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Full Scale Runback Ice
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Book Synopsis Full-scale Runback Ice by : Nathalie Alegre
Download or read book Full-scale Runback Ice written by Nathalie Alegre and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The runback ice phenomenon is well-known for anti-icing or de-icing systemswhen the system is not evaporating 100% of the water impinging the surface. The water runs back to the point where the added heat no longer raisesthe surface temperature above freezing. The water freezes behind this limit. No runback ice is tolerated for some flight configurations, but not for all. Then for o.-design cases, some runback ice may grow on the wings surface. However, data from full-scale realistic runback ice is not very well-known byaircraft manufacturers and they are not sure what thickness is allowed beforethe e.ect of the ice on the flow becomes too adverse. To better understand full-scale high-fidelity runback ice growth and how itcan be simulated with simplistic shapes, test campaigns and CFD studieswere undertaken. First of all, tests in the Cranfield icing tunnel were performed. In this work, full-scale runback ice shapes were grown on a modelwith a full-scale leading edge equiped with an electrical heating system. Aninnovative moulding and casting technique has been introduced which allowedthe production of 3D planarised full-scale realistic runback ice castings. Inparallel to the icing tunnel tests, a mass and energy balance has been computedon Excel. This energy and mass balance can predict the heat andmass fluxes involved in the runback ice accretion mechanism. Following this, aerodynamic tests of the ice castings were lead in one of the low speed windtunnels at Cranfield University. The aerodynamics of simplistic shapes suchas geometrical shapes or ballotini layers were also studied. The e.ects of theice castings on the flow were compared to the e.ects of the simplistic shapes. The tests were done on a flat surface and not on an airfoil due to technicalcomplications. The boundary layer displacement thickness was the parameterused to quantify the e.ect of the shapes on the flow. 2D CFD simulationswere performed as a support to the testing but as well to compare with theexperimental data. The CFD simulations were for steady or unsteady flow. It has been possible to grow full-scale ice shapes in a relatively small icingtunnel. The shapes have been successfuly moulded and cast using siliconeand plaster mixed with polymer. A catalogue of runback ice shapes for differentliquid water content, heat inputs and positions along the chord hasbeen recorded. Following the wind tunnel tests, it has been possible to find arelationship between the real ice and the simplistic shapes. Thin runback iceshapes (4 mm) has a similar e.ect on the flow as a layer of 1 mm ballotini. It was found that thicker ice shapes, of the order of 1 cm, is equivalent to arectangle with rounded corner, associated with 1mm ballotini. The triangleshape which is usually used to simulate runback ice by the aircraft manufacturers, was found to be the most aerodynamically penalising simplisitc shapethat has been investigated in this PhD project. It was found that roundedcorners greatly improve the representativeness of the simplistic shapes, suchas triangle or rectangle.
Download or read book Ice Adhesion written by K. L. Mittal and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2020-10-21 with total page 704 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book containing 18 chapters is divided into three parts: Part 1: Fundamentals of Ice Formation and Ice Characteristics; Part 2: Ice Adhesion and Its Measurement; and Part 3: Methods to Mitigate Ice Adhesion. The topics covered Include: Factors influencing the formation, adhesion and friction of ice; ice nucleation on solid surfaces; physics of ice nucleation and growth on a surface; condensation frosting; defrosting properties of structured surfaces; relationship between surface free energy and ice adhesion to surfaces; metrology of ice adhesion; test methods for quantifying ice adhesion strength to surfaces; interlaboratory studies of ice adhesion strength; mechanisms of surface icing and deicing technologies; anti-icing using microstructured surfaces; durability assessment of icephobic coatings; bio-inspired icephobic coatings; challenges in rational fabrication of icephobic surfaces; protection from ice accretion on aircraft; and numerical modeling and its application to inflight icing.
