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Fast Pyrolysis Of Technical Lignins In A Circulating Fluidized Bed Reactor
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Book Synopsis Fast Pyrolysis of Technical Lignins in a Circulating Fluidized Bed Reactor by : Miika Franck
Download or read book Fast Pyrolysis of Technical Lignins in a Circulating Fluidized Bed Reactor written by Miika Franck and published by Cuvillier Verlag. This book was released on 2019-02-25 with total page 168 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In search of an alternative for chemicals and energy from fossil fuels, lignin pyrolysis is experimentally investigated in a circulating fluidized bed. Deviation in pyrolysis behavior of a softwood Kraft lignin and a wheat straw hydrolysis lignin is analyzed by means of char morphology as well as overall yield and composition determination for gas, oil, and char. The influence of catalytically active mineral matter in lignin on the product distribution is investigated. Progressively, the fluidized bed pyrolysis process is modeled semi-empirically considering fluid dynamics, feedstock composition, micro-particle pyrolysis reactions and mass balances. The lignin secondary reaction kinetics from oil–to–gas are obtained from the Kraft lignin experimental data and a pyrolysis plant with integrated char and permanent gas combustion is modeled with a flowsheeting tool.
Book Synopsis Fast Pyrolysis of Lignin Biomass in Fluidized Bed Reactor by : Saikrishna Mukkamala
Download or read book Fast Pyrolysis of Lignin Biomass in Fluidized Bed Reactor written by Saikrishna Mukkamala and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Conversion of Lignin into Bio-Based Chemicals and Materials by : Chunbao Xu
Download or read book Conversion of Lignin into Bio-Based Chemicals and Materials written by Chunbao Xu and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-06-05 with total page 164 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents an overview of various types of lignin and their unique structures and properties, as well as utilizations of crude or modified technical lignin for high-value bioproducts such as lignin-based PF resins/adhesives, epoxy resins, PF foams, PU foams, rubber reinforcement and carbon fibers and as dispersants in drilling fluids in the oil and gas industry. It subsequently discusses various thermal/chemical modification techniques (pyrolysis, direct liquefaction and de-polymerization) for converting lignin into oils and chemical feedstocks, and the utilization of crude lignin, lignin-derived oils or depolymerized lignins (DLs) of reduced molecular weights and improved reactivity to produce lignin-based PF resins/adhesives, PF/PU foams and epoxy resins. The book will interest and benefit a broad readership (graduate students, academic researchers, industrial researchers and practitioners) in various fields of science and technology (chemical engineering, biotechnology, chemistry, material science, forestry, etc.). Chunbao (Charles) Xu, PhD, is currently a Professor of Chemical Engineering and NSERC/FPInnovations Industrial Research Chair in Forest Biorefinery at the University of Western Ontario, Canada. Fatemeh Ferdosian, PhD, is currently a postdoctoral fellow at the University of Waterloo, Canada.
Book Synopsis Fast Pyrolysis of Biomass in a Circulating Fluidised Bed Reactor by : Ioannis Philippos Boukis
Download or read book Fast Pyrolysis of Biomass in a Circulating Fluidised Bed Reactor written by Ioannis Philippos Boukis and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Integrated Forest Biorefineries by : Lew Christopher
Download or read book Integrated Forest Biorefineries written by Lew Christopher and published by Royal Society of Chemistry. This book was released on 2013 with total page 323 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book documents the recent accomplishments of integrated forest biorefineries and their future in the pulp, paper, and fiber-processing industries.
