Financial Markets And The Global Recession

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Financial Markets and the Global Recession

Author : Benjamin Naas
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781607419211
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (192 download)

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Book Synopsis Financial Markets and the Global Recession by : Benjamin Naas

Download or read book Financial Markets and the Global Recession written by Benjamin Naas and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The recent credit crunch of 2008 ignited in 2009 one of the most severe economic slowdowns since World War II. In many countries, such as the United States and the United Kingdom, the intensity of the recession is such that comparisons are made with the Great Depression of 1929. This book will shed some light on the causes of the recession and its effects on the balance of international powers. Furthermore, many regions of the world, and developed countries in particular, are currently in the midst of significant population ageing caused by falling fertility rates and increased life expectancy. This may cause a world-wide capital shortage in the long run. This book addresses this issue, as well as the extent to which policy reforms play a significant role in the international capital movement and the impact the world-wide short-term fiscal expansion has made on the global economy. Also examined is the impact of some possible options (US fiscal stimulus, monetary easing in the US, and foreign official purchases of US treasury securities) on the economies of the US and the rest of the world, and the US current account deficits by using structural vector autoregression (SVAR) model. This book also examines the depths and necessary measures for countries in the Eurozone, and the monetary union in particular, to control and counteract the global recession. Other chapters discuss the different methods of modelling volatility of stock prices and exchange rates, the correlation between individual investments, investor preferences and the relative size of risk weights and the effects of regulation, and the future of capital asset pricing models (CAPM0), one of the central areas of research in finance.

A Decade after the Global Recession

Author : M. Ayhan Kose
Publisher : World Bank Publications
ISBN 13 : 1464815283
Total Pages : 475 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (648 download)

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Book Synopsis A Decade after the Global Recession by : M. Ayhan Kose

Download or read book A Decade after the Global Recession written by M. Ayhan Kose and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2021-03-19 with total page 475 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This year marks the tenth anniversary of the 2009 global recession. Most emerging market and developing economies weathered the global recession relatively well, in part by using the sizable fiscal and monetary policy ammunition accumulated during prior years of strong growth. However, their growth prospects have weakened since then, and many now have less policy space. This study provides the first comprehensive stocktaking of the past decade from the perspective of emerging market and developing economies. Many of these economies have now become more vulnerable to economic shocks. The study discusses lessons from the global recession and policy options for these economies to strengthen growth and prepare for the possibility of another global downturn.

Financial Crises and Recession in the Global Economy, Fourth Edition

Author : Roy E. Allen
Publisher : Edward Elgar Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1785361112
Total Pages : 212 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (853 download)

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Book Synopsis Financial Crises and Recession in the Global Economy, Fourth Edition by : Roy E. Allen

Download or read book Financial Crises and Recession in the Global Economy, Fourth Edition written by Roy E. Allen and published by Edward Elgar Publishing. This book was released on 2016 with total page 212 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This new edition of Financial Crises and Recession in the Global Economy explores the major financial instabilities and evolutionary trends in the global economy since the 1970s. A learned but accessible book, it is perfect for a broad audience of academics and practitioners but has also been used as a supplementary textbook for courses in international economics, international finance, money and banking, and macroeconomics.

The Financial Crisis and the Free Market Cure: Why Pure Capitalism is the World Economy's Only Hope

Author : John A. Allison
Publisher : McGraw Hill Professional
ISBN 13 : 0071806784
Total Pages : 289 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (718 download)

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Book Synopsis The Financial Crisis and the Free Market Cure: Why Pure Capitalism is the World Economy's Only Hope by : John A. Allison

