Future Powertrain Technologies

Download Future Powertrain Technologies PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : MDPI
ISBN 13 : 3039437534
Total Pages : 264 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (394 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Future Powertrain Technologies by : Stephan Rinderknecht

Download or read book Future Powertrain Technologies written by Stephan Rinderknecht and published by MDPI. This book was released on 2020-12-17 with total page 264 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Among the various factors greatly influencing the development process of future powertrain technologies, the trends in climate change and digitalization are of huge public interest. To handle these trends, new disruptive technologies are integrated into the development process. They open up space for diverse research which is distributed over the entire vehicle design process. This book contains recent research articles which incorporate results for selecting and designing powertrain topology in consideration of the vehicle operating strategy as well as results for handling the reliability of new powertrain components. The field of investigation spans from the identification of ecologically optimal transformation of the existent vehicle fleet to the development of machine learning-based operating strategies and the comparison of complex hybrid electric vehicle topologies to reduce CO2 emissions.

Frontiers in Hybrid Vehicles Powertrain

Download Frontiers in Hybrid Vehicles Powertrain PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Mdpi AG
ISBN 13 : 9783036586281
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (862 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Frontiers in Hybrid Vehicles Powertrain by : Marco Cammalleri

Download or read book Frontiers in Hybrid Vehicles Powertrain written by Marco Cammalleri and published by Mdpi AG. This book was released on 2023-08-22 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The increasing concern regarding environmental issues has led to the adoption of stringent regulations worldwide to facilitate the urgent move towards green mobility and sustainable transportation. In this regard, electrified powertrains are bound to replace conventional thermal engines to reduce greenhouse gases and pollutant emissions. The synergy between the internal combustion engine and the electric unit in hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) significantly reduces fuel consumption and emissions while maintaining high vehicle performance and driving comfort. Moreover, unlike pure electric vehicles, the hybrid electric powertrain fulfills even the most demanding energetic requirements, ranging from light- and heavy-duty vehicles to agricultural machinery, vessels, and aircraft, thus becoming the optimal sustainable solution in the short term. Nonetheless, the full potential of HEVs can only be exploited using a multidisciplinary approach to design the mechanical and electrical equipment and implement the optimal energy management strategy. This Special Issue, "Frontiers in Hybrid Vehicles Powertrain", provides a broad perspective on the current challenges and research trends of the hybrid electric powertrain collecting nine peer-reviewed papers dealing with the main mechanical, electrical, controls, and energetic issues of HEVs.

Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV)

Download Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV) PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : MDPI
ISBN 13 : 3039214535
Total Pages : 230 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (392 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV) by : Joeri Van Mierlo

Download or read book Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV) written by Joeri Van Mierlo and published by MDPI. This book was released on 2019-08-27 with total page 230 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Climate change, urban air quality, and dependency on crude oil are important societal challenges. In the transportation sector especially, clean and energy efficient technologies must be developed. Electric vehicles (EVs) and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) have gained a growing interest in the vehicle industry. Nowadays, the commercialization of EVs and PHEVs has been possible in different applications (i.e., light duty, medium duty, and heavy duty vehicles) thanks to the advances in energy storage systems, power electronics converters (including DC/DC converters, DC/AC inverters, and battery charging systems), electric machines, and energy efficient power flow control strategies. This book is based on the Special Issue of the journal Applied Sciences on “Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs)”. This collection of research articles includes topics such as novel propulsion systems, emerging power electronics and their control algorithms, emerging electric machines and control techniques, energy storage systems, including BMS, and efficient energy management strategies for hybrid propulsion, vehicle-to-grid (V2G), vehicle-to-home (V2H), grid-to-vehicle (G2V) technologies, and wireless power transfer (WPT) systems.

History of the Electric Automobile

Download History of the Electric Automobile PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : SAE International
ISBN 13 : 0768037492
Total Pages : 366 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (68 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis History of the Electric Automobile by : Ernest Henry Wakefield

Download or read book History of the Electric Automobile written by Ernest Henry Wakefield and published by SAE International. This book was released on 1998-10-01 with total page 366 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: For more than a century, people have attempted to harness electricity, the clean and versatile fuel, for personal transportation. With impressive technical clarity and historical insight, author Ernest Wakefield reviews these attempts in History of the Electric Automobile: Hybrid Electric Vehicles. He focuses exclusively on electric vehicles that harness the potential of electricity when combined with another energy source - hybrid electric vehicles (HEV). The book details the historical development of capacitors, engines, flywheels, fuel cells, inductive charging, and solar cells - and the application of each to hybrid electric vehicles.