Book Synopsis Design of Fluidized-bed Reactors for Catalytic Fast Pyrolysis by : Robert John Ng Coolman
Download or read book Design of Fluidized-bed Reactors for Catalytic Fast Pyrolysis written by Robert John Ng Coolman and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The net accumulation of atmospheric carbon resulting from the increase in global demand for fuels and chemicals from fossil sources warrants the search for alternatives that fit into existing infrastructure ("drop-in" chemicals and fuels) that come from renewable sources. The research presented in this thesis progresses this search for alternatives through the study of Catalytic Fast Pyrolysis (CFP) of renewable lignocellulosic biomass in bubbling fluidized beds of ZSM-5. For CFP of cellulose at 500°C using a 4.92-cm ID reactor, aromatic yields of up to 39.5% carbon were obtained indicating the importance of high-cellulose feeds for production of aromatics. In a larger 9.67-cm ID process development unit (PDU) with on-stream catalyst input and output, we studied CFP of pine sawdust. The PDU maintained constant product yield of aromatics (15.5% carbon) over an extended reaction period (6 hrs). A simulated recycle stream of CFP product gases consisting of CO, CO2 and olefins increased aromatic yield to 22% carbon in contrast to nitrogen which produced only 18% yield. In a third 4.92-cm ID reactor, the effect of steam for the CFP of cellulose with ZSM-5 was studied. Irreversible effects included dealumination, a loss of total acidity, an increase in the zeolite-crystal size, and agglomeration of particles resulting in lower yields for aromatics and coke, and higher yields for methane and unidentified products. Steam co-feeding was also found to reversibly lower yields of aromatics, char/coke, and identifiable oxygenate species, increase yields of CO and methane, and not change the overall yields of CO2 and olefins. The effect of catalyst contact time was studied at coke loadings known not to deactivate the catalyst. CO and CH4 are favored at low catalyst contact times (1,000 s), oxygenated and unidentified species at medium catalyst contact times (1,000 s -- 10,000 s), and aromatics and CO2Ơ at high catalyst contact times (10,000 s). At increased time on stream, the catalyst lost activity due to coking. Most aromatic-producing activity was lost after a weight turnover of 2.0. Accumulated coke deactivates the catalyst by both filling the micropores and blocking the acid sites
Book Synopsis Analysis, Design and Fabrication of a Continuous Feed Fluidized-bed Reactor System for Experimentation on Biomass Fast Pyrolysis by : Trevor Gardner Misera
Download or read book Analysis, Design and Fabrication of a Continuous Feed Fluidized-bed Reactor System for Experimentation on Biomass Fast Pyrolysis written by Trevor Gardner Misera and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 115 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Reactive and Functional Polymers Volume One by : Tomy J. Gutiérrez
Download or read book Reactive and Functional Polymers Volume One written by Tomy J. Gutiérrez and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-08-25 with total page 434 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Reactive and functional polymers are manufactured with the aim of improving the performance of unmodified polymers or providing functionality for different applications. These polymers are created mainly through chemical reactions, but there are other important modifications that can be carried out by physical alterations in order to obtain reactive and functional polymers. This volume presents a comprehensive analysis of these reactive and functional polymers. Reactive and Functional Polymers Volume One provides the principles and foundations for the design, development, manufacture and processing of reactive and functional polymers based primarily on biopolymers, polyesters and polyurenthanes. The text provides an in-depth review of updated sources on reactive resins and silicones. In this book, world-renowned researchers have participated, including Dr. Runcang Sun (Associate editor for the journal ‘Carbohydrate Polymers’). With its comprehensive scope and up-to-date coverage of issues and trends in Reactive and Functional Polymers, this is an outstanding book for students, professors, researchers and industrialists working in the field of polymers and plastic materials.
