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Forever Undecided
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Book Synopsis Forever Undecided by : Raymond M. Smullyan
Download or read book Forever Undecided written by Raymond M. Smullyan and published by Knopf. This book was released on 2012-07-04 with total page 286 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Forever Undecided is the most challenging yet of Raymond Smullyan’s puzzle collections. It is, at the same time, an introduction—ingenious, instructive, entertaining—to Gödel’s famous theorems. With all the wit and charm that have delighted readers of his previous books, Smullyan transports us once again to that magical island where knights always tell the truth and knaves always lie. Here we meet a new and amazing array of characters, visitors to the island, seeking to determine the natives’ identities. Among them: the census-taker McGregor; a philosophical-logician in search of his flighty bird-wife, Oona; and a regiment of Reasoners (timid ones, normal ones, conceited, modest, and peculiar ones) armed with the rules of propositional logic (if X is true, then so is Y). By following the Reasoners through brain-tingling exercises and adventures—including journeys into the “other possible worlds” of Kripke semantics—even the most illogical of us come to understand Gödel’s two great theorems on incompleteness and undecidability, some of their philosophical and mathematical implications, and why we, like Gödel himself, must remain Forever Undecided!
Download or read book Possible Worlds written by Rod Girle and published by McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP. This book was released on 2003 with total page 226 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Mathematics, Models, and Modality by : John P. Burgess
Download or read book Mathematics, Models, and Modality written by John P. Burgess and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2008-02-21 with total page 253 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: John Burgess is the author of a rich and creative body of work which seeks to defend classical logic and mathematics through counter-criticism of their nominalist, intuitionist, relevantist, and other critics. This selection of his essays, which spans twenty-five years, addresses key topics including nominalism, neo-logicism, intuitionism, modal logic, analyticity, and translation. An introduction sets the essays in context and offers a retrospective appraisal of their aims. The volume will be of interest to a wide range of readers across philosophy of mathematics, logic, and philosophy of language.
Book Synopsis Theoretical Aspects of Reasoning About Knowledge by : Joseph Y. Halpern
Download or read book Theoretical Aspects of Reasoning About Knowledge written by Joseph Y. Halpern and published by Morgan Kaufmann. This book was released on 2014-05-12 with total page 416 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Theoretical Aspects of Reasoning About Knowledge: Proceedings of the 1986 Conference focuses on the principles, methodologies, approaches, and concepts involved in reasoning about knowledge. The selection first provides an overview of reasoning about knowledge, varieties of self-reference, and pegs and alecs. Topics covered include data semantics, partial objects and identity, circumstance, self, and causal connection, structure of circumstance, varieties and limits of self-reference, problem of logical omniscience, and knowledge, communication, and action. The book then explores reasoning about knowledge in artificial intelligence; synthesis of digital machines with provable epistemic properties; and a first order theory of planning, knowledge, and action. The publication ponders on the consistency of syntactical treatments of knowledge, foundations of knowledge for distributed systems, knowledge and implicit knowledge in a distributed environment, and the logic of distributed protocols. Topics include formal syntax and semantics, structure of models, message-based knowledge worlds, changing the class of messages, implicit knowledge in message-based knowledge worlds, conservation and implicit knowledge, and distributed protocols. The selection is a dependable source of data for researchers interested in the theoretical aspects of reasoning about knowledge.
Book Synopsis Forever Undecided by : Raymond M. Smullyan
Download or read book Forever Undecided written by Raymond M. Smullyan and published by Alfred a Knopf Incorporated. This book was released on 1987 with total page 257 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Collects a variety of mathematics and logic puzzles, some based on the theorems of the mathematician Kurt Godel
Book Synopsis Mathematical Intuitionism by : Carl J. Posy
Download or read book Mathematical Intuitionism written by Carl J. Posy and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2020-11-12 with total page 116 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: L. E. J. Brouwer, the founder of mathematical intuitionism, believed that mathematics and its objects must be humanly graspable. He initiated a program rebuilding modern mathematics according to that principle. This book introduces the reader to the mathematical core of intuitionism – from elementary number theory through to Brouwer's uniform continuity theorem – and to the two central topics of 'formalized intuitionism': formal intuitionistic logic, and formal systems for intuitionistic analysis. Building on that, the book proposes a systematic, philosophical foundation for intuitionism that weaves together doctrines about human grasp, mathematical objects and mathematical truth.
