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Field Derived Emission Factors For Formaldehyde And Other Volatile Organic Compounds In Fema Temporary Housing Units
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Book Synopsis Field Derived Emission Factors For Formaldehyde and Other Volatile Organic Compounds in FEMA Temporary Housing Units by :
Download or read book Field Derived Emission Factors For Formaldehyde and Other Volatile Organic Compounds in FEMA Temporary Housing Units written by and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Sixteen previously occupied temporary housing units (THUs) were studied to assess emissions of volatile organic compounds. The whole trailer emission factors wereevaluated for 36 VOCs including formaldehyde. Indoor sampling was carried out in the THUs located in Purvis staging yard in Mississippi, USA. Indoor temperature andrelative humidity (RH) were also measured in all the trailers during sampling. Indoor temperatures were varied (increased or decreased) in a selection of THUs using theheating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) systems. Indoor temperatures during sampling ranged from 14o C to 33o C, and relative humidity (RH) varied between 35percentand 74percent. Ventilation rates were increased in some trailers using bathroom fans and vents during some of the sampling events. Ventilation rates measured during some aselection of sampling events varied from 0.14 to 4.3 h-1. Steady state indoor formaldehyde concentrations ranged from 10 mu g-m-3 to 1000 mu g-m-3. The formaldehyde concentrations in the trailers were of toxicological significance. The effects of temperature, humidity and ventilation rates were also studied. A linearregression model was built using log of percentage relative humidity, inverse of temperature (in K-1), and inverse log ACH as continuous independent variables, trailermanufacturer as a categorical independent variable, and log of the chemical emission factors as the dependent variable. The coefficients of inverse temperature, log relativehumidity, log inverse ACH with log emission factor were found to be statistically significant for all the samples at the 95percent confidence level. The regression model wasfound to explain about 84percent of the variation in the dependent variable. Most VOC concentrations measured indoors in the Purvis THUs were mostly found to be belowvalues reported in earlier studies by Maddalena et al.,1,2 Hodgson et al.,3 and Hippelein4. Emissions of TMPB-DIB (a plasticizer found in vinyl products) were found to be higher than values reported in comparable housing by Hodgson et al.,3. Emissions of phenol were also found to be slightly higher than values reported in earlier studies1,2,3. This study can assist in retrospective formaldehyde exposure assessments of THUs where estimates of the occupants indoor formaldehyde exposures are needed.
Book Synopsis ALDEHYDE AND OTHER VOLATILE ORGANIC CHEMICAL EMISSIONS IN FOUR FEMA TEMPORARY HOUSING UNITS? FINAL REPORT. by :
Download or read book ALDEHYDE AND OTHER VOLATILE ORGANIC CHEMICAL EMISSIONS IN FOUR FEMA TEMPORARY HOUSING UNITS? FINAL REPORT. written by and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Four unoccupied FEMA temporary housing units (THUs) were studied to assess their indoor emissions of volatile organic compounds including formaldehyde. Measurement of whole-THU VOC and aldehyde emission factors (mu g h-1 per m2 of floor area) for each of the four THUs were made at FEMA's Purvis MS staging yard using a mass balance approach. Measurements were made in the morning, and again in the afternoon in each THU. Steady-state indoor formaldehyde concentrations ranged from 378 mu g m-3 (0.31ppm) to 632 mu g m-3 (0.52 ppm) in the AM, and from 433 mu g m-3 (0.35 ppm) to 926 mu g m-3 (0.78 ppm) in the PM. THU air exchange rates ranged from 0.15 h-1 to 0.39 h-1. A total of 45 small (approximately 0.025 m2) samples of surface material, 16 types, were collected directly from the four THUs and shipped to Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory. The material samples were analyzed for VOC and aldehyde emissions in small stainless steel chambers using a standard, accurate mass balance method. Quantification of VOCs was done via gas chromatography -- mass spectrometry and low molecular weight aldehydes via high performance liquid chromatography. Material specific emission factors (mu g h-1 per m2 of material) were quantified. Approximately 80 unique VOCs were tentatively identified in the THU field samples, of which forty-five were quantified either because of their toxicological significance or because their concentrations were high. Whole-trailer and material specific emission factors were calculated for 33 compounds. The THU emission factors and those from their component materials were compared against those measured from other types of housing and the materials used in their construction. Whole THU emission factors for most VOCs were typically similar to those from comparative housing. The three exceptions were exceptionally large emissions of formaldehyde and TMPD-DIB (a common plasticizer in vinyl products), and somewhat elevated for phenol. Of these three compounds, formaldehyde was the only one with toxicological significance at the observed concentrations. Whole THU formaldehyde emissions ranged from 173 to 266 mu g m-2 h 1 in the morning and 257 to 347 mu g m-2 h-1 in the afternoon. Median formaldehyde emissions in previously studied site-built and manufactured homes were 31 and 45 mu g m-2 h-1, respectively. Only one of the composite wood materials that was tested appeared to exceed the HUD formaldehyde emission standard (430 mu g/m2 h-1 for particleboard and 130 mu g/m2 h-1 for plywood). The high loading factor (material surface area divided by THU volume) of composite wood products in the THUs and the low fresh air exchange relative to the material surface area may be responsible for the excessive concentrations observed for some of the VOCs and formaldehyde.
