to lack adequate physical activity which may indicate that the strategies used by providers to accomplish this are not effective. The focus of this feasibility study was to determine if short-term, patient-centered, specific goal-setting combined with telephone follow-up could be a supportive strategy to promote physical activity. Consecutive patients, ages 20-80, who had cardiovascular disease, and self-reported inadequate physical activity although they had no physical limitations, were invited to participate in the study. Patients were excluded if they (a) had a myocardial infarction, percutaneous intervention, or open-heart surgery in the past 60 days; (b) had a physical disability or restriction from exercise; (c) were currently experiencing new or unstable cardiac symptoms; or (d) reported a hospitalization for a serious illness in the past 30 days. On initial visit, patients decided their short-term, patient-centered, specific weekly physical activity goal. Patient's weekly physical activity was assessed for four weeks following the initial visit using telephone follow-up, and feedback was given. The study had a high acceptance rate (78%) during recruitment, only 6 patients did not complete the study, and over 50% of the patients each week met their goals. Most of the patients (96%) increased their physical activity from the start of the study. The study determined that short-term, patient-centered, specific goal-setting with telephone follow-up was a feasible and effective strategy to increase patients' physical activity

Assessing the Use of Goal Setting and Feedback to Increase Physical Activity in Adults

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 34 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (282 download)

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Book Synopsis Assessing the Use of Goal Setting and Feedback to Increase Physical Activity in Adults by : Amelia Grace Moorehouse

Download or read book Assessing the Use of Goal Setting and Feedback to Increase Physical Activity in Adults written by Amelia Grace Moorehouse and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 34 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Previous research has demonstrated the efficacy of goal setting and feedback for increasing physical activity in a variety of populations. Increased physical activity is associated with health benefits such as weight management, improved muscle strength, cardiovascular health, and longevity. The present study aimed to replicate previous goal setting and feedback research to increase the weekly walking or running distance for six adults. This study also assessed the efficacy of the intervention for promoting maintenance of physical activity in a 3-month follow- up assessment. The participants in this study were six healthy adults recruited from a Midwest university and expressed interest in increasing their overall activity levels during the COVID-19 pandemic. The study utilized a multiple baseline across participants design and revealed that all participants increased their mean weekly distance in the intervention phase following baseline. Furthermore, one participant maintained an increased weekly distance following the conclusion of the intervention. Implications and suggestions for future research are addressed.

A Goal Setting Intervention to Increase Physical Activity in Elementary School Children

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 116 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (627 download)

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Book Synopsis A Goal Setting Intervention to Increase Physical Activity in Elementary School Children by : Lee C. Hancock

Download or read book A Goal Setting Intervention to Increase Physical Activity in Elementary School Children written by Lee C. Hancock and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 116 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Increasing Physical Activity in Adults

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 111 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (843 download)

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Book Synopsis Increasing Physical Activity in Adults by : Dal-Hyun Moon

Download or read book Increasing Physical Activity in Adults written by Dal-Hyun Moon and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 111 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Walking is the most popular type of physical activity among the adult population in the United States including individuals with disabilities. Considering the popularity of the activity, walking-related physical activity should be a focus of health promotion campaigns among the adult population. Rhodes and Nigg (2011) suggested that employing theory-based interventions lead to a better understanding of physical activity behavior and to the development of effective interventions. The goal of this project is to provide an effective intervention strategy using goal-setting theory. Two studies were conducted to examine the effectiveness of goal-setting strategies to increase physical activity behavior among middle-aged adults and to identify the specific mechanisms of goal-setting theory. The first study examined the effects of different degrees of specific and difficult step goals on increasing physical activity, using a pedometer. A total of 96 adults were randomly assigned into five different goal groups: (a) easy, (b) difficult, (c) improbable, (d) do-your-best, and (e) no goal group. A 2 x 5 (time by group) repeated measures ANOVA revealed that there were significant time by group interactions. The increases in step counts in the difficult and improbable goal groups were greater than the remaining groups. In addition, there were no significant differences on the rates of goal achievement among specific and difficult goal groups. These findings suggest that when people have higher goals, they are more likely to increase their levels of physical activity. Future studies should examine the long-term effects of goal setting on physical activity. The second study examined the effects of goal commitment on physical activity promotion. A total of 69 adults were randomly assigned into different goal groups and their performances were compared. Participants' level of goal commitment was collected by survey. Results from multiple regression analyses showed that goal and goal commitment had a direct effect on increasing daily step count. However, there was no evidence for the moderating effect of goal commitment on the relationship between goals and performance. Results of this study suggest that goal setting and goal commitment are important predictors of change in physical activity levels. The results of this project suggest that physical activity promotion programs should use specific and difficult goals to increase a person's performance rather than vague and easily achievable goals. Also, it is important that participants make a commitment to achieve the goal. Future studies should examine the strategies for increasing goal commitment.