Book Synopsis Catalytic Fast Pyrolysis of Biomass in a Bubbling Fluidized Bed Reactor with Gallium Promoted ZSM-5 Catalyst by : Jian Shi
Download or read book Catalytic Fast Pyrolysis of Biomass in a Bubbling Fluidized Bed Reactor with Gallium Promoted ZSM-5 Catalyst written by Jian Shi and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 65 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The huge energy demand of our society is causing fossil fuel resources to diminish rapidly. Therefore, it is critical to search for alternative energy resources. Biomass is currently both abundant and inexpensive. Biofuels (fuels produced from biomass) have the potential to replace fossil fuels if a cost effective process can be develop to convert biomass into fuels. Catalytic fast pyrolysis is a technology that can convert biomass into gasoline ranged aromatics in a single step. By heating biomass quickly to an intermediate temperature, biomass will thermally decompose into small molecules which can fit into zeolite catalyst pores. Inside the catalyst pores, these small molecules undergo a series of reactions where aromatics are formed along with olefins, CO, CO2, CH4 and water. Gallium promoted ZSM-5 catalyst has been shown to promote small alkanes aromatization, thus it has the potential to increase aromatic yield in catalytic fast pyrolysis process. The focus of the thesis is to study the behavior of catalyst fast pyrolysis of biomass over Gallium promoted catalyst, and explore various ways to utilize the gas phase olefins to increase the aromatic yield. [CG1] The effect of reaction parameters (temperature, weight hourly space velocity, and fluidized gas velocity) on catalytic fast pyrolysis of biomass with Ga/ZSM-5 were studied in a fluidized bed reactor using pine saw dust as the biomass feed. The product distribution and hydrocarbon selectivity are shown to be a strong function of temperature and weight hourly space velocity. Compared to ZSM-5 catalyst at the same reaction conditions, Ga/ZMS-5 has been shown to increase the aromatic yield by 40%. Olefins can be recycled back to the CFP fluidized bed reactor to further increase the aromatic yield. The olefin co-feeding with pine saw dust experiments indicates that co-feeding with propylene can increase the aromatic yield, however, co-feeding with ethylene will cause a decrease in aromatic yield. In both co-feeding experiments, an increase in the amount of coke formed was also observed. Besides a simple olefin recycle, another possible way to utilize these olefins, while avoiding the high cost to separate them from other gas phase products (CO, CO2 and CH4), is adding a secondary alkylation unit after the fluidized bed reactor. The alkylation unit could provide a way to produce additional ethylbenzene after the main CFP process. Three zeolite catalysts (ZSM-5, Y-zeolite and Beta zeolite) were tested in the alkylation unit, and ZSM-5 catalyst shows the highest activity and selectivity in the alkylation of benzene and ethylene.
Book Synopsis Biomass Fast Pyrolysis Fluidized Bed Reactor by : Johnny Matta
Download or read book Biomass Fast Pyrolysis Fluidized Bed Reactor written by Johnny Matta and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Direct Thermochemical Liquefaction for Energy Applications by : Lasse Rosendahl
Download or read book Direct Thermochemical Liquefaction for Energy Applications written by Lasse Rosendahl and published by Woodhead Publishing. This book was released on 2017-11-14 with total page 380 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Direct Thermochemical Liquefaction for Energy Applications presents the state-of-the-art of the value chains associated with these biomass conversion technologies. It covers multiple feedstock availability and feedstock composition impact on process chemistry and product quality and composition. Expert authors from around the world explore co-processing benefits, process parameters, implementation and scaling, upgrading to drop-in liquid biofuels or integration into existing petrochemical refinery infrastructure. Finally, these topics are put into a sustainability perspective by establishing an LCA framework for this type of process. Its focus on implementation based on the most comprehensive knowledge makes this book particularly useful for researchers and graduate students from all sorts of background working in the field of biomass and biofuels. It is also a valuable reference for engineers working to commercialize DTL technologies, engineering specialists designing process equipment, refinery professionals and developers. Focuses on implementation and scaling of direct thermochemical liquefaction technologies for biomass conversion into biofuels Covers the state-of-the-art of the technologies, as well as technical and sustainability implementation aspects Includes new approaches and concepts developed around the world within the different DTL technologies
Book Synopsis Pyrolysis of Biomass by : Shurong Wang
Download or read book Pyrolysis of Biomass written by Shurong Wang and published by Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. This book was released on 2016-12-05 with total page 445 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: With the development of societies fossil energy is no longer the only energy resource, and increasing attention had been paid to alternative energy. Biomass is considered to be one of the alternatives due to efficiency and low cost. This book presents biomass pyrolysis behavior for three main components: Cellulose, Hemicellulose and Lignin, and discusses the influence of mineral salts , zeolite catalysts and metal oxide on their pyrolysis.
Book Synopsis Application of Mechanically Fluidized Reactors to Lignin Pyrolysis by : Valentina Lago
Download or read book Application of Mechanically Fluidized Reactors to Lignin Pyrolysis written by Valentina Lago and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 360 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Lignin has great potential for the production of aromatics currently derived from petroleum, since it is the most abundant source of aromatics in nature. At present, Kraft lignin is used as fuel within the pulping process but, alternatively, it could be converted to high-value chemicals using thermochemical processes such as pyrolysis. Kraft lignin, however, is a very cohesive and thermally sensitive powder with foaming and agglomerating tendency under reaction conditions. Therefore, new reactor designs are necessary to efficiently process this raw material. Consequently, a novel reactor design, designated as Mechanically Fluidized Reactor (MFR) has been developed to successfully process Kraft lignin. To select the optimal stirrer geometry for fast pyrolysis of biomass, its mixing characteristics have been investigated with a technique developed to monitor the aeration resulting from the formation of gases and vapours during pyrolysis. The performance of different stirrers has been compared in terms of time for complete pyrolysis and the best performance, i.e. shortest time, was achieved with a design incorporating a vertical blades stirrer. The mixing provided by this type of stirrer was also simulated by Discrete Element Method model. In this work, Kraft lignin has been successfully pyrolyzed in the MFR. However, during the reaction, the bed material becomes cohesive and it is not possible to observe the bed aeration generated by the pyrolysis gas and vapours. Different bed materials were tested with the purpose of improving the Kraft lignin behaviour. All the materials capable of improving the processability, resulted in a watery bio-oil, most likely due to the catalytic enhancement of cracking reactions. Kraft lignin was also mixed with birch wood in different proportions. The liquid yield decreased linearly with Kraft lignin content in the initial feed, whereas phenolic compounds in the liquid product were found to increase linearly with increasing Kraft lignin content. The liquid product was analyzed in terms of alkyl phenols, guaiacols, catechols and syringols by GCxGC-TOFMS. Hydrolysis lignin residues from bioethanol production were much easier to pyrolyze, as the bed material did not become cohesive. The high ash content of these feedstocks, when compared to Kraft lignin, reduced the liquid yield.
Book Synopsis Chemical Catalysts for Biomass Upgrading by : Mark Crocker
Download or read book Chemical Catalysts for Biomass Upgrading written by Mark Crocker and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2019-11-27 with total page 679 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A comprehensive reference to the use of innovative catalysts and processes to turn biomass into value-added chemicals Chemical Catalysts for Biomass Upgrading offers detailed descriptions of catalysts and catalytic processes employed in the synthesis of chemicals and fuels from the most abundant and important biomass types. The contributors?noted experts on the topic?focus on the application of catalysts to the pyrolysis of whole biomass and to the upgrading of bio-oils. The authors discuss catalytic approaches to the processing of biomass-derived oxygenates, as exemplified by sugars, via reactions such as reforming, hydrogenation, oxidation, and condensation reactions. Additionally, the book provides an overview of catalysts for lignin valorization via oxidative and reductive methods and considers the conversion of fats and oils to fuels and terminal olefins by means of esterification/transesterification, hydrodeoxygenation, and decarboxylation/decarbonylation processes. The authors also provide an overview of conversion processes based on terpenes and chitin, two emerging feedstocks with a rich chemistry, and summarize some of the emerging trends in the field. This important book: -Provides a comprehensive review of innovative catalysts, catalytic processes, and catalyst design -Offers a guide to one of the most promising ways to find useful alternatives for fossil fuel resources -Includes information on the most abundant and important types of biomass feedstocks -Examines fields such as catalytic cracking, pyrolysis, depolymerization, and many more Written for catalytic chemists, process engineers, environmental chemists, bioengineers, organic chemists, and polymer chemists, Chemical Catalysts for Biomass Upgrading presents deep insights on the most important aspects of biomass upgrading and their various types.