Electric and Hybrid Vehicles

Download Electric and Hybrid Vehicles PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0444535667
Total Pages : 671 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (445 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Electric and Hybrid Vehicles by : Gianfranco Pistoia

Download or read book Electric and Hybrid Vehicles written by Gianfranco Pistoia and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2010-07-27 with total page 671 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Electric and Hybrid Vehicles: Power Sources, Models, Sustainability, Infrastructure and the Market reviews the performance, cost, safety, and sustainability of battery systems for hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) and electric vehicles (EVs), including nickel-metal hydride batteries and Li-ion batteries. Throughout this book, especially in the first chapters, alternative vehicles with different power trains are compared in terms of lifetime cost, fuel consumption, and environmental impact. The emissions of greenhouse gases are particularly dealt with. The improvement of the battery, or fuel cell, performance and governmental incentives will play a fundamental role in determining how far and how substantial alternative vehicles will penetrate into the market. An adequate recharging infrastructure is of paramount importance for the diffusion of vehicles powered by batteries and fuel cells, as it may contribute to overcome the so-called range anxiety."" Thus, proposed battery charging techniques are summarized and hydrogen refueling stations are described. The final chapter reviews the state of the art of the current models of hybrid and electric vehicles along with the powertrain solutions adopted by the major automakers. - Contributions from the worlds leading industry and research experts - Executive summaries of specific case studies - Information on basic research and application approaches

Frontier Computing

Download Frontier Computing PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 9811680523
Total Pages : 1877 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (116 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Frontier Computing by : Jason C. Hung

Download or read book Frontier Computing written by Jason C. Hung and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-05-23 with total page 1877 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book gathers the proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Frontier Computing, held in Seoul, on July 13–17, 2021, and provides comprehensive coverage of the latest advances and trends in information technology, science, and engineering. It addresses a number of broad themes, including communication networks, business intelligence and knowledge management, Web intelligence, and related fields that inspire the development of information technology. The respective contributions cover a wide range of topics: database and data mining, networking and communications, Web and Internet of things, embedded systems, soft computing, social network analysis, security and privacy, optical communication, and ubiquitous/pervasive computing. Many of the papers outline promising future research directions, and the book benefits students, researchers, and professionals alike. Further, it offers a useful reference guide for newcomers to the field.

Vehicle Power Management

Download Vehicle Power Management PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 0857297368
Total Pages : 353 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (572 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Vehicle Power Management by : Xi Zhang

Download or read book Vehicle Power Management written by Xi Zhang and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2011-08-12 with total page 353 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Vehicle Power Management addresses the challenge of improving vehicle fuel economy and reducing emissions without sacrificing vehicle performance, reliability and durability. It opens with the definition, objectives, and current research issues of vehicle power management, before moving on to a detailed introduction to the modeling of vehicle devices and components involved in the vehicle power management system, which has been proven to be the most cost-effective and efficient method for initial-phase vehicle research and design. Specific vehicle power management algorithms and strategies, including the analytical approach, optimal control, intelligent system approaches and wavelet technology, are derived and analyzed for realistic applications. Vehicle Power Management also gives a detailed description of several key technologies in the design phases of hybrid electric vehicles containing battery management systems, component optimization, hardware-in-the-loop and software-in-the-loop. Vehicle Power Management provides graduate and upper level undergraduate students, engineers, and researchers in both academia and the automotive industry, with a clear understanding of the concepts, methodologies, and prospects of vehicle power management.