Educating the Student Body

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Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309283140
Total Pages : 503 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (92 download)

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Book Synopsis Educating the Student Body by : Committee on Physical Activity and Physical Education in the School Environment

Download or read book Educating the Student Body written by Committee on Physical Activity and Physical Education in the School Environment and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2013-11-13 with total page 503 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Physical inactivity is a key determinant of health across the lifespan. A lack of activity increases the risk of heart disease, colon and breast cancer, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, osteoporosis, anxiety and depression and others diseases. Emerging literature has suggested that in terms of mortality, the global population health burden of physical inactivity approaches that of cigarette smoking. The prevalence and substantial disease risk associated with physical inactivity has been described as a pandemic. The prevalence, health impact, and evidence of changeability all have resulted in calls for action to increase physical activity across the lifespan. In response to the need to find ways to make physical activity a health priority for youth, the Institute of Medicine's Committee on Physical Activity and Physical Education in the School Environment was formed. Its purpose was to review the current status of physical activity and physical education in the school environment, including before, during, and after school, and examine the influences of physical activity and physical education on the short and long term physical, cognitive and brain, and psychosocial health and development of children and adolescents. Educating the Student Body makes recommendations about approaches for strengthening and improving programs and policies for physical activity and physical education in the school environment. This report lays out a set of guiding principles to guide its work on these tasks. These included: recognizing the benefits of instilling life-long physical activity habits in children; the value of using systems thinking in improving physical activity and physical education in the school environment; the recognition of current disparities in opportunities and the need to achieve equity in physical activity and physical education; the importance of considering all types of school environments; the need to take into consideration the diversity of students as recommendations are developed. This report will be of interest to local and national policymakers, school officials, teachers, and the education community, researchers, professional organizations, and parents interested in physical activity, physical education, and health for school-aged children and adolescents.

Improving Consistency of Goal Attainment to Increase Physical Activity

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (89 download)

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Book Synopsis Improving Consistency of Goal Attainment to Increase Physical Activity by : Elizabeth Anne Solley

Download or read book Improving Consistency of Goal Attainment to Increase Physical Activity written by Elizabeth Anne Solley and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Researchers have successfully increased physical activity with self-monitoring, goal setting, and feedback. Goal attainment is a crucial part of what makes goal setting successful; however, it is often unreported in the literature or implied that goals were not reached consistently. A potential way to achieve this consistency is to create an action plan, or a detailed account of exactly how and when the individual will engage in the desired physical activity to reach his or her goal. This study evaluated whether making a detailed action plan would allow individuals to reach their physical activity goals more consistently than when using goal setting and self-monitoring alone. Action planning increased goal attainment for all participants but only resulted in increased physical activity for 2 of 3 participants. Future research should replicate this study to validate these findings and further explore methods for improving the success of goal setting as an intervention.

The Handbook of Behavior Change

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Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1108750117
Total Pages : 730 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (87 download)

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Book Synopsis The Handbook of Behavior Change by : Martin S. Hagger

Download or read book The Handbook of Behavior Change written by Martin S. Hagger and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2020-07-15 with total page 730 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Social problems in many domains, including health, education, social relationships, and the workplace, have their origins in human behavior. The documented links between behavior and social problems have compelled governments and organizations to prioritize and mobilize efforts to develop effective, evidence-based means to promote adaptive behavior change. In recognition of this impetus, The Handbook of Behavior Change provides comprehensive coverage of contemporary theory, research, and practice on behavior change. It summarizes current evidence-based approaches to behavior change in chapters authored by leading theorists, researchers, and practitioners from multiple disciplines, including psychology, sociology, behavioral science, economics, philosophy, and implementation science. It is the go-to resource for researchers, students, practitioners, and policy makers looking for current knowledge on behavior change and guidance on how to develop effective interventions to change behavior.