Book Synopsis Interim Report by : United States. Department of Energy
Download or read book Interim Report written by United States. Department of Energy and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 45 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis A Formaldehyde Exposure Assessment Tool for Occupants of FEMA Temporary Housing Units by :
Download or read book A Formaldehyde Exposure Assessment Tool for Occupants of FEMA Temporary Housing Units written by and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The report outlines the methodology used to develop a web-based tool to assess the formaldehyde exposure of the occupants of Federal Emergency Management Administration (FEMA) temporary housing units (THUs) after Hurricanes Katrina and Rita in 2005. Linear regression models were built using available data to retrospectively estimate the indoor temperature and relative humidity, formaldehyde emission factors and concentration, and hence the formaldehyde exposures. The interactive web-tool allows the user to define the inputs to the model to evaluate formaldehyde exposures for different scenarios.
Book Synopsis EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY ON FORMALDEHYDE EMISSIONS IN TEMPORARY HOUSING UNITS. by :
Download or read book EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY ON FORMALDEHYDE EMISSIONS IN TEMPORARY HOUSING UNITS. written by and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The effect of temperature and humidity on formaldehyde emissions from samples collected from temporary housing units (THUs) was studied. The THUs were supplied by the U.S Federal Emergency Management Administration (FEMA) to families that lost their homes in Louisiana and Mississippi during the Hurricane Katrina and Rita disasters. Based on a previous study 1, 2, four of the composite wood surface materials that dominated contributions to indoor formaldehyde were selected to analyze the effects of temperature and humidity on the emission factors. Humidity equilibration experiments were carried out on two of the samples to determine how long the samples take to equilibrate with the surrounding environmental conditions. Small chamber experiments were then conducted to measure emission factors for the four surface materials at various temperature and humidity conditions. The samples were analyzed for formaldehyde via high performance liquid chromatography. The experiments showed that increases in temperature or humidity contributed to an increase in emission factors. A linear regression model was built using natural log of percentage relative humidity (RH) and inverse of temperature (in K) as predictor variables, and natural log of emission factors as the target variable. The coefficients of both inverse temperature and log relative humidity with log emission factor were found to be statistically significant for all the samples at the 95percent confidence level. This study should assist to retrospectively estimate indoor formaldehyde exposures of occupants of temporary housing units (THUs).
Book Synopsis Characterization of the Sources and Concentrations of Formaldehyde and Other Volatile Organic Compounds in Four New Manufactured Houses by :
Download or read book Characterization of the Sources and Concentrations of Formaldehyde and Other Volatile Organic Compounds in Four New Manufactured Houses written by and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 57 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The concentrations of formaldehyde, 52 individual volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and total VOCs (TVOC) were measured in four new manufactured houses on three occasions over a period of approximately nine months following completion of their construction. The houses were furnished, but unoccupied, model homes produced by a single U.S. manufacturer. Several of the houses incorporated interior finish materials with lower VOC emissions than standard materials. One house had a modified ventilation system. Ventilation rates were measured concurrently with the collection of air samples. A steady-state mass-balance model was used to calculate the area-specific emission rates of the target compounds and TVOC. The emissions of formaldehyde and VOCs from a specimen of plywood used as the floor sheeting were additionally quantified. The median formaldehyde concentration in the four houses was 37 parts-per-billion (ppb). The formaldehyde concentrations were all less than the most restrictive guideline for this compound of 50 ppb. The concentrations of many of the target VOCs were low. Thirty-one of the VOCs had median concentrations that were at or below 1 ppb. Seven of the compounds were among the most abundant VOCs in all four houses. These compounds were alpha-pinene, beta-pinene, 3-carene, ethylene glycol, hexanal, 2-butanone, and acetic acid. The concentrations of the aldehydes, hexanal, octanal and nonanal, in the four houses were either near or exceeded their respective odor thresholds. The concentrations of acetic acid increased with time. In the final sampling period, the odor threshold for acetic acid was exceeded in all of the houses. The range of TVOC concentrations in the four houses was 0.8 to 3 mg m−3, with a median value of 1.6 mg m−3. These concentrations were somewhat lower than TVOC concentrations previously measured in several new site-built houses, and the median concentration was only about twice the typical value for existing residences. The house with the modified ventilation system and several lower emitting materials had consistently low TVOC concentrations that were near 1 mg m−3. There were no large decreases with time in the emission rates of the individual VOCs or TVOC during the course of the study. However, the emission rates were often lowest in the final sampling with the notable exception of the acetic acid emission rate that increased with time. The source of the aldehydes was most likely engineered wood products, such as the plywood floor sheeting and possibly other structural or interior components. The source of the acetic acid was uncertain. The effects of the source substitution treatments were measurable but turned out to be relatively minor due to the predominance of other sources.
Book Synopsis Supplement C to Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors by :
Download or read book Supplement C to Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors written by and published by . This book was released on 1990 with total page 178 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Abundance and Speciation of Volatile Organic Compound Emissions Determined Through Field Measurements of Formaldehyde by :
Download or read book Abundance and Speciation of Volatile Organic Compound Emissions Determined Through Field Measurements of Formaldehyde written by and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The oxidation of volatile organic compounds (VOC) drives the formation of secondary pollutants such as tropospheric ozone and secondary organic aerosol. Thousands of different species of VOCs and their oxidation products are present in the atmosphere, making fully explicit measurements and models of VOC oxidation difficult. Formaldehyde (HCHO) is formed in the oxidation of nearly every VOC, providing a product-based perspective of total VOC oxidation. Furthermore, HCHO is an important source of radicals that sustains the oxidizing capacity of the atmosphere. This work employs field measurements and photochemical box models of HCHO to investigate the total amount and speciation of VOC emissions in several regions. We first validate the FIber Laser-Induced Fluorescence (FILIF) HCHO measurement technique in a chamber-based intercomparison with a commercial Hantzsch chemical derivatization instrument. FILIF sets a new standard for field-based measurement speed and precision, enabling the measurements acquired on three field campaigns: Using flight-based measurements over the South East United States, we show that the ratio of glyoxal to formaldehyde is a valuable metric for determining the speciation of local VOC emissions. Using Zeppelin-based measurements over the Po Valley, we show that agricultural emissions of HCHO may significantly increase local ozone production. Finally, from ground-based measurements above the canopy of a forest in Alabama, we show that unmeasured VOC species can contribute significantly to the total loss of the OH radical. Together, these results provide new clarification on the link between air quality and the atmospheric budget of HCHO.
Author :Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Publisher :CreateSpace ISBN 13 :9781499571349 Total Pages :64 pages Book Rating :4.5/5 (713 download)
Book Synopsis Final Report on Formaldehyde Levels in Fema-supplied Travel Trailers, Park Models, and Mobile Homes by : Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Download or read book Final Report on Formaldehyde Levels in Fema-supplied Travel Trailers, Park Models, and Mobile Homes written by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and published by CreateSpace. This book was released on 2014-05-15 with total page 64 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In December 2007 and January 2008, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) measured formaldehyde levels in a stratified random sample of 519 FEMA- supplied occupied travel trailers, park models, and mobile homes (i.e., “trailers”). At the time of the study, sampled trailers were in use as temporary shelter for Louisiana and Mississippi residents displaced by hurricanes Katrina and Rita. The study aimed to determine formaldehyde levels in occupied trailers, determine trailer characteristics that could affect formaldehyde levels, and provide information to assist FEMA in deciding whether to relocate residents from FEMA-supplied trailers in the Gulf Coast area. This study assessed only current formaldehyde levels in the occupied trailers; it was not a health effects study.
Book Synopsis Final Report on Formaldehyde Levels in FEMA-supplied Travel Trailers, Park Models, and Mobile Homes by :
Download or read book Final Report on Formaldehyde Levels in FEMA-supplied Travel Trailers, Park Models, and Mobile Homes written by and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 56 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "In December 2007 and January 2008, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) measured formaldehyde levels in a stratified random sample of 519 FEMA-supplied occupied travel trailers, park models, and mobile homes (i.e., "trailers"). At the time of the study, sampled trailers were in use as temporary shelter for Louisiana and Mississippi residents displaced by hurricanes Katrina and Rita. The study aimed to determine formaldehyde levels in occupied trailers, determine trailer characteristics that could affect formaldehyde levels, and provide information to assist FEMA in deciding whether to relocate residents from FEMA-supplied trailers in the Gulf Coast area. This study assessed only current formaldehyde levels in the occupied trailers; it was not a health effects study. To evaluate levels of formaldehyde, investigators conducted a 1-hour continuous indoor air sample and sample measurements of indoor temperature and relative humidity. To determine factors that could affect formaldehyde levels, investigators administered a short questionnaire to adult residents about occupant demographics and trailer characteristics. To observe the exterior and interior of the trailer, investigators conducted a walk-through survey." p. iii.
Book Synopsis Identification of Primary Formaldehyde Emissions in the Greater Houston Region by : Bana Hamze
Download or read book Identification of Primary Formaldehyde Emissions in the Greater Houston Region written by Bana Hamze and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 118 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Greater Houston Area is currently an EPA designated non-attainment area for the secondary pollutant, ground level ozone. The underestimation of certain volatile organic compound precursors may be behind the discrepancy between modeled and observed ozone formation. Formaldehyde is one precursor pollutant that contributes both as a primary and a secondary pollutant, and is currently under-predicted by atmospheric models. To investigate undercounted sources of primary formaldehyde emissions, researchers at the BIAS, conducted airborne measurement of plumes from industrial sectors in the Houston Area with an instrumented Aztec. Time series measures of formaldehyde, ozone, and trace gases, sulphur dioxide, carbon monoxide, and nitrogen oxides, characterised the origins of the plumes. Observed correlation with primary emission trace gas carbon monoxide, suggested several instances of primary formaldehyde emissions from the measured plumes. Additional analyses included, instrument validation, and trajectories of air masses. Appropriate regulation of volatile organic compounds, such as formaldehyde to reduce ozone levels in Houston, are discussed.
Book Synopsis Formaldehyde and Acetaldehyde Exposure Mitigation in US Residences by :
Download or read book Formaldehyde and Acetaldehyde Exposure Mitigation in US Residences written by and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 33 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Measurements were taken in new US residences to assess the extent to which ventilation and source control can mitigate formaldehyde exposure. Increasing ventilation consistently lowered indoor formaldehyde concentrations. However, at a reference air exchange rate of 0.35 h-1, increasing ventilation was up to 60% less effective than would be predicted if the emission rate were constant. This is consistent with formaldehyde emission rates decreasing as air concentrations increase, as observed in chamber studies. In contrast, measurements suggest acetaldehyde emission was independent of ventilation rate. To evaluate the effectiveness of source control, formaldehyde concentrations were measured in Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) certified/Indoor airPLUS homes constructed with materials certified to have low emission rates of volatile organic compounds (VOC). At a reference air exchange rate of 0.35 h-1, and adjusting for home age, temperature and relative humidity, formaldehyde concentrations in homes built with low-VOC materials were 42% lower on average than in reference new homes with conventional building materials. Without adjustment, concentrations were 27% lower in the low-VOC homes. The mean and standard deviation of formaldehyde concentration were 33 [mu]g m-3 and 22 [mu]g m-3 for low-VOC homes and 45 [mu]g m-3 and 30 [mu]g m-3 for conventional.
