Read Books Online and Download eBooks, EPub, PDF, Mobi, Kindle, Text Full Free.
Finite Element Analysis Of Deep Wide Flanged Pre Stressed Girders To Understand And Control End Cracking
Download Finite Element Analysis Of Deep Wide Flanged Pre Stressed Girders To Understand And Control End Cracking full books in PDF, epub, and Kindle. Read online Finite Element Analysis Of Deep Wide Flanged Pre Stressed Girders To Understand And Control End Cracking ebook anywhere anytime directly on your device. Fast Download speed and no annoying ads. We cannot guarantee that every ebooks is available!
Book Synopsis Finite Element Analysis of Deep Wide-flanged Pre-stressed Girders to Understand and Control End Cracking by : Michael G. Oliva
Download or read book Finite Element Analysis of Deep Wide-flanged Pre-stressed Girders to Understand and Control End Cracking written by Michael G. Oliva and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 134 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author :FIB – International Federation for Structural Concrete Publisher :FIB - Féd. Int. du Béton ISBN 13 :8001064018 Total Pages :1312 pages Book Rating :4.0/5 (1 download)
Book Synopsis 12th PhD Symposium in Prague Czech Rep by : FIB – International Federation for Structural Concrete
Download or read book 12th PhD Symposium in Prague Czech Rep written by FIB – International Federation for Structural Concrete and published by FIB - Féd. Int. du Béton. This book was released on 2018-08-01 with total page 1312 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Nonlinear Analysis of Pretensioned Bridge Girder Ends to Understand and Control Cracking at Prestress Release by :
Download or read book Nonlinear Analysis of Pretensioned Bridge Girder Ends to Understand and Control Cracking at Prestress Release written by and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 398 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Hundreds of prestressed concrete girders are used each year for building bridges. Prestressed concrete girders are preferred due to their effective span to depth ratios, and higher durability characteristics. The prestress transfer from the prestressing strands to concrete takes place at the girder ends. Characteristic cracks form in this end region during or immediately after detensioning. These cracks are more severe for the heavily prestressed deep bulb tee girders with thin webs, creating durability concerns. The problem can be structurally hazardous if cracks form paths for corrosion agents to reach the steel strands. Cracks in the bottom flange closer to the strands can easily form such paths. This research primarily focused on the analyses of nonlinear prestressed girder end regions to understand and recommend control methods for girder end cracking. The behavior of the pretensioned girder ends was simulated using nonlinear finite element analysis. The accuracy of the models was ensured by including the concrete nonlinearity, strain softening and stress redistribution upon cracking. The finite element modeling techniques were verified by test data. The principal tensile strain patterns correlating with cracking were used to explain the reasons behind each type of crack. Potential solutions to control end cracking were examined via finite element models. The impact of end zone reinforcement pattern, debonding of strands, strand cutting order, draped strand pattern, and lifting of the girder on the cracks were evaluated. The reduction in principal tensile strains associated with cracking was quantified for each crack control method. The analysis results showed that debonding strands can effectively control cracking. Other methods improve the end zone strains however are not sufficient to eliminate cracking alone. Combining the solutions involving debonding, extra reinforcing in the web, and a controlled sequence of strand detensioning should lead to elimination of end cracking.
