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Fabrication And Characterization Of Small Molecule Organic Solar Cells
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Book Synopsis Fabrication and Characterization of Small Molecule Organic Solar Cells by : Mulugeta Ayele Birhanu
Download or read book Fabrication and Characterization of Small Molecule Organic Solar Cells written by Mulugeta Ayele Birhanu and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: With increasing price of natural gas and petroleum products and their environmental concerns, alternative energy sources are required i.e. renewable energy sources. Solar energy is the abundant form of renewable energy. In addition to that, the total amount of solar power that incident on earth for an hour can cover the world's annual electric power demand. Hence capturing even fraction of this abundant power source is vital. The technologies used to capture solar power are the photovoltaic systems which, through the photovoltaic effect in semiconductors in the solar cells comprising the system; convert the energy in the photons of the sunlight directly to electric power. The system with silicon solar cells has high production cost because of which it has been difficult for the system to be in to grid parity. The best alternative that attracted the attention of many researchers in the world is to use organic solar cells. Unlike their inorganic counterparts; the organic solar cells are easy and cheap to fabricate, light weighted, flexible, the semiconductors are tuneable with respect to their functions, colourful, can absorb light in cloudy days and semitransparent. The amount of semiconductor material required is very small (i.e. in 100nm). Because of these, even with half efficiency of inorganic ones can make them economical. The other advantage is that they can be used in areas where silicon solar cells haven't been used and properties like light weightiness, flexibility and colourfulness are required. This could be in the sports, agriculture, medical sector .... However, they have disadvantages: low efficiency and shorter life span due to degradation of the semiconductors. Some of the factors that determine performance of solar cell are the type of structure used for the active layer of the solar cell and its thickness. The two kinds of structures we used in the lab were the bi-layer and bulk-junction photoactive layer. The performance of the bulk-junction solar cells increase with thickness of the photoactive layer up to certain point due to high intimacy of contact between the donor and acceptor and from this point on wards the performance decreases as recombination starts to dominate the effect of the intimacy of contact. Comparison of the bi-layer and bulk-junction solar cells for certain thickness tells that the bi-layer has higher fill factor and open circuit voltage than the bulk-junction due to relatively low recombination and density of states. The efficiency of organic solar cells is increasing at higher rate recently as researches have been taking place even in big named companies. The degradation of the organic semiconductors is due to oxygen and water valour from air which can be avoided by encapsulation of the solar cells.
Book Synopsis Design, Synthesis, and Characterization of Small-molecule Materials for Organic Solar Cells by :
Download or read book Design, Synthesis, and Characterization of Small-molecule Materials for Organic Solar Cells written by and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Fabrication and Characterization of Organic Solar Cells by : Sri Krishna Domakonda
Download or read book Fabrication and Characterization of Organic Solar Cells written by Sri Krishna Domakonda and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 252 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Fabrication and Characterization of Bulk Heterojunction Organic Solar Cells by : Liang Wang
Download or read book Fabrication and Characterization of Bulk Heterojunction Organic Solar Cells written by Liang Wang and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 124 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Organic Solar Cells by : Pankaj Kumar
Download or read book Organic Solar Cells written by Pankaj Kumar and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2016-10-03 with total page 452 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book contains detailed information on the types, structure, fabrication, and characterization of organic solar cells (OSCs). It discusses processes to improve efficiencies and the prevention of degradation in OSCs. It compares the cost-effectiveness of OSCs to those based on crystalline silicon and discusses ways to make OSCs more economical. This book provides a practical guide for the fabrication, processing, and characterization of OSCs and paves the way for further development in OSC technology.
