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Author : United States. Department of Agriculture
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 16 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (319 download)
Download or read book Food Costs and Wages the World Over written by United States. Department of Agriculture and published by . This book was released on 1979 with total page 16 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Headey, Derek D.
Publisher : Intl Food Policy Res Inst
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 21 pages
Book Rating : 4./5 ( download)
Download or read book Food prices and the wages of the poor: A low-cost, high-value approach to high-frequency food security monitoring written by Headey, Derek D. and published by Intl Food Policy Res Inst. This book was released on 2023-03-24 with total page 21 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: International food prices have become increasingly volatile in recent decades, with “global food crises” in 2008, 2011 and most recently in 2022. The 2008 crisis prompted international agencies to ambitiously extend their monitoring of domestic food prices in developing countries to strengthen early warning systems and food and nutrition surveillance. However, food inflation by itself is not sufficient for measuring disposable income or food affordability; for that, one must measure either changes in income or changes in an income proxy. Here we propose the use of a low-cost income proxy that can be monitored at the same high frequency and spatial granularity as food prices: the wages of poor unskilled workers. While not all poor people are unskilled wage earners, changes in the real “reservation wages” of low skilled activities are likely to be highly predictive of changes in disposable income for poorer segments of society (Deaton and Dreze 2002). We demonstrate this by estimating changes in “food wages” – wages deflated food price indices – during well-documented food price crises in Ethiopia (2008, 2011 and 2022), Sri Lanka (2022) and Myanmar (2022). In all these instances, food wages declined by 20-30%, often in the space of a few months. Moreover, in Myanmar we use a household panel survey data to show that the decline in food wages over the course of 2022 closely matches estimate declines in household disposable income and proportional increases in income-based poverty. We argue that the affordability of nutritious food for “all people, at all times” is a critically important dimension of food security, and we advocate for monitoring the wages of the poor as a cheap and accurate means of capturing that dimension.
Author : Richard Anker
Publisher : Edward Elgar Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1786431467
Total Pages : 393 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (864 download)
Download or read book Living Wages Around the World written by Richard Anker and published by Edward Elgar Publishing. This book was released on 2017-01-27 with total page 393 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This manual describes a new methodology to measure a decent but basic standard of living in different countries and how much workers need to earn to afford this, making it possible for researchers to estimate comparable living wages around the world and determine gaps between living wages and prevailing wages, even in countries with limited secondary data.
Author : National Research Council
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309265835
Total Pages : 117 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (92 download)
Download or read book Exploring Health and Environmental Costs of Food written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2012-12-28 with total page 117 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The U.S. food system provides many benefits, not the least of which is a safe, nutritious and consistent food supply. However, the same system also creates significant environmental, public health, and other costs that generally are not recognized and not accounted for in the retail price of food. These include greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, soil erosion, air pollution, and their environmental consequences, the transfer of antibiotic resistance from food animals to human, and other human health outcomes, including foodborne illnesses and chronic disease. Some external costs which are also known as externalities are accounted for in ways that do not involve increasing the price of food. But many are not. They are borne involuntarily by society at large. A better understanding of external costs would help decision makers at all stages of the life cycle to expand the benefits of the U.S. food system even further. The Institute of Medicine (IOM) and the National Research Council (NRC) with support from the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) convened a public workshop on April 23-23, 2012, to explore the external costs of food, methodologies for quantifying those costs, and the limitations of the methodologies. The workshop was intended to be an information-gathering activity only. Given the complexity of the issues and the broad areas of expertise involved, workshop presentations and discussions represent only a small portion of the current knowledge and are by no means comprehensive. The focus was on the environmental and health impacts of food, using externalities as a basis for discussion and animal products as a case study. The intention was not to quantify costs or benefits, but rather to lay the groundwork for doing so. A major goal of the workshop was to identify information sources and methodologies required to recognize and estimate the costs and benefits of environmental and public health consequences associated with the U.S. food system. It was anticipated that the workshop would provide the basis for a follow-up consensus study of the subject and that a central task of the consensus study will be to develop a framework for a full-scale accounting of the environmental and public health effects for all food products of the U.S. food system. Exploring Health and Environmental Costs of Food: Workshop Summary provides the basis for a follow-up planning discussion involving members of the IOM Food and Nutrition Board and the NRC Board on Agriculture and Natural Resources and others to develop the scope and areas of expertise needed for a larger-scale, consensus study of the subject.
Author : Headey, Derek D.