Book Synopsis De-bonding Strands as an Anchorage Zone Crack Control Method for Pretensioned Concrete Bulb-tee Bridge Girders Using Nonlinear Finite Element Analysis by : Emre Kizilarslan
Download or read book De-bonding Strands as an Anchorage Zone Crack Control Method for Pretensioned Concrete Bulb-tee Bridge Girders Using Nonlinear Finite Element Analysis written by Emre Kizilarslan and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 202 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Wisconsin bulb tee pretensioned concrete girders have being used for bridges. Their effective spans to depth ratios and higher durability have made prestressed concrete girders desirable. However, cracks were observed at the anchorage zones of these girders because of the demand. To satisfy demand, these girders are heavily prestressed. Cracks initiate during detensioning of pretensioned strands and grow more while transporting them to the resting beds. These cracks create durability concerns as cracks lead aggressive salty water to the steel strands, endangering structures' stability. Especially, cracks in the bottom flange closer to the strands are main concerns in this research. This research primarily focused on the analyses of prestressed girder ends with modelling with nonlinear material properties to understand and recommend control methods for girder end cracking. The end zone behavior of the pretensioned girder was modelled using nonlinear material properties. The concrete nonlinearity, strain softening and stress redistribution upon cracking were also included in the behavior and the verification of tests were done by real tests on these girders. Finally, the reasons for cracks were explained by examining the principal tensile strain directions. The results of previous study showed that debonding strands can effectively control cracking. In this thesis, only debonding for cracking control method, therefore, was tested on 72W with 48 strands and 54W with 42 strands WI girders to see the real effect of debonding on anchorage zone cracks. After getting good results from tests and verifying them with Finite Element Analysis models, exact debonding percentages for other girders to eliminate cracks were presented by giving results of FEA models built for each of them.
Book Synopsis Computational Modeling of Prestress Transfer, End-region Cracks and Shear Behavior in Prestressed Concrete I-girders Employing Large-diameter Strands by : Roya Alirezaei Abyaneh
Download or read book Computational Modeling of Prestress Transfer, End-region Cracks and Shear Behavior in Prestressed Concrete I-girders Employing Large-diameter Strands written by Roya Alirezaei Abyaneh and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 190 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Prestressed concrete girders are commonly fabricated with 0.5-in. (12.7-mm) or 0.6-in. (15.2-mm) diameter prestressing strands. Recent interest in the use of larger (0.7-in. (17.8-mm) diameter) strands has been driven by potential benefits associated with reduction of the required number of strands and fabrication time, or potential increases in the workable range of prestressed concrete girders (i.e., greater capacities and span capabilities). A limited number of experiments on full-scale specimens with 0.7-in. (17.8-mm) diameter strands have shown that the load-carrying capacity and strand transfer length of specimens with 0.7-in. (17.8-mm) diameter strands can be conservatively estimated using existing AASHTO LRFD provisions. However, performance at prestress transfer requires further investigation to ensure that application of the strands with standard 2-in. (50-mm) spacing and conventional concrete release strength does not increase the end-region cracking that is characteristic of prestressed girders. It must be verified that the development of such cracks does not stimulate anchorage-driven or premature shear failures prior to yielding of the shear reinforcement. Previous research lacks in monitoring of reinforcement stresses and evaluation of end-region cracking which has long been a durability concern. A reliable finite element model that captures the behavior of the specimen at prestress transfer with consideration of performance from construction stages, over the course of the service life, and up to the ultimate limit state can provide key insight into the suitability of using of 0.7-in. (17.8-mm) diameter strands. Further, it could serve as an economical tool for the investigation and proposal of efficient end-region reinforcing details to reduce concrete cracking and enhance durability. Finite element analyses of prestressed I-girder end-regions encompassing cracking and long-term creep- and shrinkage-induced damage, especially in girders fabricated with large diameter strands, have been limited. This research program assessed the limitations of 0.7-in. (17.8-mm) diameter strands at prestress transfer up to limit state response and investigated measures for enhancing the serviceability of the girders through finite element analyses using the commercial software, ATENA 3D. The finite element study was complemented with a full-scale experimental program which was used to validate the numerical results. This paper lays out a validated procedure for modeling the construction stages of prestressed girders and load testing. The model was then used as a tool for investigating alternative end-region reinforcement details for improved end-region serviceability. The most promising options are presented for consideration in further experimental studies and future implementation
Book Synopsis Evaluation and Repair Procedures for Precast/prestressed Concrete Girders with Longitudinal Cracking in the Web by : Maher K. Tadros
Download or read book Evaluation and Repair Procedures for Precast/prestressed Concrete Girders with Longitudinal Cracking in the Web written by Maher K. Tadros and published by Transportation Research Board. This book was released on 2010 with total page 76 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report establishes a user's manual for the acceptance, repair, or rejection of precast/prestressed concrete girders with longitudinal web cracking. The report also proposes revisions to the AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications and provides recommendations to develop improved crack control reinforcement details for use in new girders. The material in this report will be of immediate interest to bridge engineers.