Book Synopsis Correlating structure and function in small molecule organic solar cells by means of scanning probe and electron microscopy by : Michael Scherer
Download or read book Correlating structure and function in small molecule organic solar cells by means of scanning probe and electron microscopy written by Michael Scherer and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2016-07-20 with total page 202 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this work nanoscale properties in active layers of small molecule organic solar cells are studied regarding their impact on device performance. For this, the effect of variations in stack design and process conditions is examined both electrically and with high resolution imaging techniques. Two topics are addressed: (i) the visualization of charge extraction/injection properties of solar cell contacts and (ii) the tailoring of structural properties of co-evaporated material blends for bulk heterojunction (BHJ) organic solar cells. (i) We study the impact of controlled contact manipulation on the internal electric potential distribution of fluorinated zincphtalocyanine (F4ZnPc)/fullerene (C60) organic solar cells under operating conditions. In a detailed analytical study using photoelectron spectroscopy and in-operando scanning Kelvin probe microscopy it is demonstrated that the electric field distribution of organic solar cells at the maximum power point depends in an overproportional manner on contact properties and ranges from bulk to contact dominated even for solar cells with decent device performance. (ii) The morphology of co-evaporated active layer blends depends on both substrate and substrate temperature. Here we study the morphology of F4ZnPc:C60 blends with analytical transmission electron microscopy. For all substrates used is found that co-evaporation of the materials at elevated substrate temperature (100° Cel) induces a distinct phase segregation of F4ZnPc and C60. However, only when using a C60 underlayer, as in inverted devices, also the crystallinity of the segregated C60 phase increases. There is only a slight increase in crystallinity when F4ZnPc acts as an underlayer, as typically for non-inverted devices. Solar cell characterization reveals that the crystalline C60 domains are the main driving force for enhanced free charge carrier generation and higher power conversion efficiencies. With this we could provide a novel explanation why record efficiencies of small molecule organic solar cells are realized in inverted device architecture only.
Book Synopsis Fabrication and Characterization of CuPc Based Organic Solar Cells by : Balaji Parthasarathy
Download or read book Fabrication and Characterization of CuPc Based Organic Solar Cells written by Balaji Parthasarathy and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Fabrication and Characterization of Organic Solar Cells by : Siti Winny Adya Maulidiani
Download or read book Fabrication and Characterization of Organic Solar Cells written by Siti Winny Adya Maulidiani and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: [ANGLÈS] Increasing total population in the world is leading to increase demand of energy. On the other hand, the availability of fossil fuels is limited. In order to solve the energy crisis, renewable energy especially energy solar photovoltaic have been developed. On the other hand, the commercial photovoltaic based on Silicon are expensive. Therefore, low cost organic solar cells have been researched. It has been a challenge to improve the performance of organic solar cell for commercialization purpose. In this project, the structure of organic solar cells is ITO/MoO3(3nm)/DBP:C70(1:1)(x nm)/BCP(8nm)/Al(150nm). The effect of bulk heterojunction layer thickness and degradation of bulk heterojunction have been studied. The thickness of bulk heterojunction can influence the performance of organic solar cells. Increasing the thickness of bulk heterojunction can increasing in efficiency, however, after some points, increasing the thickness will reduce the efficiency of organic solar cells. The best efficiency achieved in this project is 3.12% with 60 nm of thickness. Furthermore, the performance of organic solar cell was decreasing gradually in the period of time. It occurs because of contamination of oxygen and or water vapor. Consequently, the efficiency, fill factor, and short circuit current were declining gradually. Moreover, the mobility and life time of bulk heterojunction also was decreasing. On the other hand, the parallel resistance and the series resistance of bulk heterojunction organic solar cells were increasing in period of time.
Book Synopsis Organic Solar Cells by : Liming Ding
Download or read book Organic Solar Cells written by Liming Ding and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2022-02-09 with total page 988 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Organic Solar Cells A timely and singular resource on the latest advances in organic photovoltaics Organic photovoltaics are gaining widespread attention due to their solution processability, tunable electronic properties, low temperature manufacture, and cheap and light materials. Their wide range of potential applications may result in significant near-term commercialization of the technology. In Organic Solar Cells: Materials Design, Technology and Commercialization, renowned scientist Dr. Liming Ding delivers a comprehensive exploration of organic solar cells, including discussions of their key materials, mechanisms, molecular designs, stability features, and applications. The book presents the most state-of-the-art developments in the field alongside fulsome treatments of the commercialization potential of various organic solar cell technologies. The author also provides: Thorough introductions to fullerene acceptors, polymer donors, and non-fullerene small molecule acceptors Comprehensive explorations of p-type molecular photovoltaic materials and polymer-polymer solar cell materials, devices, and stability Practical discussions of electron donating ladder-type heteroacenes for photovoltaic applications In-depth examinations of chlorinated organic and single-component organic solar cells, as well as the morphological characterization and manipulation of organic solar cells Perfect for materials scientists, organic and solid-state chemists, and solid-state physicists, Organic Solar Cells: Materials Design, Technology and Commercialization will also earn a place in the libraries of surface chemists and physicists and electrical engineers.
