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Gender And Psychological Pressure In Competitive Environments
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Book Synopsis Gender and Psychological Pressure in Competitive Environments by : Alison L. Booth
Download or read book Gender and Psychological Pressure in Competitive Environments written by Alison L. Booth and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 32 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Gender differences in paid performance under competition have been found in many laboratory-based experiments, and it has been suggested that these may arise because men and women respond differently to psychological pressure in competitive environments. To explore this further, we conducted a laboratory experiment comprising 444 subjects, and measured gender differences in performance in four distinct competitive situations. These were as follows: (i) the standard tournament game where the subject competes with three other individuals and the winner takes all; (ii) an anonymized competition in which an individual competes against an imposed production target and is paid only if s/he exceeds it; (iii) a 'personified' competition where an individual competes against a target based on the previous performance of one anonymised person of unknown gender; and (iv) a 'gendered' competition where an individual competes against a target based on the previous performance of one anonymised person whose gender is known. We found that only men respond to pressure differently in each situation; women responded the same to pressure no matter the situation. Moreover, the personified target caused men to increase performance more than under an anonymized target and, when the gender of the person associated with the target was revealed, men worked even harder to outperform a woman but strived only to equal the target set by a male.
Book Synopsis Psychological Pressure in Competitive Environments : Evidence from a Randomized Experiment by : Martin Kocher
Download or read book Psychological Pressure in Competitive Environments : Evidence from a Randomized Experiment written by Martin Kocher and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 10 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Gender Dynamics in Competitive Environments. Exploring Performance Disparities and Influencing Factors by : Daniel Fedeler
Download or read book Gender Dynamics in Competitive Environments. Exploring Performance Disparities and Influencing Factors written by Daniel Fedeler and published by GRIN Verlag. This book was released on 2024-02-15 with total page 87 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Master's Thesis from the year 2023 in the subject Gender Studies, grade: 1,7, University of Duisburg-Essen (Mercator School of Management), language: English, abstract: Competitiveness has been traditionally thought to increase productivity. However, some studies, have shown that competition can affect women's performance negatively. In order to design better strategies that promote the performance of all genders and increase the overall performance, it is important to understand why this is the case. Therefore, this thesis tries to better understand how competition tends to negatively affect women’s performance, by studying what can influence the performance in general. According to Booth & Nolan (2022) the type of opponent can affect behavior and results in competitive environments. Therefore, this thesis also analysis if there is a performance difference competing against a real person (in the following called real-other) or an uncertain goal (in the following called threshold).
Book Synopsis Psychological Pressure in Competitive Environments by : José Apesteguía
Download or read book Psychological Pressure in Competitive Environments written by José Apesteguía and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Psychological Pressure in Competitive Environments by : Martin Kocher
Download or read book Psychological Pressure in Competitive Environments written by Martin Kocher and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Competitive Behavior, Stress, and Gender by : Marja-Liisa Halko
Download or read book Competitive Behavior, Stress, and Gender written by Marja-Liisa Halko and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper investigates whether chronic stress and acute physiological responses to competitive stress can explain individual and gender differences in competitiveness. We measure individuals' autonomic nervous system activity in a resting state as well as under non-competitive and competitive incentives in a real task using heart rate variability measurement. We find that basal heart rate variability, a proxy for chronic stress, and acute competition-induced changes in heart rate variability predict self-selection into competition. Moreover, we observe that basal heart rate variability predicts self-selection into competition for women, but not for men. Overall, we find tentative evidence for gender differences in the relationship between physiological stress and a decision to enter competitive environments. Our results suggest that individual variation in autonomic nervous system activity and physiological responses to competitive stress predict self-selection into competitive environments, but do not explain gender differences in willingness to compete.
Book Synopsis Gender and Competition by : Alison L. Booth
Download or read book Gender and Competition written by Alison L. Booth and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In almost all European Union countries, the gender wage gap is increasing across the wages distribution. In this lecture I briefly survey some recent studies aiming to explain why apparently identical women and men receive such different returns and focus especially on those incorporating pyschological factors as an explanation of the gender gap. Research areas with high potential returns to further analysis are identified. Several examples from my own recent experimental work with Patrick Nolen are also presented. These try to distinguish between the role of nature and nurture in affecting behavioural differences between men and women that might lead to gender wage gaps.
Book Synopsis Gender Differences in Competition by : Uri Gneezy
Download or read book Gender Differences in Competition written by Uri Gneezy and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 42 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This study uses a controlled experiment to explore whether there are gender differences in selecting into competitive environments across two distinct societies: the Maasai in Tanzania and the Khasi in India. One unique aspect of these societies is that the Maasai represent a textbook example of a patriarchal society whereas the Khasi are matrilineal. Similar to the extant evidence drawn from experiments executed in Western cultures, Maasai men opt to compete at roughly twice the rate as Maasai women. Interestingly, this result is reversed amongst the Khasi, where women choose the competitive environment more often than Khasi men, and even choose to compete weakly more often than Maasai men. We view these results as potentially providing insights into the underpinnings of the factors hypothesized to be determinants of the observed gender differences in selecting into competitive environments.
Book Synopsis The Oxford Handbook of Women and Competition by : Maryanne Fisher
Download or read book The Oxford Handbook of Women and Competition written by Maryanne Fisher and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2017 with total page 857 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Oxford Handbook of Women and Competition is one of the first scholarly volumes to focus specifically on competition and the competitive forces between women. Chapters provide readers with a definitive view of the current state of research, and collectively address the adaptive and socio-cultural foundations of women's competitive behavior, motivations, and cognitions.
Book Synopsis Do Women Shy Away from Competition? Do Men Compete Too Much? by : Muriel Niederle
Download or read book Do Women Shy Away from Competition? Do Men Compete Too Much? written by Muriel Niederle and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 47 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Competitive high ranking positions are largely occupied by men, and women remain scarce in engineering and sciences. Explanations for these occupational differences focus on discrimination and preferences for work hours and field of study. We examine if absent these factors gender differences in occupations may still occur. Specifically we explore whether women and men, on a leveled playing field, differ in their selection into competitive environments. Men and women in a laboratory experiment perform a real task under a non-competitive piece rate and a competitive tournament scheme. Although there are no gender differences in performance under either compensation, there is a substantial gender difference when participants subsequently choose the scheme they want to apply to their next performance. Twice as many men as women choose the tournament over the piece rate. This gender gap in tournament entry is not explained by performance either before or after the entry decision. Furthermore, while men are more optimistic about their relative performance, differences in beliefs only explain a small share of the gap in tournament entry. In a final task we assess the impact of non-tournament-specific factors, such as risk and feedback aversion, on the gender difference in compensation choice. We conclude that even controlling for these general factors, there is a large residual gender gap in tournament entry"--National Bureau of Economic Research web site.
Book Synopsis The Handbook of Experimental Economics by : John H. Kagel
Download or read book The Handbook of Experimental Economics written by John H. Kagel and published by Princeton University Press. This book was released on 2020-05-05 with total page 742 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book, which comprises eight chapters, presents a comprehensive critical survey of the results and methods of laboratory experiments in economics. The first chapter provides an introduction to experimental economics as a whole, with the remaining chapters providing surveys by leading practitioners in areas of economics that have seen a concentration of experiments: public goods, coordination problems, bargaining, industrial organization, asset markets, auctions, and individual decision making. The work aims both to help specialists set an agenda for future research and to provide nonspecialists with a critical review of work completed to date. Its focus is on elucidating the role of experimental studies as a progressive research tool so that wherever possible, emphasis is on series of experiments that build on one another. The contributors to the volume--Colin Camerer, Charles A. Holt, John H. Kagel, John O. Ledyard, Jack Ochs, Alvin E. Roth, and Shyam Sunder--adopt a particular methodological point of view: the way to learn how to design and conduct experiments is to consider how good experiments grow organically out of the issues and hypotheses they are designed to investigate.
Book Synopsis The Oxford Handbook of the Psychology of Competition by : Stephen M. Garcia
Download or read book The Oxford Handbook of the Psychology of Competition written by Stephen M. Garcia and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2024-01-19 with total page 689 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Oxford Handbook of the Psychology of Competition reviews and organizes the literature on the psychology of competition and brings together leading researchers studying competition across the field of psychology. This volume is a crucial interdisciplinary investigation into the variety of perspectives and approaches to the psychology of competition, facilitating new research and integration in the field.
Book Synopsis The Effects of Relative Performance Feedback and Task Domain on Gender Differences in Entry Into Competitive Environments by : Dina Mishra
Download or read book The Effects of Relative Performance Feedback and Task Domain on Gender Differences in Entry Into Competitive Environments written by Dina Mishra and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 176 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Gender Differences in Cardiovascular Reactivity to Competition as a Psychological Stressor by : Julianne Holt-Lunstad
Download or read book Gender Differences in Cardiovascular Reactivity to Competition as a Psychological Stressor written by Julianne Holt-Lunstad and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 83 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Are Females Scared of Competing with Males? Results from a Field Experiment by : Maria De Paola
Download or read book Are Females Scared of Competing with Males? Results from a Field Experiment written by Maria De Paola and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 22 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: We conducted a field experiment involving 720 Italian undergraduate students to investigate the existence of gender differences in performance in competitive settings and whether performance is affected by one's opponent gender. The experimental design was aimed at disentangling gender differences in taste for competition from other differences in psychological attitudes, such as self-confidence and risk aversion. Students were invited to undertake a midterm exam under a tournament scheme having as a prize some bonus points to add to the final grade. Students competed in pairs of equal predicted ability but different gender composition. We find that females are as likely as males to take part in the competition and to obtain a good performance. The gender of one's competitor does not play any role in shaping students' behavior. Men and women perform similarly both in the competitive and in the non-competitive environment.
Book Synopsis The Oxford Handbook of Women and the Economy by : Susan L. Averett
Download or read book The Oxford Handbook of Women and the Economy written by Susan L. Averett and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2018-05-15 with total page 889 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The transformation of women's lives over the past century is among the most significant and far-reaching of social and economic phenomena, affecting not only women but also their partners, children, and indeed nearly every person on the planet. In developed and developing countries alike, women are acquiring more education, marrying later, having fewer children, and spending a far greater amount of their adult lives in the labor force. Yet, because women remain the primary caregivers of children, issues such as work-life balance and the glass ceiling have given rise to critical policy discussions in the developed world. In developing countries, many women lack access to reproductive technology and are often relegated to jobs in the informal sector, where pay is variable and job security is weak. Considerable occupational segregation and stubborn gender pay gaps persist around the world. The Oxford Handbook of Women and the Economy is the first comprehensive collection of scholarly essays to address these issues using the powerful framework of economics. Each chapter, written by an acknowledged expert or team of experts, reviews the key trends, surveys the relevant economic theory, and summarizes and critiques the empirical research literature. By providing a clear-eyed view of what we know, what we do not know, and what the critical unanswered questions are, this Handbook provides an invaluable and wide-ranging examination of the many changes that have occurred in women's economic lives.
Book Synopsis Confidence and Gender Gaps in Competitive Environments by : Luís Santos-Pinto
Download or read book Confidence and Gender Gaps in Competitive Environments written by Luís Santos-Pinto and published by . This book was released on 2023 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper analyzes theoretically how confidence gaps affect behavior in tournaments as well as in contests. An overconfident player overestimates his ability and hence his probability of winning. Our results help organizing experimental evidence on gender gaps in outcomes and behavior in tournaments and contests. Namely, the fact that women are less likely to enter tournaments, women often do not perform as well in tournaments, and women tend to bid more in contests.