Book Synopsis Collapse analysis of externally prestressed structures by : Jens Tandler
Download or read book Collapse analysis of externally prestressed structures written by Jens Tandler and published by diplom.de. This book was released on 2014-04-11 with total page 149 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Inhaltsangabe:Introduction: This dissertation is an investigation into the behaviour of externally prestressed structures, focusing on bridge box girders, at the ultimate limit state. The main objective is the ductility and the tendon stress increase up to failure of externally prestressed structures. Their behaviour will be compared to internally prestressed structures. The dissertation may have valuable information for the first stages of the design process for medium span bridges as the study is concerned about the overall safety and efficiency of prestressed concrete bridges by the means of ductility. The aim is also to provide information about the tendon stress at failure, which is required for the detailed design. Inhaltsverzeichnis:Inhaltsverzeichnis: AcknowledgementsVIII NotationIX 1.Introduction1 1.1Definitions1 1.2Significance of this study3 1.3Scope of the project5 1.4Historical overview and typical characteristics of external prestressing6 1.5Further structural applications of external prestressing9 2.Behaviour of externally prestressed structures10 2.1Tendon layout considerations10 2.2Behaviour at serviceability stage12 2.3Fatigue problems14 2.4Behaviour at ultimate limit stage14 2.4.1Influence of tendon slip on the ultimate limit state18 2.4.2Influence of the arrangement of the deviators on the behaviour at ultimate limit state19 2.4.3Influence of simply support and continuous support on the ultimate limit state20 2.4.4Precast segmental and monolithic bridges21 3.Collapse analysis23 3.1Investigated bridge types and their differences23 3.2Original bridge data28 3.3Simplified bridge data as basis for the calculations30 3.4FE Calculation32 3.4.1Technical aspects33 3.4.2General approach34 3.4.3Geometric model39 3.4.4Element specifications40 3.4.5Constitutive models45 3.4.6Ordinary reinforcement59 3.4.7Prestress60 3.4.8Material and geometric non-linearity63 3.4.9Kinematic constraints66 3.4.10Discrete crack propagation analysis of the precast segmental type with gap elements68 3.4.11Summary of the dividing features of the different structure types for the FE analysis72 4.Results73 4.1Load deflection behaviour73 4.2Tendon stress increase up to failure76 4.3Other results78 5.Discussion of the results85 5.1Interpretation of the results85 5.2Discussion of the exactness of the FE calculations by comparing to the full scale test89 5.3Comparison to other FE calculations and test results93 6.Conclusion and [...]
Book Synopsis End Region Detailing of Pretensioned Concrete Bridge Girders by :
Download or read book End Region Detailing of Pretensioned Concrete Bridge Girders written by and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 83 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: End region detailing has a significant effect on the serviceability, behavior, and capacity of pretensioned concrete girders. In this project, experimental and analytical research programs were conducted to evaluate and quantify the effects of different end region detailing schemes. Using results from these programs, two end region design models were developed. The first model can be used to design confinement reinforcement to prevent lateral-splitting failure at ultimate strength. The second model focuses on serviceability criteria and can be used to calculate bottom flange stresses due to prestressing and thereby assess the likelihood of bottom flange cracking in the end region. The experimental program was conducted using fourteen Florida I-Beam (FIB) specimens. Cracking and strain data were collected during prestress transfer and during the months following transfer. These data were used to evaluate serviceability criteria. Following serviceability evaluations, specimens were load-tested to determine capacity and behavior due to applied loads. Specimens were loaded in three-point bending at a shear-span-to-depth (a/d) ratio of approximately 2.0. Variables considered in the experimental work included confinement reinforcement, steel bearing plates, horizontal reinforcement, vertical reinforcement, strand quantity, strand shielding, and strand layout. The analytical program was conducted using finite element analysis (FEA). FEA models were validated using data from the experimental program. Variables considered in the analytical program included bearing pad geometry, bearing pad stiffness, steel bearing plates, transfer length, and prestress release sequence. A test program was also conducted to evaluate the shear strength of 1950s era pretension girders used in the Florida highway system. These girders are of interest because they have thin 4-inch webs and very little specified shear reinforcement. Six test girders were removed from an existing bridge and were tested to failure in the laboratory. Results from the testing will be useful in determining the shear strength of similar pretensioned girders. Recommendations are provided with regard to detailing of confinement reinforcement, embedded bearing plates, strand shielding, and crack control. Recommendations are also given regarding evaluation of early pretensioned girders.