Book Synopsis Characterization of Small Molecule Organic Solar Cells by Variable Light Intensity Measurements by : Luis Guillermo Gerling Sarabia
Download or read book Characterization of Small Molecule Organic Solar Cells by Variable Light Intensity Measurements written by Luis Guillermo Gerling Sarabia and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Fabrication and Characterization of Organic Solar Cells by : Emre Yengel
Download or read book Fabrication and Characterization of Organic Solar Cells written by Emre Yengel and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 81 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Bulk heterojunction organic solar cells have recently drawn tremendous attention because of their technological advantages for actualization of large-area and cost effective fabrication. Two important criteria of these cells are efficiency and cost. The research in this dissertation focuses on the enhancement of these criteria with two different approaches. In the first approach, power conversion efficiency of organic photovoltaic devices is enhanced by introducing Deoxyribonucleic acids DNA into the device structure. DNA provide exciting opportunities as templates in self assembled architectures and functionality in terms of optical and electronic properties. In the first method, we investigate the effects of DNA and metalized DNA sequences in polymer fullerene bulk-heterojunction (BHJ) solar cells. These effects are characterized via optical, quantum efficiency and current-voltage measurements. We demonstrate that by placing on the hole collection side of the active layer, DNA and Pt-DNA sequences lead to an increase in the power conversion efficiency (PCE) by %16 and %30, respectively. Furthermore, we studied the electrical charge characteristics of our DNA layer by using capacitance-voltage (C-V) measurements to explain the increase in hole collection which shows that spray coated DNA formed a negative layer which can increase the hole collection in the cathode side. In the second approach, device cost is tried to reduce by replacing the most expansive material, indium thin oxide (ITO) thin films, with graphene thin films. Large area graphene films were grown with chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method. It is observed that, its pristine form, the electrical and surface properties of these films are not sufficient enough for the organic photovoltaic applications. These properties are enhanced with a surface treatment of Argon (Ar) plasma and nitric acid bath. The results of these treatments show that the surface becomes hydrophilic and surface resistance can be decreased by %25. Then, it is demonstrated that the PCE of the graphene based solar cells can be reached up to one tenth of the ITO based devices. The research conducted in this dissertation offers promising potential of bulk heterojunction organic solar cells as a clean and affordable source of energy source in the near future.
Book Synopsis Pioneering the Fabrication and Characterization of Organic Solar Cell Devices at Mount Holyoke College by : Andrea Miranda
Download or read book Pioneering the Fabrication and Characterization of Organic Solar Cell Devices at Mount Holyoke College written by Andrea Miranda and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A solar cell is a device that converts light energy into electrical energy. Solar cells hold plenty of potential in becoming a more widely available source of electricity that makes economic sense. However, improvements in the materials and fabrication are necessary to increase accessibility and power conversion efficiency. Organic, or carbon-based materials, pose an interesting alternative to traditional silicon-based solar cells. An organic solar cell (OSC) composed of thin films deposited onto a glass or flexible polymer substrate could be the future of economically viable solar energy. In this thesis, we describe the fabrication of a type of organic solar cell, the polymer:fullerene bulk-heterojunction solar cells. This is the first attempt to fabricate a device in the Solar Cell Fabrication and Characterization Laboratory. We have replicated the OSC fabrication process outlined by the Yang Group (Shrotriya et al., 2006) with a goal of demonstrating a properly functioning solar cell competitive with state of the art devices. Fabrication of the OSC begins with deposition of an organic, hole-conducting film poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS). Next, the active layer composed of poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) (polythiophene) and [6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM, a fullerene derivative), is mixed in a 1:1 ratio and deposited from solution as one film. These two organic thin-films were deposited by spin-casting solutions of different concentration at different spin speeds to achieve varying thicknesses. Lastly, thermal evaporation was used to deposit the calcium and silver metal cathode. The thickness of various layers in the OSC sandwich structure was measured with an atomic force microscope. Film uniformity was determined with an optical microscope. The I-V characteristics were measured with a parameter analyzer. Because the thickness is a critical parameter in the optimization of device efficiency, we have determined the relationship between thickness and spin speed of the organic thin films. Our results indicate that we have successfully achieved, for the first time, on par with recent results in the literature, a fully functioning solar cell with I-V characteristics reaching those of the Yang group.