Download or read book The Financial Crisis and the Free Market Cure: Why Pure Capitalism is the World Economy's Only Hope written by John A. Allison and published by McGraw Hill Professional. This book was released on 2012-09-21 with total page 289 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The #1 Wall Street Journal Bestseller “Required reading. . . . Shows how our economic crisis was a failure, not of the free market, but of government.” —Charles Koch, Chairman and CEO, Koch Industries, Inc. Did Wall Street cause the mess we are in? Should Washington place stronger regulations on the entire financial industry? Can we lower unemployment rates by controlling the free market? The answer is NO. Not only is free market capitalism good for the economy, says industry expert John Allison, it is our only hope for recovery. As the nation’s longest-serving CEO of a top-25 financial institution, Allison has had a unique inside view of the events leading up to the financial crisis. He has seen the direct effect of government incentives on the real estate market. He has seen how government regulations only make matters worse. And now, in this controversial wake-up call of a book, he has given us a solution. The national bestselling The Financial Crisis and the Free Market Cure reveals: Why regulation is bad for the market—and for the world What we can do to promote a healthy free market How we can help end unemployment in America The truth about TARP and the bailouts How Washington can help Wall Street build a better future for everyone With shrewd insight, alarming insider details, and practical advice for today’s leaders, this electrifying analysis is nothing less than a call to arms for a nation on the brink. You’ll learn how government incentives helped blow up the real estate bubble to unsustainable proportions, how financial tools such as derivatives have been wrongly blamed for the crash, and how Congress fails to understand it should not try to control the market—and then completely mismanages it when it tries. In the end, you’ll understand why it’s so important to put “free” back in free market. It’s time for America to accept the truth: the government can’t fix the economy because the government wrecked the economy. This book gives us the tools, the inspiration—and the cure.

The First Great Recession of the 21st Century

Author : Óscar Dejuán
Publisher : Edward Elgar Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1849807469
Total Pages : 273 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (498 download)

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Book Synopsis The First Great Recession of the 21st Century by : Óscar Dejuán

Download or read book The First Great Recession of the 21st Century written by Óscar Dejuán and published by Edward Elgar Publishing. This book was released on 2011-01-01 with total page 273 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The 2008-10 financial crisis and the global recession it created is a complex phenomenon that warrants detailed examination. The various essays in the book utilise several alternative paradigms to provide a plausible explanation and a credible cure. This book provides this important analysis in great detail and from different theoretical perspectives, presenting a clearer understanding of what went wrong and expounding misinterpretations of current theories and practices. Thirteen insightful chapters by eminent scholars investigate the background of the crisis and draw lessons for economic theory and policy. They largely illustrate that the roots of the recession lie in the financial sector which, over the past few decades, has expanded considerably in terms of both size and complexity. They show that financial innovation has decoupled the real and financial sectors - not always to the benefit of economic stability - and argue that financial markets should be regulated more astutely in order to reinforce transparency and accountability. The book concludes that economics as a science should give proper weight to financial variables and integrate them into its models.

The Financial Crisis Inquiry Report

Author : Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission
Publisher : Cosimo, Inc.
ISBN 13 : 1616405414
Total Pages : 692 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (164 download)

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Book Synopsis The Financial Crisis Inquiry Report by : Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission

Download or read book The Financial Crisis Inquiry Report written by Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission and published by Cosimo, Inc.. This book was released on 2011-05-01 with total page 692 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Financial Crisis Inquiry Report, published by the U.S. Government and the Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission in early 2011, is the official government report on the United States financial collapse and the review of major financial institutions that bankrupted and failed, or would have without help from the government. The commission and the report were implemented after Congress passed an act in 2009 to review and prevent fraudulent activity. The report details, among other things, the periods before, during, and after the crisis, what led up to it, and analyses of subprime mortgage lending, credit expansion and banking policies, the collapse of companies like Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, and the federal bailouts of Lehman and AIG. It also discusses the aftermath of the fallout and our current state. This report should be of interest to anyone concerned about the financial situation in the U.S. and around the world.THE FINANCIAL CRISIS INQUIRY COMMISSION is an independent, bi-partisan, government-appointed panel of 10 people that was created to "examine the causes, domestic and global, of the current financial and economic crisis in the United States." It was established as part of the Fraud Enforcement and Recovery Act of 2009. The commission consisted of private citizens with expertise in economics and finance, banking, housing, market regulation, and consumer protection. They examined and reported on "the collapse of major financial institutions that failed or would have failed if not for exceptional assistance from the government."News Dissector DANNY SCHECHTER is a journalist, blogger and filmmaker. He has been reporting on economic crises since the 1980's when he was with ABC News. His film In Debt We Trust warned of the economic meltdown in 2006. He has since written three books on the subject including Plunder: Investigating Our Economic Calamity (Cosimo Books, 2008), and The Crime Of Our Time: Why Wall Street Is Not Too Big to Jail (Disinfo Books, 2011), a companion to his latest film Plunder The Crime Of Our Time. He can be reached online at www.newsdissector.com.