Book Synopsis Eternal Youth and the Myth of Deconstruction by : Bret Alderman
Download or read book Eternal Youth and the Myth of Deconstruction written by Bret Alderman and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2023-12-06 with total page 235 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In Eternal Youth and the Myth of Deconstruction, Bret Alderman puts forth a compelling thesis: Deconstruction tells a mythic story. Through an attentive examination of multiple texts and literary works, he elucidates this story in psychological and philosophical terms. Deconstruction, the method of philosophical and literary analysis originated by Jacques Derrida, arises from what Carl Jung called “a kind of readiness to produce over and over again the same or similar mythical ideas.” In the case of deconstruction, such ideas bear a striking resemblance to a figure that Jungian and Post-Jungian writers refer to as the puer aeternus or eternal youth. To make his case, in addition to a careful analysis of numerous Derridean texts, he offers readings of literary works by Milan Kundera, J.M. Barrie, Dante, Apuleius, and others. These texts help illustrate that deconstruction’s preoccupations over questions of presence, deferral, authority, limits, time, and representation are also recurrent issues for the eternal youth as described by Marie-Louise Von Franz and James Hillman. Judith Butler’s deconstruction of sex and gender reflects similar patterns, and she features in this work as a contemporary exemplar of the deconstructive approach. Eternal Youth and the Myth of Deconstruction will be a compelling read for both students and teachers of depth psychology and continental philosophy. The clarity of its style will be appealing to advanced scholars and educated laypersons alike.
Book Synopsis Mathematical Problems by : Craig Smoryński
Download or read book Mathematical Problems written by Craig Smoryński and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-09-19 with total page 406 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The life and soul of any science are its problems. This is particularly true of mathematics, which, not referring to any physical reality, consists only of its problems, their solutions, and, most excitingly, the challenges they pose. Mathematical problems come in many flavours, from simple puzzles to major open problems. The problems stimulate, the stories of their successful solutions inspire, and their applications are wide. The literature abounds with books dedicated to mathematical problems — collections of problems, hints on how to solve them, and even histories of the paths to the solutions of some famous ones. The present book, aimed at the proverbial “bright high-school student”, takes a different, more philosophical approach, first dividing mathematical problems into three broad classes — puzzles, exercises, and open problems — and discussing their various roles in one’s mathematical education. Various chapters are devoted to discussing examples of each type of problem, along with their solutions and some of the developments arising from them. For the truly dedicated reader, more involved material is offered in an appendix. Mathematics does not exist in a vacuum, whence the author peppers the material with frequent extra-mathematical cultural references. The mathematics itself is elementary, for the most part pre-calculus. The few references to the calculus use the integral notation which the reader need not truly be familiar with, opting to read the integral sign as strange notation for area or as operationally defined by the appropriate buttons on his or her graphing calculator. Nothing further is required. Advance praise for Mathematical Problems "There are many books on mathematical problems, but Smoryński’s compelling book offers something unique. Firstly, it includes a fruitful classification and analysis of the nature of mathematical problems. Secondly, and perhaps most importantly, it leads the reader from clear and often amusing accounts of traditional problems to the serious mathematics that grew out of some of them." - John Baldwin, University of Illinois at Chicago "Smoryński manages to discuss the famous puzzles from the past and the new items in various modern theories with the same elegance and personality. He presents and solves puzzles and traditional topics with a laudable sense of humor. Readers of all ages and training will find the book a rich treasure chest." - Dirk van Dalen, Universiteit Utrecht
Download or read book Laws of Nature written by Xiaoping Hu and published by Xiaoping Hu. This book was released on 2023-03-30 with total page 367 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This Book provides new foundations for modern physics and natural philosophy. In the past 100+ years, modern physics has been based on Quantum Concept, Einstein’s Relativity Theory, and three equations (Schroedinger Equation, Klein-Gordon Equation, and Dirac Equation). Relativity Theory not only is melted into the bones of modern sciences, it has also deeply infiltrated liberal arts and philosophical thoughts of several generations. As such, Einstein was regarded world’s greatest scientist in human history. While modern physics has splendid achievements in the past 100 years, it is now at a dead pass, unable to solve many fundamental problems like graviton, strong force, double slit experiments, quantum