Personal Fitness

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ISBN 13 : 9780840351340
Total Pages : 296 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (513 download)

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Book Synopsis Personal Fitness by :

Download or read book Personal Fitness written by and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 296 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

New Developments in Goal Setting and Task Performance

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Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1136180958
Total Pages : 690 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (361 download)

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Book Synopsis New Developments in Goal Setting and Task Performance by : Edwin A. Locke

Download or read book New Developments in Goal Setting and Task Performance written by Edwin A. Locke and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2013-01-03 with total page 690 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book concentrates on the last twenty years of research in the area of goal setting and performance at work. The editors and contributors believe goals affect action, and this volume has a lineup of international contributors who look at the recent theories and implications in this area for IO psychologists and human resource management academics and graduate students.

The Use of Goal Setting to Promote Positive Health Outcomes in Youth with Disabilities

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 24 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (129 download)

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Book Synopsis The Use of Goal Setting to Promote Positive Health Outcomes in Youth with Disabilities by : Franziska Loetzner

Download or read book The Use of Goal Setting to Promote Positive Health Outcomes in Youth with Disabilities written by Franziska Loetzner and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 24 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Background: Declining levels of physical activity throughout childhood is a growing concern. Goal setting theory uses motivation and purposeful decision making to improve performance in a targeted domain. Although there is ample empirical support demonstrating the benefits of physical activity (PA), sustained behavioral changes following intervention are difficult to achieve. Goal setting represents an attractive, however, there has been limited research in this rising field, so a scoping review is needed. Objective: To conduct a scoping review to identify the existing research on the use of goal setting theory to improve health and physical activity in youth. Methods: A literature search was conducted and Guided by the Joanna Briggs Institute framework for scoping reviews. Searches were conducted in four electronic data bases (PubMed, ERIC, CINHAL, ProQuest) to find peer reviewed articles in the English language published between 2011 and 2021. Characteristics of the studies were extracted using the PRISMA-ScR Group Guidelines for Preferred Reporting Items for Scoping Reviews. Results: Out of the 136 articles found, 5 met the inclusion criteria. The final review included 5 articles published over a 10 year period, and a total of 103 participants aged 6-22. All 5 reported the use of goal setting to enhance physical activity. Discussion: Goal setting represents an accessible and affordable option for the promotion of physical activity throughout childhood.

Europe Active's Foundations for Exercise Professionals

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Publisher : Human Kinetics
ISBN 13 : 1492584916
Total Pages : 352 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (925 download)

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Book Synopsis Europe Active's Foundations for Exercise Professionals by : EuropeActive

Download or read book Europe Active's Foundations for Exercise Professionals written by EuropeActive and published by Human Kinetics. This book was released on 2015-01-19 with total page 352 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: EuropeActive’s Foundations for Exercise Professionals provides core knowledge and industry standards to help exercise professionals serve their clients. Endorsed by EuropeActive, the continent’s leading standard-setting organisation in fitness and health, this text is an authoritative guide for current and future exercise professionals and training providers in Europe. The book uses scientific foundations to cover concepts and hands-on skills that promote best practices in exercise instruction and training. The content applies to all levels of the European Qualifications Framework (EQF) and associated job titles—the only resource to do so—and matches the core information for EQF levels 3 and 4. Thus, this instructional guide ensures smooth movement and work transfers among employers, educational institutions and countries in Europe. Written by renowned experts in exercise and sport sciences and framed in the European Register of Exercise Professionals’ Code of Ethical Practice for exercise professionals, the text offers several practical features for readers: • Easy-to-apply instruction accompanied by 88 full-colour photos and 68 illustrations offer an ideal visual learning experience. • Complete descriptions and images detail proper form for common free-weight and machine-resistance training exercises. • Explanations and recommendations are included for the most popular cardiorespiratory exercise equipment. • Official nutrition recommendations prepare professionals to address clients’ concerns. • The complete Code of Ethical Practice serves as a guide for all exercise professionals in Europe. EuropeActive’s Foundations for Exercise Professionals begins by covering the bones, joints, muscles and cardiovascular system to ensure a proper understanding of the body’s movement and physiology. Readers then learn the components of exercise theory and prescription, including energy systems; body composition; resistance, aerobic and flexibility training; warm-up and cool-down; and the principle of progression. The book helps professionals become role models in the industry with information on managing lifestyle through physical activity, health, nutrition, hydration and safety. After gaining foundational knowledge, readers will look closer at the role of the exercise professional, starting with building rapport, motivating, screening and assessing clients. The final chapters discuss the basic aspects of training: exercise technique using weight machines, free weights and cardiorespiratory equipment. Both aspiring and qualified exercise professionals should keep abreast of foundational information about all areas of the health and fitness sector in order to properly serve the industry and their clients. EuropeActive’s Foundations for Exercise Professionals is an ideal reference for promoting physical activity, making lifestyles healthier and guiding clients toward their fitness goals.