Book Synopsis Volatile Organic Compounds in New Homes by :
Download or read book Volatile Organic Compounds in New Homes written by and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Indoor Environment by : Lidia Morawska
Download or read book Indoor Environment written by Lidia Morawska and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2006-12-13 with total page 467 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Covering the fundamentals of air-borne particles and settled dust in the indoor environment, this handy reference investigates: * relevant definitions and terminology, * characteristics, * sources, * sampling techniques and instrumentation, * exposure assessment, * monitoring methods. The result is a useful and comprehensive overview for chemists, physicists and biologists, postgraduate students, medical practitioners, occupational health professionals, building owners and managers, building, construction and air-conditioning engineers, architects, environmental lawyers, government and regulatory professionals.
Book Synopsis Climate Change, the Indoor Environment, and Health by : Institute of Medicine
Download or read book Climate Change, the Indoor Environment, and Health written by Institute of Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2011-10-01 with total page 286 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The indoor environment affects occupants' health and comfort. Poor environmental conditions and indoor contaminants are estimated to cost the U.S. economy tens of billions of dollars a year in exacerbation of illnesses like asthma, allergic symptoms, and subsequent lost productivity. Climate change has the potential to affect the indoor environment because conditions inside buildings are influenced by conditions outside them. Climate Change, the Indoor Environment, and Health addresses the impacts that climate change may have on the indoor environment and the resulting health effects. It finds that steps taken to mitigate climate change may cause or exacerbate harmful indoor environmental conditions. The book discusses the role the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) should take in informing the public, health professionals, and those in the building industry about potential risks and what can be done to address them. The study also recommends that building codes account for climate change projections; that federal agencies join to develop or refine protocols and testing standards for evaluating emissions from materials, furnishings, and appliances used in buildings; and that building weatherization efforts include consideration of health effects. Climate Change, the Indoor Environment, and Health is written primarily for the EPA and other federal agencies, organizations, and researchers with interests in public health; the environment; building design, construction, and operation; and climate issues.
Book Synopsis Physical Activity in Natural Settings by : Aoife A. Donnelly
Download or read book Physical Activity in Natural Settings written by Aoife A. Donnelly and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2019-10-08 with total page 366 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Exercise interactions with green and blue spaces offer low-cost, non-invasive solutions to public health challenges—particularly around mental health and obesity—and issues around environmental sustainability. Physical Activity in Natural Settings brings together multi-disciplinary, international research on physical activity, health and the natural environment, offering evidence-based guidance on implementing nature-based solutions at individual, patient and population levels. Divided over four sections, the book assesses the current research landscape, explores the underlying psychological and physiological mechanisms of the benefits of green exercise, details applied examples of physical activity in natural settings, and suggests future directions for research and practice. It features contributions from experts from around the world and covers topics including: Self-determination, nature and wellbeing Visual cognition and multisensory stimuli Nature’s role in growing resilience Physical education and nature Mindfulness and green exercise Positive psychology and pro-environmental behaviour Timely and prescient, and showcasing real-life examples of green exercise prescription, Physical Activity in Natural Settings is fascinating and important reading for any students or researchers in the psychology or physiology of physical activity and health, physical education or outdoor studies, and policy-makers and health professionals.
Book Synopsis Emergency Response Guidebook by : U.S. Department of Transportation
Download or read book Emergency Response Guidebook written by U.S. Department of Transportation and published by Simon and Schuster. This book was released on 2013-06-03 with total page 400 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Does the identification number 60 indicate a toxic substance or a flammable solid, in the molten state at an elevated temperature? Does the identification number 1035 indicate ethane or butane? What is the difference between natural gas transmission pipelines and natural gas distribution pipelines? If you came upon an overturned truck on the highway that was leaking, would you be able to identify if it was hazardous and know what steps to take? Questions like these and more are answered in the Emergency Response Guidebook. Learn how to identify symbols for and vehicles carrying toxic, flammable, explosive, radioactive, or otherwise harmful substances and how to respond once an incident involving those substances has been identified. Always be prepared in situations that are unfamiliar and dangerous and know how to rectify them. Keeping this guide around at all times will ensure that, if you were to come upon a transportation situation involving hazardous substances or dangerous goods, you will be able to help keep others and yourself out of danger. With color-coded pages for quick and easy reference, this is the official manual used by first responders in the United States and Canada for transportation incidents involving dangerous goods or hazardous materials.