Electric and Hybrid Vehicles

Download Electric and Hybrid Vehicles PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 0429956355
Total Pages : 702 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (299 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Electric and Hybrid Vehicles by : Iqbal Husain

Download or read book Electric and Hybrid Vehicles written by Iqbal Husain and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2021-02-22 with total page 702 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A thoroughly revised third edition of this widely praised, bestselling textbook presents a comprehensive systems-level perspective of electric and hybrid vehicles with emphasis on technical aspects, mathematical relationships and basic design guidelines. The emerging technologies of electric vehicles require the dedication of current and future engineers, so the target audience for the book is the young professionals and students in engineering eager to learn about the area. The book is concise and clear, its mathematics are kept to a necessary minimum and it contains a well-balanced set of contents of the complex technology. Engineers of multiple disciplines can either get a broader overview or explore in depth a particular aspect of electric or hybrid vehicles. Additions in the third edition include simulation-based design analysis of electric and hybrid vehicles and their powertrain components, particularly that of traction inverters, electric machines and motor drives. The technology trends to incorporate wide bandgap power electronics and reduced rare-earth permanent magnet electric machines in the powertrain components have been highlighted. Charging stations are a critical component for the electric vehicle infrastructure, and hence, a chapter on vehicle interactions with the power grid has been added. Autonomous driving is another emerging technology, and a chapter is included describing the autonomous driving system architecture and the hardware and software needs for such systems. The platform has been set in this book for system-level simulations to develop models using various softwares used in academia and industry, such as MATLAB®/Simulink, PLECS, PSIM, Motor-CAD and Altair Flux. Examples and simulation results are provided in this edition using these software tools. The third edition is a timely revision and contribution to the field of electric vehicles that has reached recently notable markets in a more and more environmentally sensitive world.

High Voltage

Download High Voltage PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Rodale Books
ISBN 13 : 1609613236
Total Pages : 274 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (96 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis High Voltage by : Jim Motavalli

Download or read book High Voltage written by Jim Motavalli and published by Rodale Books. This book was released on 2011-11-08 with total page 274 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A behind-the-scenes look at the robustly competitive race to dominate the market for electric cars, the larger-than-life moguls behind them, and the changes that are transforming the auto industry In the 1980s, it was unimaginable that the home computer would become as common and easy to use as a toaster. Today, plug-in charging stations and smart grids seem like something still far off in the future. But by 2020, the auto industry will look very different from today's field of troubled auto giants. The combination of technological breakthroughs and charging networks driven by global warming and peak oil makes it clear that revolutionary change in the auto industry is happening right now. In High Voltage, Jim Motavalli captures this period of unprecedented change, documenting the evolution from internal combustion engines to electric power. Driven by the auto world's ambitious and sometimes outlandish personalities, the book chronicles the race to dominate the market, focusing on big players like Tesla and Fisker, as well as a tiny start-up and a battery supplier. Flashing forward to the changes we'll see in the coming years, High Voltage shows a not-so-distant future where we will live on a smart grid, our cars "fueling," that is, charging, while we shop or sleep. The ramifications of these changes will be on a grander scale than most of us ever imagined—altering foreign policy, reducing trade deficits, and perhaps even ending global warming.

Cost, Effectiveness, and Deployment of Fuel Economy Technologies for Light-Duty Vehicles

Download Cost, Effectiveness, and Deployment of Fuel Economy Technologies for Light-Duty Vehicles PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309373913
Total Pages : 812 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (93 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Cost, Effectiveness, and Deployment of Fuel Economy Technologies for Light-Duty Vehicles by : National Research Council

Download or read book Cost, Effectiveness, and Deployment of Fuel Economy Technologies for Light-Duty Vehicles written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2015-09-28 with total page 812 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The light-duty vehicle fleet is expected to undergo substantial technological changes over the next several decades. New powertrain designs, alternative fuels, advanced materials and significant changes to the vehicle body are being driven by increasingly stringent fuel economy and greenhouse gas emission standards. By the end of the next decade, cars and light-duty trucks will be more fuel efficient, weigh less, emit less air pollutants, have more safety features, and will be more expensive to purchase relative to current vehicles. Though the gasoline-powered spark ignition engine will continue to be the dominant powertrain configuration even through 2030, such vehicles will be equipped with advanced technologies, materials, electronics and controls, and aerodynamics. And by 2030, the deployment of alternative methods to propel and fuel vehicles and alternative modes of transportation, including autonomous vehicles, will be well underway. What are these new technologies - how will they work, and will some technologies be more effective than others? Written to inform The United States Department of Transportation's National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) and Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) and greenhouse gas (GHG) emission standards, this new report from the National Research Council is a technical evaluation of costs, benefits, and implementation issues of fuel reduction technologies for next-generation light-duty vehicles. Cost, Effectiveness, and Deployment of Fuel Economy Technologies for Light-Duty Vehicles estimates the cost, potential efficiency improvements, and barriers to commercial deployment of technologies that might be employed from 2020 to 2030. This report describes these promising technologies and makes recommendations for their inclusion on the list of technologies applicable for the 2017-2025 CAFE standards.

