Fiber-Optic Sensors For Infrastructure Health Monitoring, Volume II

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Author :
Publisher : Momentum Press
ISBN 13 : 1945612231
Total Pages : 204 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (456 download)

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Book Synopsis Fiber-Optic Sensors For Infrastructure Health Monitoring, Volume II by : Zhishen Wu

Download or read book Fiber-Optic Sensors For Infrastructure Health Monitoring, Volume II written by Zhishen Wu and published by Momentum Press. This book was released on 2018-12-11 with total page 204 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Over the past two decades, extensive research has been conducted on the application of fiber-optic sensors (FOSs) in structural health monitoring (SHM). In Volume 1 of this book a long-gauge sensing technique for incorporating a proposed areawise sensing, developed by the authors, was introduced. High precision and good durability of the long-gauge sensors were also demonstrated via technical improvements that further enable the applications of optical fiber sensors and carbon fiber sensors. In Volume 2, based on the merits of the long-gauge sensors, the methods that have been developed for processing areawise distributed monitoring data for structural identification are introduced. A discussion follows on how those methods are capable of performing a rich recognition of local and global structural parameters including structural deflections, dynamic characteristics, damages, and loads. Also presented is a three-level method of structural performance evaluation that utilizes monitoring data and identified results.

Structural Health Monitoring of Civil Infrastructure Systems

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Author :
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 1845696824
Total Pages : 553 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (456 download)

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Book Synopsis Structural Health Monitoring of Civil Infrastructure Systems by : Vistasp M. Karbhari

Download or read book Structural Health Monitoring of Civil Infrastructure Systems written by Vistasp M. Karbhari and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2009-08-25 with total page 553 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Structural health monitoring is an extremely important methodology in evaluating the 'health' of a structure by assessing the level of deterioration and remaining service life of civil infrastructure systems. This book reviews key developments in research, technologies and applications in this area of civil engineering. It discusses ways of obtaining and analysing data, sensor technologies and methods of sensing changes in structural performance characteristics. It also discusses data transmission and the application of both individual technologies and entire systems to bridges and buildings.With its distinguished editors and international team of contributors, Structural health monitoring of civil infrastructure systems is a valuable reference for students in civil and structural engineering programs as well as those studying sensors, data analysis and transmission at universities. It will also be an important source for practicing civil engineers and designers, engineers and researchers developing sensors, network systems and methods of data transmission and analysis, policy makers, inspectors and those responsible for the safety and service life of civil infrastructure. - Reviews key developments in research, technologies and applications - Discusses systems used to obtain and analyse data and sensor technologies - Assesses methods of sensing changes in structural performance

Fibre Optic Methods for Structural Health Monitoring

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Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 9780470517802
Total Pages : 276 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (178 download)

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Book Synopsis Fibre Optic Methods for Structural Health Monitoring by : Branko Glisic

Download or read book Fibre Optic Methods for Structural Health Monitoring written by Branko Glisic and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2008-03-11 with total page 276 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The use of fibre optic sensors in structural health monitoring has rapidly accelerated in recent years. By embedding fibre optic sensors in structures (e.g. buildings, bridges and pipelines) it is possible to obtain real time data on structural changes such as stress or strain. Engineers use monitoring data to detect deviations from a structure’s original design performance in order to optimise the operation, repair and maintenance of a structure over time. Fibre Optic Methods for Structural Health Monitoring is organised as a step-by-step guide to implementing a monitoring system and includes examples of common structures and their most-frequently monitored parameters. This book: presents a universal method for static structural health monitoring, using a technique with proven effectiveness in hundreds of applications worldwide; discusses a variety of different structures including buildings, bridges, dams, tunnels and pipelines; features case studies which describe common problems and offer solutions to those problems; provides advice on establishing mechanical parameters to monitor (including deformations, rotations and displacements) and on placing sensors to achieve monitoring objectives; identifies methods for interpreting data according to construction material and shows how to apply numerical concepts and formulae to data in order to inform decision making. Fibre Optic Methods for Structural Health Monitoring is an invaluable reference for practising engineers in the fields of civil, structural and geotechnical engineering. It will also be of interest to academics and undergraduate/graduate students studying civil and structural engineering.

Fiber-Optic Sensors For Infrastructure Health Monitoring, Volume I

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Author :
Publisher : Momentum Press
ISBN 13 : 1945612258
Total Pages : 257 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (456 download)

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Book Synopsis Fiber-Optic Sensors For Infrastructure Health Monitoring, Volume I by : Zhishen Wu

Download or read book Fiber-Optic Sensors For Infrastructure Health Monitoring, Volume I written by Zhishen Wu and published by Momentum Press. This book was released on 2018-11-02 with total page 257 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Structural health monitoring (SHM) can be characterized as the integration of sensing and intelligence to enable the potential damage to be monitored, analyzed, localized, and predicted in real time and in a nondestructive manner. Over the past two decades, extensive research has demonstrated that fiber-optic sensors (FOSs) are well suited for SHM sensing requirements in infrastructure systems. In this book, a brief overview of SHM and the application of FOS are presented. The book focuses on advanced techniques that utilize fiber-optic long-gauge sensing and overcome the limitations of traditional sensing and fulfill the requirements of infrastructure systems. The long-gauge FOSs have the merit of revealing both micro- and macrolevel information. Subsequently, a new approach, areawise distributed monitoring, is thoroughly discussed and its superior performance in SHM demonstrated. Finally, the application of areawise distributed monitoring, combined with the aforementioned long-gauge sensing technique, is presented for groups and networks of complex infrastructure systems.

Sensing Issues in Civil Structural Health Monitoring

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Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 9781402036606
Total Pages : 552 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (366 download)

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Book Synopsis Sensing Issues in Civil Structural Health Monitoring by : Farhad Ansari

Download or read book Sensing Issues in Civil Structural Health Monitoring written by Farhad Ansari and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2005-07-14 with total page 552 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Civil infrastructure systems are generally the most expensive assets in any country, and these systems are deteriorating at an alarming rate. In addition, these systems have a long service life in comparison to most other commercial products. As well, the introduction of intelligent materials and innovative design approaches in these systems is painfully slow due to heavy relianceon traditional construction and maintenance practices, and the conservative nature of design codes. Feedback on the "state of the health" of constructed systems is practically nonexistent. In the quest for lighter, stronger and corrosion-resistant structures, the replacement of ferrous materials by high-strength fibrous ones is being actively pursued in several countries around the world, both with respect to the design of new structures as well as for the rehabilitation and strengthening of existing ones. In North America, active research in the design of new highway bridges is focused on a number of specialty areas, including the replacement of steel reinforcing bars in concrete deck slabs by randomly distributed low-modulus fibers, and the replacement of steel prestressing cables for concrete components by tendons comprising super-strong fibers. Research is also being conducted on using FRPs to repair and strengthen existing structures.

Infrastructure Health in Civil Engineering (Two-Volume Set)

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Author :
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1439870659
Total Pages : 1320 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (398 download)

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Book Synopsis Infrastructure Health in Civil Engineering (Two-Volume Set) by : Mohammed M. Ettouney

Download or read book Infrastructure Health in Civil Engineering (Two-Volume Set) written by Mohammed M. Ettouney and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2022-01-18 with total page 1320 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This two-volume set discusses the importance of linking the decision making concept to damage identification and structural modeling. It examines the process of addressing and maintaining structural health, including measurements, structural identification, and damage identification and discusses the theoretical and practical issues involved for each aspect. Emphasizing state-of-the-art practice as well as future directions, this text also features numerous practical case studies and covers the latest techniques in sensing and sensor utilization.

Sensor Technologies for Civil Infrastructures

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Publisher : Woodhead Publishing
ISBN 13 : 0081027079
Total Pages : 726 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (81 download)

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Book Synopsis Sensor Technologies for Civil Infrastructures by : Jerome P. Lynch

Download or read book Sensor Technologies for Civil Infrastructures written by Jerome P. Lynch and published by Woodhead Publishing. This book was released on 2022-07-19 with total page 726 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Sensor Technologies for Civil Infrastructure, Volume 2: Applications in Structural Health Monitoring, Second Edition, provides an overview of sensor applications and a new section on future and emerging technologies. Part one is made up of case studies in assessing and monitoring specific structures such as bridges, towers, buildings, dams, tunnels, pipelines, and roads. The new edition also includes sensing solutions for assessing and monitoring of naval systems. Part two reviews emerging technologies for sensing and data analysis including diagnostic solutions for assessing and monitoring sensors, unmanned aerial systems, and UAV application in post-hazard event reconnaissance and site assessment. - Includes case studies in assessing structures such as bridges, buildings, super-tall towers, dams, tunnels, wind turbines, railroad tracks, nuclear power plants, offshore structures, naval systems, levees, and pipelines - Reviews future and emerging technologies and techniques including unmanned aerial systems, LIDAR, and ultrasonic and infrared sensing - Describes latest emerging techniques in data analysis such as diagnostic solutions for assessing and monitoring sensors and big data analysis

Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Smart Monitoring, Assessment and Rehabilitation of Civil Structures

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Author :
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 9819933625
Total Pages : 962 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (199 download)

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Book Synopsis Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Smart Monitoring, Assessment and Rehabilitation of Civil Structures by : Xiang-Lin Gu

Download or read book Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Smart Monitoring, Assessment and Rehabilitation of Civil Structures written by Xiang-Lin Gu and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2024-02-27 with total page 962 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is a compilation of selected papers from the 6th International Conference on Smart Monitoring, Assessment and Rehabilitation of Civil Structures (SMAR 2022). The work focuses on the state-of-the-practice and recent advances in testing and monitoring technology, in structural modeling and assessment methods, and in the application of advanced materials for structural rehabilitation. The contents make valuable contributions to international professors, research scientists, professional engineers, postdoctoral fellows and postgraduate students.

Structural Health Monitoring For Advanced Composite Structures

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Publisher : World Scientific
ISBN 13 : 1786343940
Total Pages : 286 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (863 download)

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Book Synopsis Structural Health Monitoring For Advanced Composite Structures by : M H Ferri Aliabadi

Download or read book Structural Health Monitoring For Advanced Composite Structures written by M H Ferri Aliabadi and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 2017-12-18 with total page 286 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Structural health monitoring (SHM) is a relatively new and alternative way of non-destructive inspection (NDI). It is the process of implementing a damage detection and characterization strategy for composite structures. The basis of SHM is the application of permanent fixed sensors on a structure, combined with minimum manual intervention to monitor its structural integrity. These sensors detect changes to the material and/or geometric properties of a structural system, including changes to the boundary conditions and system connectivity, which adversely affect the system's performance.This book's primary focus is on the diagnostics element of SHM, namely damage detection in composite structures. The techniques covered include the use of Piezoelectric transducers for active and passive Ultrasonics guided waves and electromechanical impedance measurements, and fiber optic sensors for strain sensing. It also includes numerical modeling of wave propagation in composite structures. Contributed chapters written by leading researchers in the field describe each of these techniques, making it a key text for researchers and NDI practitioners as well as postgraduate students in a number of specialties including materials, aerospace, mechanical and computational engineering.

Load Testing of Bridges: Two Volume Set

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Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1351596926
Total Pages : 774 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (515 download)

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Book Synopsis Load Testing of Bridges: Two Volume Set by : Eva Lantsoght

Download or read book Load Testing of Bridges: Two Volume Set written by Eva Lantsoght and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2022-07-30 with total page 774 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Load Testing of Bridges, featuring contributions from almost fifty authors from around the world across two interrelated volumes, deals with the practical aspects, the scientific developments, and the international views on the topic of load testing of bridges. Volume 12, Load Testing of Bridges: Current practice and Diagnostic Load Testing, starts with a background to bridge load testing, including the historical perspectives and evolutions, and the current codes and guidelines that are governing in countries around the world. The second part of the book deals with preparation, execution, and post-processing of load tests on bridges. The third part focuses on diagnostic load testing of bridges. Volume 13, Load Testing of Bridges: Proof Load Testing and the Future of Load Testing, focuses first on proof load testing of bridges. It discusses the specific aspects of proof load testing during the preparation, execution, and post-processing of such a test (Part 1). The second part covers the testing of buildings. The third part discusses novel ideas regarding measurement techniques used for load testing. Methods using non-contact sensors, such as photography- and video-based measurement techniques are discussed. The fourth part discusses load testing in the framework of reliability-based decision-making and in the framework of a bridge management program. The final part of the book summarizes the knowledge presented across the two volumes, as well as the remaining open questions for research, and provides practical recommendations for engineers carrying out load tests. This work will be of interest to researchers and academics in the field of civil/structural engineering, practicing engineers and road authorities worldwide.

Numerical Methods in Geotechnical Engineering IX, Volume 2

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Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 0429823169
Total Pages : 749 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (298 download)

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Book Synopsis Numerical Methods in Geotechnical Engineering IX, Volume 2 by : António Cardoso

Download or read book Numerical Methods in Geotechnical Engineering IX, Volume 2 written by António Cardoso and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2018-06-27 with total page 749 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Numerical Methods in Geotechnical Engineering IX contains 204 technical and scientific papers presented at the 9th European Conference on Numerical Methods in Geotechnical Engineering (NUMGE2018, Porto, Portugal, 25—27 June 2018). The papers cover a wide range of topics in the field of computational geotechnics, providing an overview of recent developments on scientific achievements, innovations and engineering applications related to or employing numerical methods. They deal with subjects from emerging research to engineering practice, and are grouped under the following themes: Constitutive modelling and numerical implementation Finite element, discrete element and other numerical methods. Coupling of diverse methods Reliability and probability analysis Large deformation – large strain analysis Artificial intelligence and neural networks Ground flow, thermal and coupled analysis Earthquake engineering, soil dynamics and soil-structure interactions Rock mechanics Application of numerical methods in the context of the Eurocodes Shallow and deep foundations Slopes and cuts Supported excavations and retaining walls Embankments and dams Tunnels and caverns (and pipelines) Ground improvement and reinforcement Offshore geotechnical engineering Propagation of vibrations Following the objectives of previous eight thematic conferences, (1986 Stuttgart, Germany; 1990 Santander, Spain; 1994 Manchester, United Kingdom; 1998 Udine, Italy; 2002 Paris, France; 2006 Graz, Austria; 2010 Trondheim, Norway; 2014 Delft, The Netherlands), Numerical Methods in Geotechnical Engineering IX updates the state-of-the-art regarding the application of numerical methods in geotechnics, both in a scientific perspective and in what concerns its application for solving practical boundary value problems. The book will be much of interest to engineers, academics and professionals involved or interested in Geotechnical Engineering. This is volume 2 of the NUMGE 2018 set.

Experimental Vibration Analysis for Civil Engineering Structures

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Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3031391179
Total Pages : 782 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (313 download)

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Book Synopsis Experimental Vibration Analysis for Civil Engineering Structures by : Maria Pina Limongelli

Download or read book Experimental Vibration Analysis for Civil Engineering Structures written by Maria Pina Limongelli and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2023-08-28 with total page 782 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume presents peer-reviewed contributions from the 10th International Conference on Experimental Vibration Analysis for Civil Engineering Structures (EVACES), held in Milan, Italy on August 30-September 1, 2023. The event brought together engineers, scientists, researchers, and practitioners, providing a forum for discussing and disseminating the latest developments and achievements in all major aspects of dynamic testing for civil engineering structures, including instrumentation, sources of excitation, data analysis, system identification, monitoring and condition assessment, in-situ and laboratory experiments, codes and standards, and vibration mitigation. The topics included but were not limited to: damage identification and structural health monitoring; testing, sensing and modeling; vibration isolation and control; system and model identification; coupled dynamical systems (including human–structure, vehicle–structure, and soil–structure interaction); and application of advanced techniques involving the Internet of Things, robot, UAV, big data and artificial intelligence.

New Developments in Sensing Technology for Structural Health Monitoring

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Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 3642210996
Total Pages : 425 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (422 download)

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Book Synopsis New Developments in Sensing Technology for Structural Health Monitoring by : Subhas Chandra Mukhopadhyay

Download or read book New Developments in Sensing Technology for Structural Health Monitoring written by Subhas Chandra Mukhopadhyay and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2011-07-14 with total page 425 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book has focussed on the different aspects of sensing technology, i.e. high reliability, adaptability, recalibration, information processing, data fusion, validation and integration of novel and high performance sensors specifically aims to use to inspect mechanical health of structure and similar applications. This book is dedicated to Sensing systems for Structural Health Monitoring offers to variety of users, namely, Master and PhD degree students, researchers, practitioners, especially Civil and Construction engineers. The book will provide an opportunity of a dedicated and a deep approach in order to improve their knowledge in this specific field.

Handbook of Measurement in Science and Engineering, Volume 1

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Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 111844695X
Total Pages : 1044 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (184 download)

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Book Synopsis Handbook of Measurement in Science and Engineering, Volume 1 by : Myer Kutz

Download or read book Handbook of Measurement in Science and Engineering, Volume 1 written by Myer Kutz and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2015-12-04 with total page 1044 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A multidisciplinary reference of engineering measurement tools, techniques, and applications Volume 1 "When you can measure what you are speaking about, and express it in numbers, you know something about it; but when you cannot measure it, when you cannot express it in numbers, your knowledge is of a meager and unsatisfactory kind; it may be the beginning of knowledge, but you have scarcely in your thoughts advanced to the stage of science." Lord Kelvin Measurement falls at the heart of any engineering discipline and job function. Whether engineers are attempting to state requirements quantitatively and demonstrate compliance; to track progress and predict results; or to analyze costs and benefits, they must use the right tools and techniques to produce meaningful, useful data. The Handbook of Measurement in Science and Engineering is the most comprehensive, up-to-date reference set on engineering measurements beyond anything on the market today. Encyclopedic in scope, Volume 1 spans several disciplines Civil and Environmental Engineering, Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, and Industrial Engineering and covers: New Measurement Techniques in Structural Health Monitoring Traffic Congestion Management Measurements in Environmental Engineering Dimensions, Surfaces, and Their Measurement Luminescent Method for Pressure Measurement Vibration Measurement Temperature Measurement Force Measurement Heat Transfer Measurements for Non-Boiling Two-Phase Flow Solar Energy Measurements Human Movement Measurements Physiological Flow Measurements GIS and Computer Mapping Seismic Testing of Highway Bridges Hydrology Measurements Mobile Source Emissions Testing Mass Properties Measurement Resistive Strain Measurement Devices Acoustics Measurements Pressure and Velocity Measurements Heat Flux Measurement Wind Energy Measurements Flow Measurement Statistical Quality Control Industrial Energy Efficiency Industrial Waste Auditing Vital for engineers, scientists, and technical managers in industry and government, Handbook of Measurement in Science and Engineering will also prove ideal for members of major engineering associations and academics and researchers at universities and laboratories.

Emerging Technologies for Sustainability

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Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1000258726
Total Pages : 724 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (2 download)

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Book Synopsis Emerging Technologies for Sustainability by : P.C Thomas

Download or read book Emerging Technologies for Sustainability written by P.C Thomas and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2020-08-14 with total page 724 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The theme of conference is Emerging Technologies for Sustainability. Sustainability tends to be problem driven and oriented towards guiding decision making. The goal is to raise the global standard of living without increasing the use of resources beyond global sustainable levels. The conference is intended to act as a platform for researchers to share and gain knowledge, showcase their research findings and propose new solutions in policy formulation, design, processing and application of green materials, material selection, analysis, green manufacturing, testing and synthesis, thereby contributing to the creation of a more sustainable world.

European Workshop on Structural Health Monitoring

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Author :
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3031072588
Total Pages : 1129 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (31 download)

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Book Synopsis European Workshop on Structural Health Monitoring by : Piervincenzo Rizzo

Download or read book European Workshop on Structural Health Monitoring written by Piervincenzo Rizzo and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-06-15 with total page 1129 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume gathers the latest advances, innovations, and applications in the field of structural health monitoring (SHM) and more broadly in the fields of smart materials and intelligent systems, as presented by leading international researchers and engineers at the 10th European Workshop on Structural Health Monitoring (EWSHM), held in Palermo, Italy on July 4-7, 2022. The volume covers highly diverse topics, including signal processing, smart sensors, autonomous systems, remote sensing and support, UAV platforms for SHM, Internet of Things, Industry 4.0, and SHM for civil structures and infrastructures. The contributions, which are published after a rigorous international peer-review process, highlight numerous exciting ideas that will spur novel research directions and foster multidisciplinary collaboration among different specialists.

Monitoring and Safety Evaluation of Existing Concrete Structures

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Author :
Publisher : fib Fédération internationale du béton
ISBN 13 : 9782883940628
Total Pages : 316 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (46 download)

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Book Synopsis Monitoring and Safety Evaluation of Existing Concrete Structures by : fib Fédération internationale du béton

Download or read book Monitoring and Safety Evaluation of Existing Concrete Structures written by fib Fédération internationale du béton and published by fib Fédération internationale du béton. This book was released on 2003 with total page 316 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The condition assessment of aged structures is becoming a more and more important issue for civil infrastructure management systems. The continued use of existing systems is, due to environmental, economical and socio-political assets, of great significance and is growing larger every year. Thus the extent of necessary repair of damaged reinforced concrete structures is of major concern in most countries today. Monitoring techniques may have a decisive input to limit expenditures for maintenance and repair of existing structures. Modern test and measurement methods as well as computational mechanics open the door for a wide variety of monitoring applications. The need for quantitative and qualitative knowledge has led to the development and improvement of surveillance techniques, which have already found successful application in other disciplines such as medicine, physics and chemistry. The design of experimental test and measurement systems is inherently an interdisciplinary activity. The specification of the instrumentation to measure the structural response will involve the skills of civil, electrical and computer engineers. The main aim of fib Commission 5, Structural servicer life aspects, is to provide a rational procedure to obtain an optimal technical-economic performance of concrete structures in service and to ensure a feedback of experience gained to design, execution, maintenance and rehabilitation. Against this background fib Task Group 5.1 Monitoring and Safety Evaluation of Existing Concrete Structures had been established to evaluate the existing practice worldwide. The objective of this state-of-art report is to summarize the most important inspection and measuring methods, to describe the working process and to evaluate the applicability to structural monitoring. Particular emphasis is placed upon non-destructive systems, lifetime monitoring, data evaluation and safety aspects.