The Consequences of the Global Financial Crisis

Author : Wyn Grant
Publisher : Oxford University Press, USA
ISBN 13 : 0199641986
Total Pages : 287 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (996 download)

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Book Synopsis The Consequences of the Global Financial Crisis by : Wyn Grant

Download or read book The Consequences of the Global Financial Crisis written by Wyn Grant and published by Oxford University Press, USA. This book was released on 2012-05-24 with total page 287 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Systematically exploring the consequences of the global financial crisis, this text focuses primarily on the impact on policy and politics. It asks how governments responded to the challenges that the crisis has posed, and the policy and political impact of the combination of both the crisis itself and these responses.

Collapse and Revival

Author : Mr.Ayhan Kose
Publisher : International Monetary Fund
ISBN 13 : 148439173X
Total Pages : 526 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (843 download)

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Book Synopsis Collapse and Revival by : Mr.Ayhan Kose

Download or read book Collapse and Revival written by Mr.Ayhan Kose and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2015-10-20 with total page 526 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As the debates about the recent global recession and the subsequent recovery have clearly shown, our understanding of these questions has been very limited. This comprehensive text puts the latest global recession and ongoing recovery in perspective. With the support of a companion website and DVD, we have created several multimedia tools to help understand the basics.

Financial Whirlpools

Author : Karen L. Higgins
Publisher : Academic Press
ISBN 13 : 012405921X
Total Pages : 399 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (24 download)

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Book Synopsis Financial Whirlpools by : Karen L. Higgins

Download or read book Financial Whirlpools written by Karen L. Higgins and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2013-03-26 with total page 399 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: How do economists reconcile their expertise with their failures to predict and manage the 2008 financial crisis? This book goes a long way toward an answer by using systems theory to reveal the complex interdependence of factors and forces behind the crisis. In her fully integrated view of the economy, how it works, and how the economic crisis burst, Karen Higgins combines human psychology, cultural values, and belief formation with descriptions of the ways banks and markets succeed and fail. In each chapter she introduces themes from financial crisis literature and brings a systems-theory treatment of them. Her methodology and visual presentations both develop the tools of systems theory and apply these tools to the financial crisis. Not just another volume about the crisis, this book challenges the status quo through its unique multidisciplinary approach. - Presents a broad global view of international economic health and international corporate health - Describes how policies, regulations, and trends dating to the 1950s influenced the crisis - Assumes readers possess a general familiarity of economics and finance

Impact of Global Recession on Financial Markets

Author : Geoffrey F. Loudon
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 100 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (17 download)

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Book Synopsis Impact of Global Recession on Financial Markets by : Geoffrey F. Loudon

Download or read book Impact of Global Recession on Financial Markets written by Geoffrey F. Loudon and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 100 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

The Global Economic Crisis

Author : Larry Allen
Publisher : Reaktion Books
ISBN 13 : 1780231288
Total Pages : 274 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (82 download)

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Book Synopsis The Global Economic Crisis by : Larry Allen