Book Synopsis Three Dimensional Finite Element Analysis of Decked Precast, Prestressed Concrete Girder Bridges by : Sanjay Chaudhury
Download or read book Three Dimensional Finite Element Analysis of Decked Precast, Prestressed Concrete Girder Bridges written by Sanjay Chaudhury and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 304 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "The speed of construction has become the key issue for bridges. This is especially true in cold regions like Alaska, where you face a very short summer season. The speed of construction can be expedited by connections. As there are advantages in connections there are also disadvantages. One of the primary advantages of the connectors is that it makes the load transfer mechanism very efficient. However everything comes for a price. Maintenance of connections is very difficult. Routine inspections are to be made to ensure proper functioning of the system. This becomes a very important factor in Alaska where extreme winter conditions exists. Another issue is that the current connector design is based on an empirical approach. A rational design method is needed. In this study an effort has been made to find the presence of ISD on the live load distribution factor for single lane loading. Using ABAQUS CAE, 3D finite element (FE) models have been developed and analyzed with different parameters. By varying the parameters, different distribution factors corresponding to the reaction, strains (flexure and shear) as well as the forces originating from the connectors are evaluated and compared. This paper provides a basis for future connector design"--Leave iv.
Book Synopsis Testing of Full Scale Prestressed Beams to Evaluate Shear Key Performance by : Richard A. Miller (Professional engineer)
Download or read book Testing of Full Scale Prestressed Beams to Evaluate Shear Key Performance written by Richard A. Miller (Professional engineer) and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 110 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Adjacent box girder bridges use grouted shear keys to transfer load between beams. These shear keys tend to crack and leak. A full-scale portion of an adjacent box girder bridge was used to test the performance of grouted shear keys under environmental and cyclic loads. Strain gages were placed in the girders and in the shear keys. Displacement gages were placed spanning the shear keys on the top and bottom flanges of the girders. The bridge was subjected to simulated cyclic truck loading as well as environmentally induced thermal loading. The pulse velocity method was employed to find cracks in shear keys. Dye penetration was used to confirm the pulse velocity measurements. The total research project consisted of: (a) testing of the current keyway detail using the currently specified nonshrink grout, (b) testing of the current keyway detail but substituting epoxy grout for the nonshrink grout, and (c) testing of a modified keyway detail using nonshrink grout in which the keyway is moved to the neutral axis of the girder. In the first test, the shear keys were grouted in late autumn and cracked soon after casting, before any simulated vehicle loading had been applied.
Book Synopsis Control of Horizontal Cracking in the Ends of Pretensioned Prestressed Concrete Girders by : William Thomas Marshall
Download or read book Control of Horizontal Cracking in the Ends of Pretensioned Prestressed Concrete Girders written by William Thomas Marshall and published by . This book was released on 1962 with total page 19 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Finite Element Method Analysis of Wide-flange Beam with Reinforced Opening by : Farn Shinn Liou
Download or read book Finite Element Method Analysis of Wide-flange Beam with Reinforced Opening written by Farn Shinn Liou and published by . This book was released on 1973 with total page 136 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Lateral Load Resistance of Diaphragms in Prestressed Concrete Girder Bridges by : R. E. Abendroth
Download or read book Lateral Load Resistance of Diaphragms in Prestressed Concrete Girder Bridges written by R. E. Abendroth and published by . This book was released on 1991 with total page 214 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Each year several prestressed concrete girder bridges in Iowa and other states are struck and damaged by vehicles with loads too high to pass under the bridge. Whether or not intermediate diaphragms play a significant role in reducing the effect of these unusual loading conditions has often been a topic of discussion. A study of the effects of the type and location of intermediate diaphragms in prestressed concrete girder bridges when the bridge girder flanges were subjected to various levels of vertical and horizontal loading was undertaken. The purpose of the research was to determine whether steel diaphragms of any conventional configuration can provide adequate protection to minimize the damage to prestressed concrete girders caused by lateral loads, similar to the protection provided by the reinforced concrete intermediate diaphragms presently being used by the Iowa Department of Transportation. The research program conducted and described in this report included the following: A comprehensive literature search and survey questionnaire were undertaken to define the state-of-the-art in the use of intermediate diaphragms in prestressed concrete girder bridges. A full scale, simple span, restressed concrete girder bridge model, containing three beams was constructed and tested with several types of intermediate diaphragms located at the one-third points of the span or at the mid-span. Analytical studies involving a three-dimensional finite element analysis model were used to provide additional information on the behavior of the experimental bridge. The performance of the bridge with no intermediate diaphragms was quite different than that with intermediate diaphragms in place. All intermediate diaphragms tested had some effect in distributing the loads to the slab and other girders, although some diaphragm types performed better than others. The research conducted has indicated that the replacement of the reinforced concrete intermediate diaphragms currently being used in Iowa with structural steel diaphragms may be possible.
Book Synopsis Anchorage-controlled Shear Capacity of Prestressed Concrete Bridge Girders by : David Philip Langefeld
Download or read book Anchorage-controlled Shear Capacity of Prestressed Concrete Bridge Girders written by David Philip Langefeld and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 290 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As part of the ongoing research on shear at the Phil M. Ferguson Structural Engineering Laboratory (FSEL) located at The University of Texas at Austin, the anchorage controlled shear capacity of prestressed concrete bridge girders was in this research studied in two distinct ways, experimentally and analytically. The results of this research are an important step towards improving understanding of strand anchorage related issues. For the experimental program, two full-scale Tx46 prestressed concrete bridge girders were fabricated at FSEL. The Tx46 girders were topped with a concrete, composite deck. Both ends of the two girders were instrumented and tested. For the analytical program, a new Anchorage Evaluation Database (AEDB) was developed, by filtering and expanding the University of Texas Prestressed Concrete Shear Database (UTPCSDB), and then evaluated. The AEDB contained 72 shear tests, of which 25 were anchorage failures and 47 were shear failures. The results and analysis from the experimental and analytical programs generated the following three main conclusions: (1) A reasonable percentage of debonding in Tx Girders does not have a marked impact on girder shear capacity calculated using the 2010 AASHTO LRFD General Procedure. (2) The AASHTO anchorage equation is conservative but not accurate. In other words, this equation cannot be used to accurately differentiate between a shear failure and an anchorage failure. In regards to conservativeness, anchorage failures in AASHTO-type girders may lead to unconservative results with respect to the 2010 AASHTO LRFD General Procedure. (3) The 2010 AASHTO anchorage resistance model and its corresponding equation do not apply to Tx Girders. Because of the Tx Girders' wider bottom flange, cracks do not propagate across the strands as they do in AASHTO-type girders. This fact yields overly conservative results for Tx Girders with respect to AASHTO Equation 5.8.3.5-1. In summary, this research uncovered the short-sided nature of the AASHTO anchorage design method. Given its short-comings, there is an obvious need for a validated, comprehensive, and rational approach to anchorage design that considers strength and serviceability. To appropriately develop this method, additional full-scale experimental testing is needed to expand the AEDB, as currently there are not enough tests to distinguish major, general trends and variables. Any future additional research would be expected to further validate and expand the significant findings that this research has produced and so take the next step toward safer, more-efficient bridge designs.