Book Synopsis Aerodynamic Simulation of Runback Ice Accretion by : National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
Download or read book Aerodynamic Simulation of Runback Ice Accretion written by National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and published by . This book was released on 2010-11-01 with total page 52 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report presents the results of recent investigations into the aerodynamics of simulated runback ice accretion on airfoils. Aerodynamic tests were performed on a full-scale model using a high-fidelity, ice-casting simulation at near-flight Reynolds (Re) number. In addition, followon subscale tests were conducted with low-fidelity simulations on a quarter-scale model at low Reynolds number. The ice-casting simulation was attached to the leading edge of a 72-inch (1828.8-mm) chord National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) 23012 airfoil model. Aerodynamic performance tests were conducted at the Office National d'Etudes et de Recherches Aérospatiales (French Aeronautics and Space Research Center) (ONERA) F1 pressurized wind tunnel over a Reynolds number range of 4.7×106 to 16.0×106 and a Mach (M) number range of 0.10 to 0.28. For Re = 16.0×106 and M = 0.20, the simulated runback ice accretion on the airfoil decreased the maximum lift coefficient from 1.82 to 1.51 and decreased the stalling angle of attack from 18.1° to 15.0°. The pitching-moment slope was also increased and the drag coefficient was increased by more than a factor of two. In general, the performance effects were insensitive to Reynolds and Mach number changes over the range tested. The results from the full-scale tests were used to evaluate aerodynamic simulation methods for runback ice accretion. Aerodynamic tests were conducted on a quarter-scale NACA 23012 model (18-inch (457.2-mm) chord) at Re = 1.8×106 and M = 0.18, using low-fidelity, geometrically scaled simulations of the full-scale casting. Simple, two-dimensional simulations of the upper- and lower-surface runback ridges provided the best representation of the full-scale, high Reynolds number iced-airfoil aerodynamics. Higher-fidelity simulations of the runback ice accretion that included geometrically scaled three-dimensional features resulted in larger performance degradations than the full-scale model. At this time, it is not clear why a simple, two dimensional, geometrically scaled ridge simulation is required to best represent the fullscale, high Reynolds number, iced-airfoil aerodynamics. Reynolds number effects between the subscale model (1.8×106) and full-scale model (at 4.7×106) may be significant and more research is recommended. A new subclassification of spanwise ridge ice that distinguishes between short and tall ridges is proposed. This subclassification is based upon the flow field and resulting aerodynamic characteristics, regardless of the physical size of the ridge and the ice-accretion mechanism. Tall spanwise ridges have a profound effect on the airfoil flow field with a large (and often unsteady) separation bubble that grows rapidly with angle of attack and precipitates stall at a much lower lift coefficient and angle of attack than other ice accretions. In contrast, short spanwise ridges are characterized by a small, stable separation bubble formed in the immediate vicinity of the ridge. This small separation zone results in a limited effect on the airfoil pressure distribution relative to the clean configuration. Significant differences in surface pressure are only observed at the ridge location. The separation bubble does not significantly increase in size with angle of attack. Thus, the stall of the iced airfoil is generally governed by trailing-edge separation moving forward with increasing angle of attack (trailing-edge stall). In some cases, the airfoil may stall from the leading edge or from the ridge itself. More research is needed to determine the appropriate simulation methods for short ridges, particularly for Reynolds numbers less than 1.8×10^6.
Book Synopsis Issues in Transportation Research and Application: 2011 Edition by :
Download or read book Issues in Transportation Research and Application: 2011 Edition written by and published by ScholarlyEditions. This book was released on 2012-01-09 with total page 778 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Issues in Transportation Research and Application: 2011 Edition is a ScholarlyEditions™ eBook that delivers timely, authoritative, and comprehensive information about Transportation Research and Application. The editors have built Issues in Transportation Research and Application: 2011 Edition on the vast information databases of ScholarlyNews.™ You can expect the information about Transportation Research and Application in this eBook to be deeper than what you can access anywhere else, as well as consistently reliable, authoritative, informed, and relevant. The content of Issues in Transportation Research and Application: 2011 Edition has been produced by the world’s leading scientists, engineers, analysts, research institutions, and companies. All of the content is from peer-reviewed sources, and all of it is written, assembled, and edited by the editors at ScholarlyEditions™ and available exclusively from us. You now have a source you can cite with authority, confidence, and credibility. More information is available at http://www.ScholarlyEditions.com/.
Author :United States. Congress. House. Committee on Appropriations. Subcommittee on Transportation, Housing and Urban Development, and Related Agencies Publisher : ISBN 13 : Total Pages :1822 pages Book Rating :4.F/5 ( download)
Book Synopsis Departments of Transportation, and Housing and Urban Development, and Related Agencies Appropriations for 2008 by : United States. Congress. House. Committee on Appropriations. Subcommittee on Transportation, Housing and Urban Development, and Related Agencies
Download or read book Departments of Transportation, and Housing and Urban Development, and Related Agencies Appropriations for 2008 written by United States. Congress. House. Committee on Appropriations. Subcommittee on Transportation, Housing and Urban Development, and Related Agencies and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 1822 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis 2023 Asia-Pacific International Symposium on Aerospace Technology (APISAT 2023) Proceedings by : Song Fu
Download or read book 2023 Asia-Pacific International Symposium on Aerospace Technology (APISAT 2023) Proceedings written by Song Fu and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on with total page 1975 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author :United States. Congress. House. Committee on Appropriations. Subcommittee on Transportation, Housing and Urban Development, and Related Agencies Publisher : ISBN 13 : Total Pages :1882 pages Book Rating :4.F/5 ( download)
Book Synopsis Departments of Transportation, and Housing and Urban Development, and Related Agencies Appropriations for 2009 by : United States. Congress. House. Committee on Appropriations. Subcommittee on Transportation, Housing and Urban Development, and Related Agencies
Download or read book Departments of Transportation, and Housing and Urban Development, and Related Agencies Appropriations for 2009 written by United States. Congress. House. Committee on Appropriations. Subcommittee on Transportation, Housing and Urban Development, and Related Agencies and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 1882 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis The Proceedings of the 2018 Asia-Pacific International Symposium on Aerospace Technology (APISAT 2018) by : Xinguo Zhang
Download or read book The Proceedings of the 2018 Asia-Pacific International Symposium on Aerospace Technology (APISAT 2018) written by Xinguo Zhang and published by Springer. This book was released on 2019-06-08 with total page 3068 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is a compilation of peer-reviewed papers from the 2018 Asia-Pacific International Symposium on Aerospace Technology (APISAT 2018). The symposium is a common endeavour between the four national aerospace societies in China, Australia, Korea and Japan, namely, the Chinese Society of Aeronautics and Astronautics (CSAA), Royal Aeronautical Society Australian Division (RAeS Australian Division), the Korean Society for Aeronautical and Space Sciences (KSAS) and the Japan Society for Aeronautical and Space Sciences (JSASS). APISAT is an annual event initiated in 2009 to provide an opportunity for researchers and engineers from Asia-Pacific countries to discuss current and future advanced topics in aeronautical and space engineering.