entanglement, etc.. Worse, the latest astronomical discoveries by the Webb Telescope has brought strong evidences against the Big Bang Theory that is based on General Relativity. As such, the whole modern physics is at jeopardy. Through lifetime pondering and research, the author has found that modern physics is on many shaky grounds and finally rebuilt physics without them. This book is the culmination of his lifetime work, most of its contents are published for the firs time. Chapter 1 provides a brief history of human cognition, and discusses the criteria for discerning truth and fallacy. Chapter 2 rigorously invalidates both Special Relativity and General Relativity from four different grounds, pulling down all existing “evidences” that were claimed to support Relativity Theory. Chapter 3 reviews the fundamental concepts in physics and natural philosophy and makes necessary corrections. Chapter 4 gives a new theory on gravity and gravitons. Chapter 5 re-studies electromagnetics, provides a complex set of Maxwell Equations and a new theory on electromagnetic wave. Chapter 6 provides a new photon theory, which not only satisfies all existing knowledge about photon, but solves the problems of double slit experiment and quantum entanglement successfully. Chapter 7 derives Schroedinger Equation from two basic physics principles and prove that the Schroedinger Wave Function does not represent particle state probability, but its complex electric and magnetic field energies. Error-prong modern physics methods are also criticized. Chapter 8 provides a new particle theory, which not only solves the mystery of proton and neutron, but can successfully construct atoms of large atomic numbers. The new theory also reveals the secrets of strong force and weak force, as well as chemical bonds. Chapter 9 also rebuilds the foundation of thermodynamics by redefining entropy explicitly, so to greatly simplifies the basic thermodynamics equations. Many well-known results in thermodynamic and statistical physics are invalidated. Chapter 10 also rebuilds the foundation of astrophysics. First, the main cause of star’s light spectrum redshift is finally discovered. Second, the basic pressure and temperature equations inside stars are corrected. Third, new theories about stars, galaxies, and universe are provided which are consistent with observations and new physics theories in this book. Fourth, the true energy source in nuclear fission and fusion is discovered. Chapter 11 discusses a few important things about life. Chapter 12 discusses a few things that face human in the near future. Appendix provides a comprehensive discussion on redshifts of star light spectrum, and finally prove that quantum loss redshift is the main cause of star light spectrum redshift. Appendix B proves that if Special Relativity is correct, then General Relativity is not. It also provides a simple, closed form solution for photon’s motion in gravity field. While the author cannot guarantee correctness of everything in the book, the new theories overcome the contradictions of existing ones and explain many more things that existing ones could not. The most important thing is all the theories in the book are mutually consistent and therefore re-enforce each other. As such, the author thinks that the GUT and TOE problems that physicists have dreamed along are now closed.
Book Synopsis Am I Someone (The Poetry) by : Allen Francis Foley
Download or read book Am I Someone (The Poetry) written by Allen Francis Foley and published by Xlibris Corporation. This book was released on 2001-03-23 with total page 308 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: AM I SOMEONE (The Poetry) is best described as a communion of words written from the heart, a place of truth. The author may best be described as the Rod McKuen of the 90's and beyond. He plunges deep into self, deep into glorious and painful memories, and deep into a conscious/unconscious life. And then he begins all over again..... Here is one heart, and one mind, reaching out to touch the hearts and minds of others. Dreams achieved through the words and emotions stirred through and through by never doubting he has loved. Love had! Love lost! Love abused and misused! And love, the substance of miracles when all else fails in a world that seems so lost unto itself. AM I SOMEONE (The Poetry) tells of life as an open invitation to cry, to laugh, to love, to live, and to die. It's a connection with the emotions we all feel and hear. A communion of life from the heart, a place of truth.
Book Synopsis Undecided by : Barbara Bailey Kelley
Download or read book Undecided written by Barbara Bailey Kelley and published by ReadHowYouWant.com. This book was released on 2011 with total page 410 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Large Print.
Book Synopsis New Essays on the Knowability Paradox by : Joe Salerno
Download or read book New Essays on the Knowability Paradox written by Joe Salerno and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2009-06-04 with total page 386 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The knowability paradox suggests that wherever there is empirical ignorance there is also logically unknowable truth. This volume presents the original papers in which this notorious problem was first set out, nineteen new papers seeking to resolve it, and a helpful introduction. It will be the definitive resource for study of the paradox.