Global Action Plan on Physical Activity 2018-2030

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Publisher : World Health Organization
ISBN 13 : 9241514183
Total Pages : 104 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (415 download)

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Book Synopsis Global Action Plan on Physical Activity 2018-2030 by : World Health Organization

Download or read book Global Action Plan on Physical Activity 2018-2030 written by World Health Organization and published by World Health Organization. This book was released on 2019-01-21 with total page 104 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Regular physical activity is proven to help prevent and treat noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) such as heart disease stroke diabetes and breast and colon cancer. It also helps to prevent hypertension overweight and obesity and can improve mental health quality of life and well-being. In addition to the multiple health benefits of physical activity societies that are more active can generate additional returns on investment including a reduced use of fossil fuels cleaner air and less congested safer roads. These outcomes are interconnected with achieving the shared goals political priorities and ambition of the Sustainable Development Agenda 2030. The new WHO global action plan to promote physical activity responds to the requests by countries for updated guidance and a framework of effective and feasible policy actions to increase physical activity at all levels. It also responds to requests for global leadership and stronger regional and national coordination and the need for a whole-of-society response to achieve a paradigm shift in both supporting and valuing all people being regularly active according to ability and across the life course. The action plan was developed through a worldwide consultation process involving governments and key stakeholders across multiple sectors including health sports transport urban design civil society academia and the private sector.

Increasing Physical Activity Using Goal Setting and Contingency Management

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 104 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (915 download)

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Book Synopsis Increasing Physical Activity Using Goal Setting and Contingency Management by : Matthew Aaron Taylor

Download or read book Increasing Physical Activity Using Goal Setting and Contingency Management written by Matthew Aaron Taylor and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 104 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

The Effects of Goal Setting on Increasing Physical Activity Behavior Through a 16-week Internet-delivered Intervention

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781124189000
Total Pages : 61 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (89 download)

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Book Synopsis The Effects of Goal Setting on Increasing Physical Activity Behavior Through a 16-week Internet-delivered Intervention by : Steven Austin Bischoff

Download or read book The Effects of Goal Setting on Increasing Physical Activity Behavior Through a 16-week Internet-delivered Intervention written by Steven Austin Bischoff and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 61 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The effects of goal setting on increasing physical activity (PA) levels in middle-aged female adults, through a goal-setting modification to a previously validated internet-delivered PA behavior change program was investigated. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine whether middle-aged female adults who complete a 16-week internet-delivered PA behavior change intervention with prescribed goal setting realized a greater change in PA behavior and improvements in cardiometabolic disease factors compared to those who completed the same intervention but without prescribed goal setting. Methods: Forty-three female participants completed the 16-week Active Living Every Day ® (ALED) PA behavior change program, of which 21 were randomly assigned to receive a monthly progressive step goal (Goal group; +625 steps/day/month) over the 4-month period (2500 steps/day total increase). The remaining 22 participants were not assigned a goal (No Goal group), but had access to the identical behavior change features inherent within the ALED program as the Goal group. At baseline and 16-weeks, PA (pedometer) and the following caridometabolic disease variables were measured: (1) predicated VO2 peak (ml/kg/min), (2) systolic blood pressure (mmHg), (3) diastolic blood pressure (mmHg), (4) BMI (kg/m2), (5) weight (kg), (6) body fat (%), (7) lean tissue mass (%), (8) total cholesterol (mg/dL), (9) LDL cholesterol (mg/dL), (10) HDL cholesterol (mg/dL), (11) triglyceride (mg/dL), (12) fasting plasma glucose (mg/dL), (13) fasting insulin (mg/dL), and (14) waist circumference (cm). Participants logged/reported their PA for at least five of seven days per week including one weekend day. Multiple day data allowed calculation of weekly steps/day means, physical activity variability as well as weekly minimum and maximum PA. Results: At baseline, the No Goal group (active control) and the Goal group (intervention group) were similar in age and other descriptive/anthropometric characteristics with the exception of waist circumference. Participants in the No Goal group had a greater waist circumference (94.7 ±3.1 cm) than the Goal group participants (83.8 ± 1.9 cm), however, body mass index, weight, and percent body fat were similar between the groups. After accounting for baseline differences, the reduction in central adiposity of 2.1 cm in the No Goal group was statistically significant (pd".05) when compared to the change of 1.3 cm (p=0.2) in the Goal group. Predicted aerobic fitness increased significantly and similarly in both groups after the 16-week PA behavior change program. The No Goal group increased PA by 1170 steps per day (8479 ±579 to 9649 ±579; p