Download or read book The Global Economic Crisis written by Larry Allen and published by Reaktion Books. This book was released on 2013-06-01 with total page 274 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: From Greece scrambling to meet Eurozone austerity measures to America’s sluggish job growth, there is every indication that the world has not recovered from the economic implosion of 2008. And for many of us, the details of what led to the recession—and why it has continued—remain murky. Economic historian Larry Allen clears up the subject in The Global Economic Crisis, offering an insightful and nonpartisan chronology of events and their consequences. Illuminating the interlocked economic processes that lay beneath the crisis, he analyzes the changing nature of the global financial system, central bank policies, housing bubbles, deregulation, sovereign debt crises, and more. Allen begins the timeline with the economic crisis in Japan in the late 1990s, asking whether Japan’s experience could be an indicator of the outcome of the recession and what it can teach us about managing a sluggish economy. He then takes a comparative look at the economies of Brazil, China, and India. Throughout, he argues that many elements have contributed to the ongoing crisis, including the introduction of the euro, the growth of new financial instruments such as securitization, collateralized debt obligations and credit default swaps, interest rate policies, and the housing boom and subprime mortgage fiasco. Lucid and informative, The Global Economic Crisis provides an impartial explanation to anyone seeking to understand the current state—and future—of the world’s economy.

Global Imbalances and the Financial Crisis

Author : Steven Vincent Dunaway
Publisher : Council on Foreign Relations
ISBN 13 : 0876094280
Total Pages : 56 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (76 download)

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Book Synopsis Global Imbalances and the Financial Crisis by : Steven Vincent Dunaway

Download or read book Global Imbalances and the Financial Crisis written by Steven Vincent Dunaway and published by Council on Foreign Relations. This book was released on 2009 with total page 56 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Crafting stimulus packages and financial bailouts to address immediate problems has for many reasons been a priority for policymakers. In this Council Special Report, however, Steven Dunaway argues that policymakers must go beyond these steps and tackle one of the root causes of today's crisis: imbalances between savings and investment in major countries. The report analyzes the nature of these imbalances, which occur when some countries, such as the United States, run large current account (essentially trade) deficits while others, such as China, maintain large surpluses. Dunaway identifies three features of the international financial system that have allowed the imbalances to persist, features that involve both floating and managed exchange rates as well as the issuance of reserve assets. In particular, he notes that the United States' status as an issuer of such assets has enabled it to finance a current account deficit. The report then prescribes a variety of steps to address global imbalances. Beyond stimulus packages around the world, it urges measures to raise savings (principally government savings) in the United States, reform labor and product markets in Europe and Japan to increase competition and flexibility, and boost domestic consumption in China. Finally, the report advocates improving International Monetary Fund (IMF) surveillance of member states' economic policies by reducing the role of the Fund's executive board and depoliticizing the selection of its senior management.

Central Banks and Financial Markets

Author : Hasan Cömert
Publisher : Edward Elgar Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1781004056
Total Pages : 220 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (81 download)

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Book Synopsis Central Banks and Financial Markets by : Hasan Cömert