Book Synopsis End-region Behavior of Precast, Prestressed Concrete I-girders Employing 0.7-inch Diameter Prestressing Strands by : Jessica Lauren Salazar
Download or read book End-region Behavior of Precast, Prestressed Concrete I-girders Employing 0.7-inch Diameter Prestressing Strands written by Jessica Lauren Salazar and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 352 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Pretensioned concrete girders are currently fabricated using 0.5- or 0.6-in. diameter prestressing strands. In recent years, however, it has become of interest to employ larger-diameter 0.7-in. diameter strands to reduce the number of strands and improve the efficiency of pretensioned concrete members. Such a transition requires a considerable initial investment that needs to be justified based on the benefits obtained. Furthermore, the use of 0.7-in. strands would increase the stresses within the end-region of pretensioned elements, which could lead to undesirable cracking and impact the serviceability of the girders. The work presented in this thesis consists of 1) a comprehensive parametric investigation to evaluate the benefits and limitations of using 0.7-in. strands in pretensioned bridge girders, and 2) a full-scale experimental study to investigate the behavior of pretensioned concrete girders with 0.7-in. strands at the time of prestress transfer. The parametric investigation was accomplished by designing thousands of bridge girders with different span lengths, concrete release strengths, and transverse spacings. The results showed that the most noticeable benefit of 0.7-in. strands over 0.6-in. strands was a reduction of up to 35 percent in the number of strands. However, the difference in the total weight of prestressing steel was insignificant. Increasing the release strength of concrete, at least to 7.5 ksi, was found essential to observe benefits in design aspects other than the number of strands. The experimental investigation involved the fabrication of two Tx46 and two Tx70 specimens at the Ferguson Structural Engineering Laboratory. All specimens employed 0.7-in. strands on a 2- by 2-in. grid and the standard detailing currently used for girders with smaller-diameter strands. The observed crack widths in the specimens upon prestress transfer did not exceed those typically observed in Tx-girders with smaller-diameter strands. Therefore, the use of 0.7-in. strands does not seem to trigger a need to modify the end-region detailing in Tx-girders. However, noticeably greater bursting and spalling forces were observed in the end regions of the specimens compared to the demands predicted by AASHTO LRFD provisions. The measured 24-hour transfer length from the specimens also exceeded estimates by AASHTO LRFD and ACI 318-14 provisions.
Book Synopsis Tensile Stresses in the End Regions of Pretensioned I-beams at Release by : Matthew Robert O'Callaghan
Download or read book Tensile Stresses in the End Regions of Pretensioned I-beams at Release written by Matthew Robert O'Callaghan and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Strengthening of an Existing Continuous-span, Steel-beam, Concrete-deck Bridge by Post-tensioning by :
Download or read book Strengthening of an Existing Continuous-span, Steel-beam, Concrete-deck Bridge by Post-tensioning written by and published by . This book was released on 1990 with total page 182 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The need to upgrade a large number of understrength and obsolete bridges in the U.S. has been well documented in the literature. Through several Iowa DOT projects, the concept of strengthening simple-span bridges by post-tensioning has been developed. The purpose of the project described in this report was to investigate the use of post-tensioning for strengthening continuous composite bridges. In a previous, successfully completed investigation, the feasibility of strengthening continuous, composite bridges by post-tensioning was demonstrated on a laboratory 1/3-scale-model bridge (3 spans: 41 ft 11 in. x 8 ft 8 in.). This project can thus be considered the implementation phase. The bridge selected for strengthening was in Pocahontas County near Fonda, Iowa, on County Road N28. With finite element analysis, a post-tensioning system was developed that required post-tensioning of the positive moment regions of both the interior and exterior beams. During the summer of 1988, the strengthening system was installed along with instrumentation to determine the bridge's response and behavior. Before and after post-tensioning, the bridge was subjected to truck loading (1 or 2 trucks at various predetermined critical locations) to determine the effectiveness of the strengthening system. The bridge, with the strengthening system in place, was inspected approximately every three months to determine any changes in its appearance or behavior. In 1989, approximately one year after the initial strengthening, the bridge was retested to identify any changes in its behavior. Post-tensioning forces were removed to reveal any losses over the one-year period. Post-tensioning was reapplied to the bridge, and the bridge was tested using the same loading program used in 1988. Except for at a few locations, stresses were reduced in the bridge the desired amount. At a few locations flexural stresses in the steel beams are still above 18 ksi, the allowable inventory stress for A7 steel. Although maximum stresses are above the inventory stress by about 2 ksi, they are about 5 ksi below the allowable operating stress; therefore, the bridge no longer needs to be load-posted.