Evaluating Mechanisms of Action of Adaptive Goal-Setting for Physical Activity

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (135 download)

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Book Synopsis Evaluating Mechanisms of Action of Adaptive Goal-Setting for Physical Activity by : Michael P. Berry

Download or read book Evaluating Mechanisms of Action of Adaptive Goal-Setting for Physical Activity written by Michael P. Berry and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Behavioral interventions to increase physical activity (PA), which typically prescribe uniform PA goals across participants, may be limited by their insensitivity to changing individual intervention needs across time. One alternative approach is to set variable PA goals that fluctuate based on changing individual performance over time. This intervention technique, known as adaptive goal-setting (AGS), appears more effective for increasing PA than non-adaptive approaches. Still, no prior studies have examined the psychological mechanisms targeted by AGS, which limits the ability to further refine and disseminate this potentially promising technique. In this exploratory study, we recruited a sample of 38 sedentary adults to participate in a short-duration goal-setting intervention (6 weeks) during which participants were randomized in a 1:1 fashion to receive either AGS or non-adaptive, static goal-setting (SGS). Over the course of the intervention, participants were assessed on variables hypothesized to mediate the effect of AGS on PA outcomes (expectancy beliefs about goals, perceived value of goals, affective appraisal of goals, implicit attitudes towards PA). Results indicated that unexpectedly, adaptive goals were associated with a greater initial increase to PA from baseline to intervention, but also a greater decrease to PA during the intervention phase. Hypotheses that candidate mediators would show differences in change across time by condition were not supported. Findings suggest that AGS may not outperform SGS for improving or maintaining PA under all circumstances, and also highlight the challenges associated with identifying mediators of goal-setting interventions for PA.

The Effects of a S.M.A.R.T Goal Setting and Self-monitoring Intervention on Physical Activity and Fitness in Middle School Students

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 94 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (81 download)

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Book Synopsis The Effects of a S.M.A.R.T Goal Setting and Self-monitoring Intervention on Physical Activity and Fitness in Middle School Students by : Samantha M. McDonald

Download or read book The Effects of a S.M.A.R.T Goal Setting and Self-monitoring Intervention on Physical Activity and Fitness in Middle School Students written by Samantha M. McDonald and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 94 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A large body of evidence suggests physical activity is inversely associated with several cardio-metabolic risk factors among children and adolescents. Despite these health benefits, a majority of youth are not meeting the physical activity guidelines set forth by the USDHHS. Schools have been identified as an ideal vehicle for interventions; however, research evidence indicates school-based interventions are not effective at increasing outside of school physical activity. Goal setting may be a potential effective strategy for increasing physical activity among youth; however no previous studies have examined the effects of goal setting on cardiorespiratory fitness and physical activity in middle school students. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to evaluate the effects of a S.M.A.R.T. goal setting and self-monitoring intervention on fitness and physical activity in middle school students. Two middle schools in Tallahassee, FL participated in this study. One school served as the intervention and the other served as a delayed intervention measurement only control. The students in the intervention school completed a one-time S.M.A.R.T. goal setting lesson. During the lesson, students were taught the definition of a goal, the importance of goal setting, and how to set S.M.A.R.T. goals. As part of the lesson, students completed a S.M.A.R.T. goal setting worksheet. The objectives of the worksheet activity were to teach students the concepts of S.M.A.R.T. goal setting and to apply this knowledge by creating personal fitness goals. Student fitness goals were entered into an interactive website that acted as a self-monitoring tool. Before and after the intervention, participating students completed a survey assessing student demographics, physical activity, and physical activity self-efficacy. Cardiorespiratory fitness levels, assessed by the PACER test, were also measured pre and post. Betweengroup differences in post-test scores, adjusted for baseline levels, were assessed for statistical significance using ANCOVA. Additional covariates included gender, race/ethnicity, grade level and weight status. After adjustment for baseline levels, students in the intervention school exhibited significantly higher PACER laps in comparison to the control school ((F[subscript (1,257)] = 58.0) p

Increasing Physical Activity in Insufficiently Active Individuals Through Goal Setting and Pedometer Assessment

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 182 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (171 download)

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Book Synopsis Increasing Physical Activity in Insufficiently Active Individuals Through Goal Setting and Pedometer Assessment by : James M. Rejc

Download or read book Increasing Physical Activity in Insufficiently Active Individuals Through Goal Setting and Pedometer Assessment written by James M. Rejc and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 182 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: