In Search of Being

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Publisher : Shambhala Publications
ISBN 13 : 161180082X
Total Pages : 290 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (118 download)

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Book Synopsis In Search of Being by : G. I. Gurdjieff

Download or read book In Search of Being written by G. I. Gurdjieff and published by Shambhala Publications. This book was released on 2021-07-20 with total page 290 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Over one hundred years ago in Russia, G. I. Gurdjieff introduced a spiritual teaching of conscious evolution—a way of gnosis or “knowledge of being” passed on from remote antiquity. Gurdjieff’s early talks in Europe were published in the form of chronological fragments preserved by his close followers P. D. Ouspensky and Jeanne de Salzmann. Now these teachings are presented as a comprehensive whole, covering a variety of subjects including states of consciousness, methods of self-study, spiritual work in groups, laws of the cosmos, and the universal symbol known as the Enneagram. Gurdjieff respected traditional religious practices, which he regarded as falling into three general categories or “ways”: the Way of the Fakir, related to mastery of the physical body; the Way of the Monk, based on faith and feeling; and the Way of the Yogi, which focuses on development of the mind. He presented his teaching as a “Fourth Way” that integrates these three aspects into a single path of self-knowledge. The principles are laid out as a way of knowing and experiencing an awakened level of being that must be verified for oneself.

Gurdjieff

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Author :
Publisher : Penguin
ISBN 13 : 9781585422876
Total Pages : 328 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (228 download)

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Book Synopsis Gurdjieff by : John Shirley

Download or read book Gurdjieff written by John Shirley and published by Penguin. This book was released on 2004 with total page 328 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A dramatic and literate introduction to one of the twentieth century's most influential and intriguing spiritual teachers. Born in the shifting border between Turkey and Russia in 1866, G. I. Gurdjieff is a man who would continually straddle borders-between East and West, between man and something higher than man, between the ancient teachings of esoteric schools and the modern application of those ideas in contemporary life. In many respects-from the concept of group meetings to the mysterious workings of the enneagram to his critique of humanity as existing in a state of sleep-Gurdjieff pioneered the culture of spiritual search that has taken root in the West today. While many of Gurdjieff's students-including Frank Lloyd Wright, Katharine Mansfield, and P. D. Ouspensky-are well known, few understand this figure possessed of complex writings and sometimes confounding methods. In Gurdjieff: An Introduction to His Life and Ideas, the acclaimed novelist John Shirley-one of the founders of the cyberpunk genre-presents a lively, reliable explanation of how to approach the sage and his ideas. In accessible, dramatic prose Shirley retells that which we know of Gurdjieff's life; he surveys the teacher's methods and the lives of his key students; and he helps readers to enter the unparalleled originality of this remarkable teacher.

The Enneagram of G. I. Gurdjieff

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781930337947
Total Pages : 144 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (379 download)

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Book Synopsis The Enneagram of G. I. Gurdjieff by : Christian Wertenbaker

Download or read book The Enneagram of G. I. Gurdjieff written by Christian Wertenbaker and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 144 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is an attempt to explore various aspects of the enneagram, the symbol that G. I. Gurdjieff introduced to the modern world, and which he stated represented a complete description of the laws governing the universe. Because of the importance he attached to it, it has long intrigued followers of his teaching, and others, yet the understanding of its meanings remains very incomplete. In particular, how it relates to modern mathematical and scientific descriptions of the laws governing the universe has largely been unexplored. This book tries to find connections between these two approaches to the truth, while also recognizing and exploring the differences between knowledge based on symbols and that based on scientific theories and mathematical formulae.

G.I. Gurdjieff, Paris Meetings, 1943

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9780978066147
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (661 download)

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Book Synopsis G.I. Gurdjieff, Paris Meetings, 1943 by : Georges Ivanovitch Gurdjieff

Download or read book G.I. Gurdjieff, Paris Meetings, 1943 written by Georges Ivanovitch Gurdjieff and published by . This book was released on 2016-12 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

The Struggle of the Magicians

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Author :
Publisher : Library of Alexandria
ISBN 13 : 1465505938
Total Pages : 42 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (655 download)

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Book Synopsis The Struggle of the Magicians by : George Ivanovich Gurdjieff

Download or read book The Struggle of the Magicians written by George Ivanovich Gurdjieff and published by Library of Alexandria. This book was released on with total page 42 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The market square where various streets and alleys meet: around it, shops and stalls with every variety of merchandise - silks, earthenware, spices; open-fronted workshops of tailors and shoemakers. To the right, a row of fruit stalls; flat-roofed houses of two and three stories with many balconies, some hung with carpets and others strewn with washing. To the left, on a roof a tea shop further on, children are playing; two monkeys are climbing on the cornices. Behind the houses are seen winding streets leading to the mountain houses, mosques, minarets, gardens, palaces, Christian churches, Hindu temples, and pagodas. In the distance, on the mountain is seen the tower of an old fortress. Amongst the crowd moving about the alleys and the market square, types of almost every Asiatic people are to be met with, clad in their national costumes: a Persian with dyed beard; an Afghan all in white, with proud and bold expression; a Baluchistani in a white turban with a sharp peak to it and short white sleeveless coat with a broad belt, out of which stick several knives: a half-naked Hindu Tamil, the front of his head shaved and a white and red fork, the sign of Vishnu, painted on his forehead;. a native of Khiva wearing a huge black fur cap and a thickly wadded coat: a yellow-robed Buddhist monk, his head shaved and a prayer-wheel in his hand; an Armenian in a black ‘chooka’ with a silver belt and a black Russian forage cap; a Tibetan in a costume resembling the Chinese, bordered with valuable furs; also Bokharis, Arabs, Caucasians and Turkomans. The merchants cry their wares, inviting customers; beggars with whining voices beg for alms; a sherbet-vendor amuses the crowd with a witty song. A street barber, shaving the head of a venerable old ‘hadji’ recounts the news and the gossip of the town to a tailor who dines in the adjoining eating house. A funeral procession passes through one of the alleys; in front is a ‘mullah’ and behind him the corpse is borne on a bier covered with a pall, followed by the women mourners. In another alley a fight is in progress and all the boys run there to watch. On the right, a fakir with outstretched arms, his eyes fixed on one point sits on an antelope skin. A rich and important merchant passes along ignoring the crowd, his servants follow him, carrying baskets laden with purchases. Then appear some exhausted beggars, half-naked and covered with dust, evidently just arrived from some famine area. At one shop Kashmir and other shawls and materials are brought out and shown to customers. Opposite the tea shop, a snake-charmer seats himself and is at once surrounded by a curious crowd. Donkeys pass by, laden with baskets. Women walk along, some wearing the ‘chuddar’ and others with unveiled faces. A humpbacked old woman stops near the fakir and with a devout air, puts money into the coconut almsbowl standing near him. She touches the skin on which he is seated and goes away: pressing her hands to her forehead and eyes. A wedding procession moves by: in front are gaily dressed children, behind them buffoons, musicians and drumbeaters. The towncrier passes, shouting at the top of his voice. From an alley is heard the din of the copper-smith’s hammers. Everywhere there is noise, sound, movement, laughter, scolding, prayers, bargaining - life bubbling over.

In Search of the Miraculous

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Author :
Publisher : Rare Treasure Editions
ISBN 13 : 1774643227
Total Pages : 740 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (746 download)

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Book Synopsis In Search of the Miraculous by : P. D. Ouspensky

Download or read book In Search of the Miraculous written by P. D. Ouspensky and published by Rare Treasure Editions. This book was released on 2021-11-06T15:19:00Z with total page 740 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book recounts P. D. Ouspensky's first meeting and subsequent association with George Gurdjieff. It is widely regarded as perhaps the most comprehensive account of Gurdjieff's system of thought available. Many followers regard it as a "fundamental textbook" of Gurdjieff's teachings and it is often used as a means of introducing new students to Gurdjieff's system of self-development.

Gurdjieff Reconsidered

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Author :
Publisher : Shambhala Publications
ISBN 13 : 1611804515
Total Pages : 382 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (118 download)

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Book Synopsis Gurdjieff Reconsidered by : Roger Lipsey

Download or read book Gurdjieff Reconsidered written by Roger Lipsey and published by Shambhala Publications. This book was released on 2019-02-05 with total page 382 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: From a master biographer and longtime Gurdjieff practitioner, a brilliant new exploration of the quintessential Western esoteric teacher of the twentieth-century. The Greek-Armenian teacher G.I. Gurdjieff was one of the most original and provocative spiritual teachers in the twentieth-century West. Whereas much work on Gurdjieff has been either fawning or blindly critical, acclaimed scholar and writer Roger Lipsey balances sympathic interest in Gurdjieff and his "Fourth Way" teachings with a historian's sense of context and a biographer's feel for personality and relationships. Using a wide-range of published and unpublished sources, Lipsey explores Gurdjieff's formative travels in Central Asia, his famed teaching institution in France, the development of the Gurdjieff Movements and music, and, above all, Gurdjieff's fascinating continuous evolution as a teacher. Published on the 70th anniversary of Gurdjieff's death, Gurdjieff Reconsidered delves deeply into Gurdjieff's writings and those of his most important students, including P. D. Ouspensky and Jeanne de Salzmann. Lipsey's comprehensive approach and unerring sense of the subject make this a must-read for anyone with a serious intention to explore Gurdjieff's life, teachings, and reputation.

Gurdjieff

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Author :
Publisher : Oxford University Press, USA
ISBN 13 : 0190064072
Total Pages : 349 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (9 download)

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Book Synopsis Gurdjieff by : Joseph Azize

Download or read book Gurdjieff written by Joseph Azize and published by Oxford University Press, USA. This book was released on 2020-01-13 with total page 349 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "This is the first analysis of all of Gurdjieff's published internal exercises, together with those taught by his students, George and Helen Adie. It includes a fresh biographical study of Gurdjieff, with ground-breaking observations on his relationships with P.D. Ouspensky and A.R. Orage (especially, why he wanted to collaborate with them, and why that broke down). It shows that Gurdjieff was, fundamentally, a mystic, and that his contemplation-like methods were probably drawn from Mt Athos and its hesychast tradition. It shows the continuity in Gurdjieff's teaching, but also development and change. His original contribution to Western Esotericism lay in his use of tasks, disciplines, and contemplation-like exercises to bring his pupils to a sense of their own presence which could, to some extent, be maintained in daily life in the social domain, and not only in the secluded conditions typical of meditation. It contends that he had initially intended not to use contemplation-like exercises, as he perceived dangers to be associated with these monastic methods, and the religious tradition to be in tension with the secular guise in which he first couched his teaching. As Gurdjieff adapted the teaching he had found in Eastern monasteries to Western urban and post-religious culture, he found it necessary to introduce contemplation. His development of the methods is demonstrated, and the importance of the three exercises in the Third Series, Life Is Real only then, when 'I Am', is shown, together with their almost certain borrowing from the exercises of the Philokalia. G.I. Gurdjieff P.D. Ouspensky A.R. Orage George Adie Mysticism Meditation Contemplation Fourth Way Hesychasm Western Esotericism"--

Meetings With Remarkable Men

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Author :
Publisher : Library of Alexandria
ISBN 13 : 1465505911
Total Pages : 486 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (655 download)

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Book Synopsis Meetings With Remarkable Men by : George Ivanovich Gurdjieff

Download or read book Meetings With Remarkable Men written by George Ivanovich Gurdjieff and published by Library of Alexandria. This book was released on 2020-09-28 with total page 486 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: EXACTLY A MONTH HAS ELAPSED since I finished the first series of my writings—just that period of the flow of time which I intended to devote exclusively to resting the parts of my common presence subordinate to my pure reason. As I wrote in the last chapter of the first series, I had given myself my word that during the whole of this time I would do no writing whatsoever, but would only, for the well-being of the most deserving of these subordinate parts, slowly and gently drink down all the bottles of old calvados now at my disposal by the will of fate in the wine-cellar of the Prieuré, and specially provided the century before last by people who understood the true sense of life. Today I have decided, and now I wish—without forcing myself at all, but on the contrary with great pleasure—to set to work at my writing again, of course with the help of all the corresponding forces and also, this time, with the help of the law-conformable cosmic results flowing in from all sides upon my person from the good wishes of the readers of the first series. I now propose to give a form understandable for everyone to everything I have written down for the second series, in the hope that these ideas may serve as preparatory constructive material for setting up in the consciousness of creatures similar to myself a new world—a world in my opinion real, or at least one that can be perceived as real by all degrees of human thinking without the All and Everything: Beelzebub’s Tales to His Grandson, p. 1236 slightest impulse of doubt, instead of the illusory world which contemporary people picture to themselves. And indeed, the mind of contemporary man, of whatever level of intellectuality, is only able to take cognizance of the world by means of data which, whenever accidentally or intentionally activated, arouse in him all sorts of fantastic impulses. And these impulses, by constantly affecting the tempo of all the associations flowing in him, gradually disharmonize the whole of his functioning, with such sorrowful results that it is impossible for any man, if he is able to isolate himself even a little from the influences of the established abnormal conditions of our ordinary life and is willing to think about it seriously, not to be terrified—as, for example, by the shortening of our life with each decade. First of all, for the ‘swing of thought’, that is, for establishing a corresponding rhythm for my thinking and also for yours, I wish to follow somewhat the example of the Great Beelzebub and imitate the form of thinking of one highly respected by him and by me, and perhaps already, brave reader of my writings, by you, if of course you have had the daring to read through to the end all of the first series. That is to say, I wish to introduce at the very beginning of this writing of mine what our dear-to-all Mullah Nassr Eddin1 would call a ‘subtly philosophical question.’ I wish to do this at the very beginning because I intend to use freely, both here and in my later expositions, the wisdom of this sage, who is now recognized almost everywhere and upon whom, it is rumoured, the title of ‘The One and Only’ is soon to be officially conferred by the proper person. And this subtly philosophical question may already be sensed in that sort of perplexity which is bound to arise in the consciousness of every reader of even the very first paragraph of this chapter, if he compares the many data on which his firm convictions about medical matters are based with the fact that I, the author of Beelzebub’s Tales to His Grandson, after the accident which nearly cost me my life, with the functioning of my organism not yet fully re-established owing to the incessant active effort Mullah Nassr Eddin, a legendary figure in numerous countries of the Near East, is an embodiment of popular wisdom.

Man in the Cosmos

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Author :
Publisher : Codhill Press
ISBN 13 : 9781930337695
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (376 download)

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Book Synopsis Man in the Cosmos by : Christian Wertenbaker

Download or read book Man in the Cosmos written by Christian Wertenbaker and published by Codhill Press. This book was released on 2012-12-31 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Explores the relationship between the mystical cosmology of G. I. Gurdjieff and the discoveries and theories of modern science.

G. I. Gurdjieff

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9789072395573
Total Pages : 247 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (955 download)

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Book Synopsis G. I. Gurdjieff by : Paul Beekman Taylor

Download or read book G. I. Gurdjieff written by Paul Beekman Taylor and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 247 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "He outlines his attempts to establish the Institute in the United States at Olgivanna and Frank Lloyd Wright's Taliesin East in Wisconsin, Mabel Luhan's ranch in Taos, New Mexico, Marjorie Content and Jean Toomer's Mill House in Doylestown, Pennsylvania, and New York City where his emissary, A. R. Orage, had formed a well-organized and faithful body of followers of Gurdjieff's ideas since 1924. This biography stands apart from other biographical writings about Gurdjieff by emphasizing his relations with the many children for whom he played a fatherly role in the Caucasus, Fontainebleau, and New York City. It includes as well a review of Gurdjieff's misunderstood relations with the women who bore his children. In effect, this scan of his life covers virtually every significant aspect of his extraordinary life and brings to light photographs which have not been available to readers"--Back cover.

G.I. Gurdjieff

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Author :
Publisher : Aeon Books
ISBN 13 : 1912807513
Total Pages : 144 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (128 download)

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Book Synopsis G.I. Gurdjieff by : Colin Wilson

Download or read book G.I. Gurdjieff written by Colin Wilson and published by Aeon Books. This book was released on 2019-02-21 with total page 144 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Presents the life and work of one of the most influential psychological theorists of modern times, George Ivanovitch Gurdjieff. This examination of a psychologist and teacher of genius also provides an introduction to the philosophy of Gurdjieff. This work presents the life and work of one of the most influential psychological theorists of modern times. George Ivanovitch Gurdjieff is one of the most enigmatic figures of our time. He attracted legends as easily as disciples. But behind the Gurdjieff myth lies a solid corpus of thought, the importance of which is only now being generally recognized. At its heart was the idea of 'the war against sleep', the fact that man, in Colin Wilson's words, is like 'a grandfather clock driven by a watch-spring'. This brilliant and much praised examination of a psychologist and teacher of genius has established itself as the most important and accessible account for the general reader of Gurdjieff's life and work. This edition has been revised and expanded, providing the definitive introduction to the philosophy of Gurdjieff.

Life Is Real Only Then, When "I Am"

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Author :
Publisher : Rare Treasure Editions
ISBN 13 : 1774644061
Total Pages : 203 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (746 download)

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Book Synopsis Life Is Real Only Then, When "I Am" by : G. I. Gurdjieff

Download or read book Life Is Real Only Then, When "I Am" written by G. I. Gurdjieff and published by Rare Treasure Editions. This book was released on 2021-11-10T13:09:00Z with total page 203 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Here is a series of talks and lectures as well as a personal account of the master's spiritual and philosophical development providing specific suggestions and practices for achieving inner knowledge. The purpose of this series, according to Gurdjieff, is to assist the arising - in the mentation and in the feelings of the reader - of a veritable, non-fantastic representation, not of that illusory world which he now perceives, but of the world existing in reality.

Beelzebub's Tales to His Grandson

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Author :
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 9780710078728
Total Pages : 1240 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (787 download)

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Book Synopsis Beelzebub's Tales to His Grandson by : Georges Ivanovitch Gurdjieff

Download or read book Beelzebub's Tales to His Grandson written by Georges Ivanovitch Gurdjieff and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 1974 with total page 1240 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

The Reality of Being

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Publisher : Shambhala Publications
ISBN 13 : 1590309286
Total Pages : 338 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (93 download)

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Book Synopsis The Reality of Being by : Jeanne de Salzmann

Download or read book The Reality of Being written by Jeanne de Salzmann and published by Shambhala Publications. This book was released on 2011-12-06 with total page 338 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An important book on liberating ourselves from the state of “waking sleep” in which we live our lives, as taught by one of the most influential spiritual teachers of the 20th century As the closest pupil of the charismatic spiritual master G. I. Gurdjieff (1866–1949), Jeanne de Salzmann was charged with carrying on his teachings of spiritual transformation. Known as the Fourth Way or “The Work,” Gurdjieff’s system was based on teachings of the East that he adapted for modern life in the West. Now, some twenty years after de Salzmann's death, the notebooks that she filled with her insights over a forty-year period (and intended to publish) have been translated and edited by a small group of her family and followers. The result is this long-awaited guide to Gurdjieff's teaching, describing the routes to be traveled and the landmarks encountered along the way. Organized according to themes, the chapters touch on all the important concepts and practices of the Work, including: • Awakening from the sleep of identification with the ordinary level of being • Self-observation and self-remembering • Conscious effort and voluntary suffering • Understanding symbolic concepts like the Enneagram • The Gurdjieff Movements, bodily exercises that provide training in Presence and the awareness of subtle energies • The necessity of a "school," meaning the collective practice of the teaching in a group Madame de Salzmann brings to the Work her own strong, direct language and personal journey in learning to live that knowledge of a higher level of being, which, she insists, “you have to see for yourself” on a level beyond theory and concept. De Salzmann consistently refused to discuss the teaching in terms of ideas, for this Fourth Way is to be experienced, not simply thought or believed.

Transcripts of Gurdjieff's Meetings 1941-1946

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Author :
Publisher : Book Studio
ISBN 13 : 9780955909016
Total Pages : 196 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (9 download)

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Book Synopsis Transcripts of Gurdjieff's Meetings 1941-1946 by : G. Gurdjieff

Download or read book Transcripts of Gurdjieff's Meetings 1941-1946 written by G. Gurdjieff and published by Book Studio. This book was released on 2008-06 with total page 196 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Thirty-two meetings with Gurdjieff held at 6 rue des Colonels Renard, Paris, France. Unabridged.

The Psychology of Man's Possible Evolution

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Author :
Publisher : Library of Alexandria
ISBN 13 : 1465505873
Total Pages : 121 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (655 download)

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Book Synopsis The Psychology of Man's Possible Evolution by : Peter Demianovich Ouspensky

Download or read book The Psychology of Man's Possible Evolution written by Peter Demianovich Ouspensky and published by Library of Alexandria. This book was released on 1973-01-01 with total page 121 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: I SHALL speak about the study of psychology, but I must warn you that the psychology about which I speak is very different from anything you may know under this name. To begin with I must say that practically never in history has psychology stood at so low a level as at the present time. It has lost all touch with its origin and its meaning so that now it is even difficult to define the term psychology: that is, to say what psychology is and what it studies. And this is so in spite of the fact that never in history have there been so many psychological theories and so many psychological writings. Psychology is sometimes called a new science. This is quite wrong. Psychology is, perhaps, the oldest science, and, unfortunately, in its most essential features a forgotten science. In order to understand how psychology can be denned it is necessary to realise that psychology except in modern times has never existed under its own name. For one reason or another psychology always was suspected of wrong or subversive tendencies either religious or political or moral and had to use different disguises. For thousands of years psychology existed under the name of philosophy. In India all forms of Yoga, which are essentially psychology, are described as one of the six systems of philosophy. Sufi teachings. which again are chiefly psychological, are regarded as partly religious and partly metaphysical. In Europe, even quite recently in the last decades of the nineteenth century, many works on psychology were referred to as philosophy. And in spite of the fact that almost all sub-divisions of philosophy such as logic, the theory of cognition, ethics, aesthetics, referred to the work of the human mind or senses, psychology was regarded as inferior to philosophy and as relating only to the lower or more trivial sides of human nature. Parallel with its existence under the name of philosophy, psychology existed even longer connected with one or another religion. It does not mean that religion and psychology ever were one and the same thing, or that the fact of the connection between religion and psychology was recognised. But there is no doubt that almost every known religion—certainly I do not mean modern sham religions—developed one or another kind of psychological teaching connected often with a certain practice, so that the study of religion very often included in itself the study of psychology. There are many excellent works on psychology in quite orthodox religious literature of different countries and epochs. For instance, in early Christianity there was a collection of books of different authors under the general name of Philokalia, used in our time in the Eastern Church, especially for the instruction of monks. During the time when psychology was connected with philosophy and religion it also existed in the form of Art. Poetry, Drama, Sculpture, Dancing, even Architecture, were means for transmitting psychological knowledge. For instance, the Gothic Cathedrals were in their chief meaning works on psychology. In the ancient times before philosophy, religion and art had taken their separate forms as we now know them, psychology had existed in the form of Mysteries, such as those of Egypt and of ancient Greece. Later, after the disappearance of the Mysteries, psychology existed in the form of Symbolical Teachings which were sometimes connected with the religion of the period and sometimes not connected, such as Astrology, Alchemy, Magic, and the more modern: Masonry, Occultism and Theosophy. And here it is necessary to note that all psychological systems and doctrines, those that exist or existed openly and those that were hidden or disguised, can be divided into two chief categories. First: systems which study man as they find him, or such as they suppose or imagine him to be. Modern ‘scientific’ psychology or what is known under that name belongs to this category. Second: systems which study man not from the point of view of what he is, or what he seems to be, but from the point of view of what he may become; that is, from the point of view of his possible evolution.