Author :Canada Centre for Mineral and Energy Technology. Efficiency and Alternative Energy Technology Branch Publisher : ISBN 13 :9780662224006 Total Pages :180 pages Book Rating :4.2/5 (24 download)
Book Synopsis Investigation Into Applications for Products of the Waterloo Fast Pyrolysis Process by : Canada Centre for Mineral and Energy Technology. Efficiency and Alternative Energy Technology Branch
Download or read book Investigation Into Applications for Products of the Waterloo Fast Pyrolysis Process written by Canada Centre for Mineral and Energy Technology. Efficiency and Alternative Energy Technology Branch and published by . This book was released on 1990 with total page 180 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Computational Study on Biomass Fast Pyrolysis by : Emilio Ramirez (Chemical engineer)
Download or read book Computational Study on Biomass Fast Pyrolysis written by Emilio Ramirez (Chemical engineer) and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Fluidized bed reactors are utilized in a wide range of chemical industries, including petroleum refining, pharmaceutical and commodity chemicals production, and biomass conversion to fuels and higher-value chemicals. Such reactors are useful where multiple fluids (gases or liquids) and particulate solids are brought together in intimate contact to promote heat and mass transfer and chemical reactions. Recently fluidized-bed research includes computational simulations that provide new insights into the dominant physics and chemistry processes that control reactor performance. Computational simulations were utilized to understand how bubbling-bed hydrodynamics and fast-pyrolysis chemistry interact to control biomass pyrolysis reactor performance. The scope of this work is limited to bubbling bed conditions, designed and operated for lab scale studies of biomass fast pyrolysis, in a bed of inert Geldart Group B sand. Biomass particulates are injected near the bottom of the reactor and rapidly heated to release volatile compounds. The devolatilized biomass particles (char) and released volatile gases transit through the bed (at time scales depending on the hydrodynamic mixing state) and elutriate from the top of the reactor. The bubbling-bed hydrodynamics were simulated with MFiX, an open- source software package based on the two-fluid (continuum) approach for representing the bubbling bed multiphase flows. Processes of interest included the transport of biomass char and released volatile gases, and how these change with fluidizing gas flow, low-intensity bubbling, to slugging, to high- intensity turbulence. A key observation is that fast-pyrolysis tar yield can be increased by reducing the residence time in the freeboard by shortening the freeboard length or by adding secondary air. Also, of interest was how these transport processes are expected to affect the selectivity of product species exiting the top of the reactor. One promising concept for monitoring hydrodynamics in bubbling bed reactors are high- speed pressure measurements to quantify key mixing and transport properties. Computational simulations were utilized to identify quantitative statistical features in high-speed pressure measurements in the upper section of the bed, below the static bed height, to use as process monitoring tools. Other promising directions were identified for future experimental and computational studies.
Book Synopsis Recent Advances in Pyrolysis by : Hassan Al- Haj Ibrahim
Download or read book Recent Advances in Pyrolysis written by Hassan Al- Haj Ibrahim and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2020-01-22 with total page 124 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Pyrolysis is an irreversible thermochemical treatment process of materials at elevated temperatures in an inert atmosphere. It is basically a carbonisation process where an organic material is decomposed to produce a solid residue with high (or higher) carbon content and some volatile products. The decomposition reactions are accompanied in general with polymerisation and isomerisation reactions. The end products of pyrolysis can be controlled by optimizing pyrolysis parameters such as temperature and residence time. Pyrolysis is used heavily in the chemical industry to produce many forms of carbon and other chemicals from petroleum, coal, wood, oil shale, biomass or organic waste materials, and it is the basis of several methods for producing fuel from biomass. Pyrolysis also is the process of conversion of buried organic matter into fossil fuels.