Book Synopsis The Routledge Companion to Epistemology by : Sven Bernecker
Download or read book The Routledge Companion to Epistemology written by Sven Bernecker and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2011-01-19 with total page 938 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Epistemology, the philosophy of knowledge, is at the core of many of the central debates and issues in philosophy, interrogating the notions of truth, objectivity, trust, belief and perception. The Routledge Companion to Epistemology provides a comprehensive and the up-to-date survey of epistemology, charting its history, providing a thorough account of its key thinkers and movements, and addressing enduring questions and contemporary research in the field. Organized thematically, the Companion is divided into ten sections: Foundational Issues, The Analysis of Knowledge, The Structure of Knowledge, Kinds of Knowledge, Skepticism, Responses to Skepticism, Knowledge and Knowledge Attributions, Formal Epistemology, The History of Epistemology, and Metaepistemological Issues. Seventy-eight chapters, each between 5000 and 7000 words and written by the world’s leading epistemologists, provide students with an outstanding and accessible guide to the field. Designed to fit the most comprehensive syllabus in the discipline, this text will be an indispensible resource for anyone interested in this central area of philosophy. The Routledge Companion to Epistemology is essential reading for students of philosophy.
Book Synopsis Dicite, Pierides by : Andreas N. Michalopoulos
Download or read book Dicite, Pierides written by Andreas N. Michalopoulos and published by Cambridge Scholars Publishing. This book was released on 2018-04-18 with total page 454 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume presents essays written in honour of Stratis Kyriakidis, Emeritus Professor of Latin Literature at the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki. Greece. It offers a rich assortment of scholarship on classical literature, ranging from Homeric epic, and the tradition of ecphrasis it spawned in a number of genres, to 17th-century English translations of Virgil’s Aeneid. The collection is divided into two sections, the first on Greek literature, and the second on Latin literature. The sixteen chapters within offer fresh insights and thoughtful readings of a variety of works of classical literature, as well-known as the Iliad and the Aeneid and as exotic as the epigrams of Geminus.
Book Synopsis Intuitionistic Proof Versus Classical Truth by : Enrico Martino
Download or read book Intuitionistic Proof Versus Classical Truth written by Enrico Martino and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-02-23 with total page 170 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book examines the role of acts of choice in classical and intuitionistic mathematics. Featuring fifteen papers – both new and previously published – it offers a fresh analysis of concepts developed by the mathematician and philosopher L.E.J. Brouwer, the founder of intuitionism. The author explores Brouwer’s idealization of the creative subject as the basis for intuitionistic truth, and in the process he also discusses an important, related question: to what extent does the intuitionistic perspective succeed in avoiding the classical realistic notion of truth? The papers detail realistic aspects in the idealization of the creative subject and investigate the hidden role of choice even in classical logic and mathematics, covering such topics as bar theorem, type theory, inductive evidence, Beth models, fallible models, and more. In addition, the author offers a critical analysis of the response of key mathematicians and philosophers to Brouwer’s work. These figures include Michael Dummett, Saul Kripke, Per Martin-Löf, and Arend Heyting. This book appeals to researchers and graduate students with an interest in philosophy of mathematics, linguistics, and mathematics.
Book Synopsis Exile, Murder and Madness in Siberia, 1823-61 by : Andrew A. Gentes
Download or read book Exile, Murder and Madness in Siberia, 1823-61 written by Andrew A. Gentes and published by Springer. This book was released on 2010-09-29 with total page 290 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Despite reports of exile proving disastrous to the region, 300,000 Russian subjects, from political dissidents to the elderly and mentally disabled, were deported to Siberia from 1823-61. Their stories of physical and psychological suffering, heroism and personal resurrection, are recounted in this compelling history of tsarist Siberian exile.
Book Synopsis Encyclopedia of Cosmology (Routledge Revivals) by : Norriss S. Hetherington
Download or read book Encyclopedia of Cosmology (Routledge Revivals) written by Norriss S. Hetherington and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2014-04-08 with total page 705 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Encyclopedia of Cosmology, first published in 1993, recounts the history, philosophical assumptions, methodological ambiguities, and human struggles that have influenced the various responses to the basic questions of cosmology through the ages, as well as referencing important scientific theories. Just as the recognition of social conventions in other cultures can lead to a more productive perspective on our own behaviour, so too a study of the cosmologies of other times and places can enable us recognise elements of our own cosmology that might otherwise pass as inevitable developments. Apart from modern natural science, therefore, this volume incorporates brief treatments of Native American, Cave-Dweller, Chinese, Egyptian, Islamic, Megalithic, Mesopotamian, Greek, Medieval and Copernican cosmology, leading to an appreciation of cosmology as an intellectual creation, not merely a collection of facts. It is a valuable reference tool for any student or academic with an interest in the history of science and cosmology specifically.