Publisher : Intl Food Policy Res Inst
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 32 pages
Book Rating : 4./5 ( download)
Download or read book Food prices and poverty reduction in the long run written by Headey, Derek D. and published by Intl Food Policy Res Inst. This book was released on with total page 32 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Standard microeconomic methods consistently suggest that, in the short run, higher food prices increase poverty in developing countries. In contrast, macroeconomic models that allow for an agricultural supply response and consequent wage adjustments suggest that the poor ultimately benefit from higher food prices. In this paper we use international data to systematically test the relationship between changes in domestic food prices and changes in poverty. We find robust evidence that in the long run (one to five years) higher food prices reduce poverty and inequality. The magnitudes of these effects vary across specifications and are not precisely estimated, but they are large enough to suggest that the recent increase in global food prices has significantly accelerated the rate of global poverty reduction.
Author : Mr.Rabah Arezki
Publisher : International Monetary Fund
ISBN 13 : 1455221066
Total Pages : 24 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (552 download)
Download or read book Food Prices and Political Instability written by Mr.Rabah Arezki and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2011-03-01 with total page 24 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: We examine the effects that variations in the international food prices have on democracy and intra-state conflict using panel data for over 120 countries during the period 1970-2007. Our main finding is that in Low Income Countries increases in the international food prices lead to a significant deterioration of democratic institutions and a significant increase in the incidence of anti-government demonstrations, riots, and civil conflict. In the High Income Countries variations in the international food prices have no significant effects on democratic institutions and measures of intra-state conflict. Our empirical results point to a significant externality of variations in international food prices on Low Income Countries' social and political stability.
Author : Maros Ivanic
Publisher : World Bank Publications
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 57 pages
Book Rating : 4./5 ( download)
Download or read book implications of higher global food prices for poverty in low-income countries written by Maros Ivanic and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2008 with total page 57 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Abstract: In many poor countries, the recent increases in prices of staple foods raise the real incomes of those selling food, many of whom are relatively poor, while hurting net food consumers, many of whom are also relatively poor. The impacts on poverty will certainly be very diverse, but the average impact on poverty depends upon the balance between these two effects, and can only be determined by looking at real-world data. Results using household data for ten observations on nine low-income countries show that the short-run impacts of higher staple food prices on poverty differ considerably by commodity and by country, but, that poverty increases are much more frequent, and larger, than poverty reductions. The recent large increases in food prices appear likely to raise overall poverty in low income countries substantially.
Author : M. Ataman Aksoy
Publisher : World Bank Publications
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 32 pages
Book Rating : 4./5 ( download)
Download or read book Are Low Food Prices Pro-poor? written by M. Ataman Aksoy and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2008 with total page 32 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Abstract: There is a general consensus that most of the poor in developing countries are net food buyers and food price increases are bad for the poor. This could be expected of urban poor, but it is also often attributed to the rural poor. Recent food price increases have increased the importance of this issue, and the possible policy responses to these price increases. This paper examines the characteristics of net food sellers and buyers in nine low-income countries. Although the largest share of poor households are found to be net food buyers, almost 50 percent of net food buyers are marginal net food buyers who would not be significantly affected by food price increases. Only three of the nine countries examined exhibited a substantial proportion of vulnerable households. The average incomes (as measured by expenditure) of net food buyers were found to be higher than net food sellers in eight of the nine countries examined. Thus, food price increases, ceteris paribus, would transfer income from generally higher income net food buyers to poorer net food sellers. The analysis also finds that the occupations and income sources of net sellers and buyers in rural areas are significantly different. In rural areas where food production is the main activity and where there are limited non-food activities, the incomes of net buyers might depend on the incomes and farming activities of net food sellers. These results suggest the need for reevaluation of the consensus on the impact of food prices on food needs. Further work on the regional differences, and more important, on the second order effects, are necessary to answer these questions more precisely. Only on the basis of further analysis can we start generating better policy responses.
Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 16 pages
Book Rating : 4.X/5 (3 download)
Download or read book Food Costs written by and published by . This book was released on 1966 with total page 16 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Davide Furceri
Publisher : International Monetary Fund
ISBN 13 : 1513542974
Total Pages : 34 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (135 download)
Download or read book Global Food Prices and Domestic Inflation written by Davide Furceri and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2015-06-24 with total page 34 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper provides a broad brush look at the impact of fluctuations in global food prices on domestic inflation in a large group of countries. For advanced economies, we find that these fluctuations have played a significant role over the period from 1960 to the present, but the impact has declined over time and become less persistent. We also find that the more recent global food price shocks occurred in the 2000s had a much bigger impact on emerging than on advanced economies. This larger impact could reflect the larger share of food in the consumption baskets in emerging economies on average than in advanced economies, and less anchored inflation expectations in emerging economies than in advanced economies.