Book Synopsis Fabrication and Characterization of Inverted Type Organic Solar Cells with Nano-structure by :
Download or read book Fabrication and Characterization of Inverted Type Organic Solar Cells with Nano-structure written by and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 142 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Thin Film Solar Cells by : Jef Poortmans
Download or read book Thin Film Solar Cells written by Jef Poortmans and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2006-10-02 with total page 502 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Thin-film solar cells are either emerging or about to emerge from the research laboratory to become commercially available devices finding practical various applications. Currently no textbook outlining the basic theoretical background, methods of fabrication and applications currently exist. Thus, this book aims to present for the first time an in-depth overview of this topic covering a broad range of thin-film solar cell technologies including both organic and inorganic materials, presented in a systematic fashion, by the scientific leaders in the respective domains. It covers a broad range of related topics, from physical principles to design, fabrication, characterization, and applications of novel photovoltaic devices.
Book Synopsis Small-Molecule Semiconductors for High-Efficiency Organic Solar Cells by : Chuanlang Zhan
Download or read book Small-Molecule Semiconductors for High-Efficiency Organic Solar Cells written by Chuanlang Zhan and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2019-08-15 with total page 184 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Design, Fabrication, and Characterization of Polymer Based Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells with Enhanced Efficiencies by : Haiwei Lu
Download or read book Design, Fabrication, and Characterization of Polymer Based Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells with Enhanced Efficiencies written by Haiwei Lu and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 278 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Fabrication and Characterization of Organic Solar Cell Nanocomposite Materials by : Ruozhu Duan
Download or read book Fabrication and Characterization of Organic Solar Cell Nanocomposite Materials written by Ruozhu Duan and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 79 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Organic solar cells (OSCs) offer the advantages of low fabrication cost, light weight and flexibility. Current research in this field has focused on increasing the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of organic solar cells beyond 5%, as well as improving long term stability and further reducing the fabrication cost. Key issues related to OSC technology include improving the processes of dissociation of photo induced excitons (bound electron-hole pairs), reducing charge recombination and transport losses, and better utilization of the sunlight spectrum. This project represents an effort to assess the feasibility of a new type of Photovoltaics (PV) device structure, namely nanodipole photovoltaics, in the case organic semiconducting host materials. The basic principle of nanodipole PV is based on the idea that the electric field of nanoparticles with uncompensated electric dipoles, which are dispersed in a photoconductor host material, can be used to replace the built-in electric field of p-n or other junctions in conventional PV devices. Thus, nanodipole PV devices can be considered junctionless and they employ active media that are comprised of nanocomposite materials. As part of the project, a process for the fabrication of P3HT:PCBM bulk-heterojunction (BH) solar cell structures was developed, following published information on the topic. As a next step, processes for the fabrication of nanocomposites of P3HT and P3HT: PCBM with commercially acquired nanoparticles of ZnO and BaTiO3 were developed. Thin film of these nanocomposites with various nanoparticles loading levels were fabricated by spin coating on glass and conducting transparent glass substrates. Metal back contacts were deposited to form back contacts for electrical and PV characterization. The films were also characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and spectrophotometry and a study on external-voltage nanodipole alignment in P3HT: ZnO composites were performed. The main results from the project can be summarized in the following. Basic BH P3HT: PCBM device structures, fabricated as a result of this work, showed typical PCE values of 0.9% or slightly above, which is considered adequate for the purposes of this project and in view of equipment and other limitations faced. The introduction of BaTiO3 nanoparticles in P3HT: PCBM did not produce any changes or effects that can be interpreted in terms of nanodipoles electric field and nanodipole PV action. This was most likely due to the fact that the particles had cubic crystalline structure, which is non-ferroelectric and therefore the particles dipole moments were very weak or nonexistent. The introduction of ZnO in P3HT at a concentration that was low enough to guarantee that hybrid BH solar cell devices did not form (i.e., volume concentration of up to 5%), showed an effect in the PV current-voltage characteristics, which was attributed to the existence of nanodipoles and their field.