Alternative Fuels and Advanced Vehicle Technologies for Improved Environmental Performance

Download Alternative Fuels and Advanced Vehicle Technologies for Improved Environmental Performance PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Woodhead Publishing
ISBN 13 : 0323900283
Total Pages : 800 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (239 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Alternative Fuels and Advanced Vehicle Technologies for Improved Environmental Performance by : Richard Folkson

Download or read book Alternative Fuels and Advanced Vehicle Technologies for Improved Environmental Performance written by Richard Folkson and published by Woodhead Publishing. This book was released on 2022-07-27 with total page 800 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Alternative Fuels and Advanced Vehicle Technologies for Improved Environmental Performance: Towards Zero Carbon Transportation, Second Edition provides a comprehensive view of key developments in advanced fuels and vehicle technologies to improve the energy efficiency and environmental impact of the automotive sector. Sections consider the role of alternative fuels such as electricity, alcohol and hydrogen fuel cells, as well as advanced additives and oils in environmentally sustainable transport. Other topics explored include methods of revising engine and vehicle design to improve environmental performance and fuel economy and developments in electric and hybrid vehicle technologies. This reference will provide professionals, engineers and researchers of alternative fuels with an understanding of the latest clean technologies which will help them to advance the field. Those working in environmental and mechanical engineering will benefit from the detailed analysis of the technologies covered, as will fuel suppliers and energy producers seeking to improve the efficiency, sustainability and accessibility of their work. - Provides a fully updated reference with significant technological advances and developments in the sector - Presents analyses on the latest advances in electronic systems for emissions control, autonomous systems, artificial intelligence and legislative requirements - Includes a strong focus on updated climate change predictions and consequences, helping the reader work towards ambitious 2050 climate change goals for the automotive industry

Transition to Hydrogen

Download Transition to Hydrogen PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 113950391X
Total Pages : 273 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (395 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Transition to Hydrogen by : Alexander Wokaun

Download or read book Transition to Hydrogen written by Alexander Wokaun and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2011-10-06 with total page 273 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is a comprehensive and objective guide to understanding hydrogen as a transportation fuel. The effects that pursuing different vehicle technology development paths will have on the economy, the environment, public safety and human health are presented with implications for policy makers, industrial stakeholders and researchers alike. Using hydrogen as a fuel offers a possible solution to satisfying global mobility needs, including sustainability of supply and the potential reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. This book focuses on research issues that are at the intersection of hydrogen and transportation, since the study of vehicles and energy-carriers is inseparable. It concentrates on light duty vehicles (cars and light trucks), set in the context of other competing technologies, the larger energy sector and the overall economy. The book is invaluable for researchers and policy makers in transportation policy, energy economics, systems dynamics, vehicle powertrain modeling and simulation, environmental science and environmental engineering.

Frontiers of Engineering

Download Frontiers of Engineering PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309312817
Total Pages : 183 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (93 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Frontiers of Engineering by : National Academy of Engineering

Download or read book Frontiers of Engineering written by National Academy of Engineering and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2013-03-01 with total page 183 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume highlights the papers presented at the National Academy of Engineering's 2012 U.S. Frontiers of Engineering Symposium. Every year, the symposium brings together 100 outstanding young leaders in engineering to share their cutting-edge research and technical work. The 2012 symposium was held September 13-15, and hosted by General Motors at the GM Technical Center in Warren, Michigan. Speakers were asked to prepare extended summaries of their presentations, which are reprinted here. The intent of this book is to convey the excitement of this unique meeting and to highlight cutting-edge developments in engineering research and technical work.

Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Electrical and Information Technologies for Rail Transportation (EITRT) 2017

Download Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Electrical and Information Technologies for Rail Transportation (EITRT) 2017 PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 9811079862
Total Pages : 1020 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (11 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Electrical and Information Technologies for Rail Transportation (EITRT) 2017 by : Limin Jia

Download or read book Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Electrical and Information Technologies for Rail Transportation (EITRT) 2017 written by Limin Jia and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-03-30 with total page 1020 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The proceedings collect the latest research trends, methods and experimental results in the field of electrical and information technologies for rail transportation. The topics cover novel traction drive technologies of rail transportation, safety technology of rail transportation system, rail transportation information technology, rail transportation operational management technology, rail transportation cutting-edge theory and technology etc. The proceedings can be a valuable reference work for researchers and graduate students working in rail transportation, electrical engineering and information technologies.

The Motor Car

Download The Motor Car PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 9400785526
Total Pages : 673 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (7 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Motor Car by : Giancarlo Genta

Download or read book The Motor Car written by Giancarlo Genta and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2014-01-06 with total page 673 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is an introduction to automotive engineering, to give freshmen ideas about this technology. The text is subdivided in parts that cover all facets of the automobile, including legal and economic aspects related to industry and products, product configuration and fabrication processes, historic evolution and future developments. The first part describes how motor vehicles were invented and evolved into the present product in more than 100 years of development. The purpose is not only to supply an historical perspective, but also to introduce and discuss the many solutions that were applied (and could be applied again) to solve the same basic problems of vehicle engineering. This part also briefly describes the evolution of automotive technologies and market, including production and development processes. The second part deals with the description and function analysis of all car subsystems, such as: · vehicle body, · chassis, including wheels, suspensions, brakes and steering mechanisms, · diesel and gasoline engines, · electric motors, batteries, fuel cells, hybrid propulsion systems, · driveline, including manual and automatic gearboxes. This part addresses also many non-technical issues that influence vehicle design and production, such as social and economic impact of vehicles, market, regulations, particularly on pollution and safety. In spite of the difficulty in forecasting the paths that will be taken by automotive technology, the third part tries to open a window on the future. It is not meant to make predictions that are likely to be wrong, but to discuss the trends of automotive research and innovation and to see the possible paths that may be taken to solve the many problems that are at present open or we can expect for the future. The book is completed by two appendices about the contribution of computers in designing cars, particularly the car body and outlining fundamentals of vehicle mechanics, including aerodynamics, longitudinal (acceleration and braking) and transversal (path control) motion.

New Energy Vehicle Powertrain Technologies and Applications

Download New Energy Vehicle Powertrain Technologies and Applications PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 9811995664
Total Pages : 461 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (119 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis New Energy Vehicle Powertrain Technologies and Applications by : Yong Chen

Download or read book New Energy Vehicle Powertrain Technologies and Applications written by Yong Chen and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2023-06-15 with total page 461 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book focuses on transmission systems for pure electric and hybrid vehicles. It first discusses system development and optimization technologies, comprehensively and systematically describing the development trends, structures and technical characteristics, as well as the related technologies and methods. It highlights the principles, implementation process and energy management of the power transmission system based on the pure electric and hybrid mode management method, and examines the reliability and NVH characteristic tests and optimization technologies. Combining research theory and engineering practice, the book is a valuable reference resource for engineering and technical professionals in the field of automobile and related power transmission machinery as well as undergraduate and graduate students.

Small Electric Vehicles

Download Small Electric Vehicles PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3030658430
Total Pages : 193 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (36 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Small Electric Vehicles by : Amelie Ewert

Download or read book Small Electric Vehicles written by Amelie Ewert and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021 with total page 193 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This edited open access book gives a comprehensive overview of small and lightweight electric three- and four-wheel vehicles with an international scope. The present status of small electric vehicle (SEV) technologies, the market situation and main hindering factors for market success as well as options to attain a higher market share including new mobility concepts are highlighted. An increased usage of SEVs can have different impacts which are highlighted in the book in regard to sustainable transport, congestion, electric grid and transport-related potentials. To underline the effects these vehicles can have in urban areas or rural areas, several case studies are presented covering outcomes of pilot projects and studies in Europe. A study of the operation and usage in the Global South extends the scope to a global scale. Furthermore, several concept studies and vehicle concepts on the market give a more detailed overview and show the deployment in different applications.