Book Synopsis Ice Accretion and Icing Technology by : Robert J Flemming
Download or read book Ice Accretion and Icing Technology written by Robert J Flemming and published by SAE International. This book was released on 2015-04-16 with total page 122 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The effects of inflight atmospheric icing can be devastating to aircraft. Universities and industry have been hard at work to respond to the challenge of maintaining flight safety in all weather conditions. Proposed changes in the regulations for operation in icing conditions are sure to keep this type of research and development at its highest level. This is especially true for the effects of ice crystals in the atmosphere, and for the threat associated with supercooled large drop (SLD) icing. This collection of ten SAE International technical papers brings together vital contributions to the subject. Icing on aircraft surfaces would not be a problem if a material were discovered that prevented the freezing and accretion of supercooled drops. Many options that appeared to have promising icephobic properties have had serious shortfalls in durability. This title addresses, among other topics, the measurement techniques and the drop physics that apply to icing, certification for flight through ice crystal clouds and in supercooled large drops, improvements in predictive techniques, scaling methods, test facilities and techniques, and rotorcraft icing.
Book Synopsis The Aerodynamic Effects of Runback Ice by : Krishan Parmar
Download or read book The Aerodynamic Effects of Runback Ice written by Krishan Parmar and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis 43rd AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting & Exhibit by :
Download or read book 43rd AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting & Exhibit written by and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 624 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Aircraft Ice Protection by : United States. Federal Aviation Administration
Download or read book Aircraft Ice Protection written by United States. Federal Aviation Administration and published by . This book was released on 1971 with total page 60 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Aerospace Materials and Material Technologies by : N. Eswara Prasad
Download or read book Aerospace Materials and Material Technologies written by N. Eswara Prasad and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-11-07 with total page 568 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book serves as a comprehensive resource on various traditional, advanced and futuristic material technologies for aerospace applications encompassing nearly 20 major areas. Each of the chapters addresses scientific principles behind processing and production, production details, equipment and facilities for industrial production, and finally aerospace application areas of these material technologies. The chapters are authored by pioneers of industrial aerospace material technologies. This book has a well-planned layout in 4 parts. The first part deals with primary metal and material processing, including nano manufacturing. The second part deals with materials characterization and testing methodologies and technologies. The third part addresses structural design. Finally, several advanced material technologies are covered in the fourth part. Some key advanced topics such as “Structural Design by ASIP”, “Damage Mechanics-Based Life Prediction and Extension” and “Principles of Structural Health Monitoring” are dealt with at equal length as the traditional aerospace materials technology topics. This book will be useful to students, researchers and professionals working in the domain of aerospace materials.
Download or read book Aerospace America written by and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 236 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Metal Worker written by and published by . This book was released on 1916 with total page 872 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Research Memorandum written by and published by . This book was released on 1956 with total page 34 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author :National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Publisher :Createspace Independent Publishing Platform ISBN 13 :9781721798377 Total Pages :34 pages Book Rating :4.7/5 (983 download)
Book Synopsis Geometry and Reynolds-Number Scaling on an Iced Business-Jet Wing by : National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
Download or read book Geometry and Reynolds-Number Scaling on an Iced Business-Jet Wing written by National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and published by Createspace Independent Publishing Platform. This book was released on 2018-06-24 with total page 34 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A study was conducted to develop a method to scale the effect of ice accretion on a full-scale business jet wing model to a 1/12-scale model at greatly reduced Reynolds number. Full-scale, 5/12-scale, and 1/12-scale models of identical airfoil section were used in this study. Three types of ice accretion were studied: 22.5-minute ice protection system failure shape, 2-minute initial ice roughness, and a runback shape that forms downstream of a thermal anti-ice system. The results showed that the 22.5-minute failure shape could be scaled from full-scale to 1/12-scale through simple geometric scaling. The 2-minute roughness shape could be scaled by choosing an appropriate grit size. The runback ice shape exhibited greater Reynolds number effects and could not be scaled by simple geometric scaling of the ice shape. Lee, Sam and Ratvasky, Thomas P. and Thacker, Michael and Barnhart, Billy P. Glenn Research Center NASA/TM-2005-213575, AIAA Paper 2005-1066, E-15034