Author : Paul Streeten
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 1349189219
Total Pages : 136 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (491 download)
Download or read book What Price Food? written by Paul Streeten and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-01-03 with total page 136 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The starting point of Paul Streeten's book is the dilemma, faced by policy makers in many developing countries: should the price of food be high, in order to stimulate production, or low, in order to prevent poor food buyers from starving? The author goes on to discuss the role of prices in the light of these and other objectives. 'It is the work of one of our wisest scholars on what I consider to be the key policy issue for economic development in the 1980s...this provocative essay will be required reading for anyone working on agricultural price policy.' C.Peter Timmer 'It provides solid and practical guidance to scholars and decision-makers. It is lucid, balanced and, above all, useful.' Robert Klitgaard 'Paul Streeten is well known for his gift of explaining the pros and cons of difficult policy issues in a clear, simple and realistic way, appealing to policy-makers, students and the wider development community, as well as to academic colleagues. This gift is fully displayed in his new book, and readers are bound to emerge with a better awareness of the conflicts and policy reforms which are involved.' H.W.Singer
Author : Centre for Economic Policy Research
Publisher : CEPR
ISBN 13 : 1907142134
Total Pages : 350 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (71 download)
Download or read book Food Prices and Rural Poverty written by Centre for Economic Policy Research and published by CEPR. This book was released on 2010-11-15 with total page 350 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The impact of price developments on world food markets on poor households in developing countries is an important policy question. Who gains and who loses from agricultural commodity price changes depends on the specific circumstances of households, and, at the level of nations, on the structure of production and trade. The contributions to this volume review trends in international prices and trade patterns of key food commodities, and assess the incidence of food price changes in a number of developing countries using household level data on sources of incomes and consumption patterns.
Author : Maros Ivanic
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (931 download)
Download or read book Implications of Higher Global Food Prices for Poverty in Low-Income Countries written by Maros Ivanic and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In many poor countries, the recent increases in prices of staple foods raise the real incomes of those selling food, many of whom are relatively poor, while hurting net food consumers, many of whom are also relatively poor. The impacts on poverty will certainly be very diverse, but the average impact on poverty depends upon the balance between these two effects, and can only be determined by looking at real-world data. Results using household data for ten observations on nine low-income countries show that the short-run impacts of higher staple food prices on poverty differ considerably by commodity and by country, but, that poverty increases are much more frequent, and larger, than poverty reductions. The recent large increases in food prices appear likely to raise overall poverty in low income countries substantially.
Author : United States. General Accounting Office
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 40 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (319 download)
Download or read book Food Price Inflation in the United States and Other Countries written by United States. General Accounting Office and published by . This book was released on 1979 with total page 40 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Marc J. Cohen
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1317979079
Total Pages : 339 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (179 download)
Download or read book Global Food-Price Shocks and Poor People written by Marc J. Cohen and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2014-06-11 with total page 339 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book examines the effects of high and volatile food prices during 2007-08 on low-income farmers and consumers in developing, transition, and industrialized countries. Previous studies of this crisis have mostly used models to estimate the likely impacts. This volume includes actual evidence from the field as to how higher prices affected access to food and farm income among poor people. In addition to country and regional case studies, the book presents discussions of cross-cutting themes, including gender, risk management, violence, the importance of subsistence farming as a coping strategy, and the role of governments and markets in addressing higher prices. With 2011 witnessing an unprecedentedly high level of food prices, the findings and policy recommendations presented here should prove useful to both scholars and policy makers in understanding the causes and consequences, as well as the policies needed to ensure food security in light of the skyrocketing cost of food. This book was published as a special double issue of Development in Practice.
Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 994 pages
Book Rating : 4.E/5 ( download)
Download or read book Financial World written by and published by . This book was released on 1919 with total page 994 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Patrick Westhoff
Publisher : FT Press
ISBN 13 : 0137071469
Total Pages : 257 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (37 download)
Download or read book The Economics of Food written by Patrick Westhoff and published by FT Press. This book was released on 2010-01-08 with total page 257 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Over the past two years, food prices have soared -- and plummeted. As crops are increasingly shifted to biofuel production, will food prices soar again? Will people starve as a result? What are the hidden relationships between the food on your plate and the gas in your car? Will economic recovery lead directly to massive price inflation in both food and energy? In this book, one of the world's leading experts untangles the complex global relationships between food, energy, and economics and helps readers come to their own conclusions about the future of food. Pat Westhoff reveals what really causes large swings in food prices and what is likely to cause them to rise and fall in the future. Westhoff discusses all the factors that drive changes in the cost of food: not just biofuel production, but also weather, income growth, exchange rates, energy prices, government policies, market speculation, and more. Next, he walks through several of the most likely scenarios for the future, offering insights that will be indispensable to consumers, commodity speculators, and policymakers alike.