Download or read book Central Banks and Financial Markets written by Hasan Cömert and published by Edward Elgar Publishing. This book was released on 2013 with total page 220 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: ÔHasan CšmertÕs timely book reaches us during the prolonged conditions of the global great recession. By providing a thorough and detailed econometric analysis of the institutional and historical developments of the hegemonic leader of capitalism, Cšmert reveals that the simplistic monetary policy tools of the central banks of the so-called Òmodern great moderationÓ era are over, and we are now at cross-roads of a paradigmatic shift. CšmertÕs book suggests itself as one of the first leading examples of this shift.Õ Ð Erini Yeldan, Yasar University, Turkey ÔThis provocative book shows that the Federal Reserve has, in the last four decades, gradually lost influence over credit and financial markets. This argument, supported by institutional analysis and econometric tests, has two explosive implications: first, Federal Reserve policy did not cause the subprime crisis; second, central banks no longer have instruments for intervening in economies whose growth they are now expected to restore. Anyone concerned with the future of global capitalism should consider ComertÕs work as a matter of urgency.Õ Ð Gary Dymski, Leeds University Business School, UK and University of California, Riverside, US ÔPrior to the outbreak of the financial crisis in 2008, mainstream economists celebrated a ÒNew ConsensusÓ on monetary policy in which independent central banks were assumed able to bring about a ÒGreat ModerationÓ of low inflation and high economic growth by manipulating short-term interest rates. In this important and interesting book, Hasan Cšmert demonstrates convincingly, through institutional analysis and econometrics, that central banks lost control of the price and quantity of credit starting two decades before this celebration. He shows that central banks themselves, through their support of financial market deregulation and globalization, helped bring about both monetary policy impotence and the global crisis. ItÕs a must-read.Õ Ð James Crotty, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, US In the wake of the financial crisis of 2008, there has been increasing debate over the appropriate role of central banks in mitigating economic disaster. This timely volume combines detailed historical and econometric analyses to explore the profound changes that occurred within the US financial system from the 1980s to the present, and shows how these changes have affected the US economy. Hasan Cšmert demonstrates how dramatic shifts in the financial system undermined the ability of the US Federal Reserve to control the price and quantity of credit. He identifies several key factors that facilitated this loss of control, including deregulation, rapid financial innovations, increased financial integration and a number of policy decisions implemented within the Federal Reserve itself. Through a combination of several methods, including historical and institutional analyses, descriptive statistics, simulation and econometric techniques, the author provides a well-rounded and vitally important picture of the US financial system and offers insightful policy recommendations for the future. Students, professors and policymakers with an interest in economics, finance, banking and monetary policy will no doubt find this book a fascinating and invaluable resource.

The Politics of Recession

Author : Maurice Mullard
Publisher : Edward Elgar Publishing
ISBN 13 : 178100112X
Total Pages : 265 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (81 download)

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Book Synopsis The Politics of Recession by : Maurice Mullard

Download or read book The Politics of Recession written by Maurice Mullard and published by Edward Elgar Publishing. This book was released on 2011-01-01 with total page 265 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This timely book utilizes the tools of politics, economics and public policy to explore the causes of the recent global financial crisis, which, the author argues, can be explained as the absence of a public interest perspective in policy making. Maurice Mullard points out that recessions are not collective shared experiences. Recessions create winners and losers. Furthermore, recessions are not an external event but reflect the outcomes of the policy process. The author looks beyond economic explanations for the economic crisis, and instead points towards a structural explanation. He explores the concept of social structures, the effects of the relationships between power and influence, and the role of ideology and income inequalities as contributory factors. The commitment to deregulated financial markets created an over the counter derivatives market worth some $640 trillion dollars compared to a global GDP worth $65 trillion dollars. The growth of derivatives markets, the role of credit rating agencies, major shifts in policy making and growing income inequalities are described as major factors explaining the present economic recession. The absence of a public interest perspective, the breakdown of trust in institutions, policy makers' dependence on financial contributions, the housing bubble, and the increased concentration of income have distorted the democratic process. Thought provoking and stimulating, this book will provide a fascinating study for students and academics with an interest in politics, economics, political economy and public policy.

Financial Crisis in America

Author : Raymond T. Ovanhouser
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 156 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis Financial Crisis in America by : Raymond T. Ovanhouser

Download or read book Financial Crisis in America written by Raymond T. Ovanhouser and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 156 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: There is no precise definition of "financial crisis," but a common view is that disruptions in financial markets rise to the level of a crisis when the flow of credit to households and businesses is constrained and the real economy of goods and services is adversely affected. Since mid-2007, central bankers -- including the Federal Reserve -- have laboured to keep the downturn in U.S. subprime housing from developing into such a crisis. While subprime problems were widely anticipated, the subsequent spread of turmoil into many seemingly unrelated parts of the global financial system was not. Many losses occurring in diverse firms and markets -- often quite severe -- have features in common: the use of complex, hard-to-value financial instruments; large speculative positions underwritten by borrowed funds, or leverage; and the use of off-the-books entities to remove risky trading activities from the balance sheets of major financial institutions. It is not yet clear whether financial market problems will significantly slow the economy: many believe that the current episode is simply the downside of a normal credit cycle, that is, a natural corrective to several years of unusually easy credit conditions. On the other hand, some analysts identify market dynamics that may amplify the effects of financial shocks and have the potential to generate self-reinforcing, downward financial and economic spirals. The Federal Reserve has used its traditional tools to avert such an outcome: it has lowered short-term interest rates dramatically and injected billions of dollars into the banking system to support market liquidity and keep credit flowing. In addition, the Fed has expanded its sphere by making funds available to securities firms, which it does not regulate, and has provided funding to underwrite the rescue-through-acquisition of Bear Stearns, a leading investment bank. The duration of the current instability is in marked contrast to financial shocks of recent decades -- stock market crashes, bond market disruptions, the 9/11 attacks -- when the central bank was able to contain market problems quickly with little or no interruption of U.S. economic growth. Depending on how soon normal market conditions are restored, and at what cost, policy makers may consider whether regulators have access to adequate information about market conditions, and whether currently unregulated market participants should be subjected to disclosure and reporting requirements. In addition, the social costs of failed financial speculation may be judged great enough to warrant new restrictions designed to lower the incidence of losses that have system-wide impacts or to put the markets and the economy in a better position to weather such shocks.

Global Economic Prospects, June 2021

Author : World Bank
Publisher : World Bank Publications
ISBN 13 : 1464816662
Total Pages : 339 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (648 download)

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Book Synopsis Global Economic Prospects, June 2021 by : World Bank

Download or read book Global Economic Prospects, June 2021 written by World Bank and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2021-08-03 with total page 339 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The world economy is experiencing a very strong but uneven recovery, with many emerging market and developing economies facing obstacles to vaccination. The global outlook remains uncertain, with major risks around the path of the pandemic and the possibility of financial stress amid large debt loads. Policy makers face a difficult balancing act as they seek to nurture the recovery while safeguarding price stability and fiscal sustainability. A comprehensive set of policies will be required to promote a strong recovery that mitigates inequality and enhances environmental sustainability, ultimately putting economies on a path of green, resilient, and inclusive development. Prominent among the necessary policies are efforts to lower trade costs so that trade can once again become a robust engine of growth. This year marks the 30th anniversary of the Global Economic Prospects. The Global Economic Prospects is a World Bank Group Flagship Report that examines global economic developments and prospects, with a special focus on emerging market and developing economies, on a semiannual basis (in January and June). Each edition includes analytical pieces on topical policy challenges faced by these economies.

Financial Crises Explanations, Types, and Implications

Author : Mr.Stijn Claessens
Publisher : International Monetary Fund
ISBN 13 : 1475561008
Total Pages : 66 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (755 download)

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Book Synopsis Financial Crises Explanations, Types, and Implications by : Mr.Stijn Claessens

Download or read book Financial Crises Explanations, Types, and Implications written by Mr.Stijn Claessens and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2013-01-30 with total page 66 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper reviews the literature on financial crises focusing on three specific aspects. First, what are the main factors explaining financial crises? Since many theories on the sources of financial crises highlight the importance of sharp fluctuations in asset and credit markets, the paper briefly reviews theoretical and empirical studies on developments in these markets around financial crises. Second, what are the major types of financial crises? The paper focuses on the main theoretical and empirical explanations of four types of financial crises—currency crises, sudden stops, debt crises, and banking crises—and presents a survey of the literature that attempts to identify these episodes. Third, what are the real and financial sector implications of crises? The paper briefly reviews the short- and medium-run implications of crises for the real economy and financial sector. It concludes with a summary of the main lessons from the literature and future research directions.