External Reference Pricing And Parallel Imports Of Pharmaceuticals

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External Reference Pricing and Parallel Imports of Pharmaceuticals

Author : Foad Iravani
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (137 download)

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Book Synopsis External Reference Pricing and Parallel Imports of Pharmaceuticals by : Foad Iravani

Download or read book External Reference Pricing and Parallel Imports of Pharmaceuticals written by Foad Iravani and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Governments across the world constantly use a variety of measures to contain drug costs in order to increase patient access to critical medications. External Reference Pricing (ERP), or international price comparison, is a commonly employed policy to control prices of pharmaceuticals. ERP uses the price(s) of a medicinal product in one or several countries in order to derive a benchmark or reference price for the purposes of setting the price of the product in a given country. Despite potential drawbacks, empirical studies show ERP has been successful in reducing drug prices. Another strategy that can reduce drug prices is legalizing parallel imports of drugs from low-price countries. Motivated by the differences between government policies and the absence of national price management policies in the U.S., in this paper we compare the effects of implementing ERP or authorizing parallel imports on firm profit and different social welfare measures. We find that authorizing parallel imports can result in higher firm profit and/or social welfare than using ERP. We also examine, in a decentralized supply chain, two variations of ERP that are used in practice, the ex-factory-based ERP and the pharmacy purchase price (PPP)-based ERP. We show that despite the ex-factory-based ERP being more common, PPP-based ERP can increase both firm profits and social welfare. Therefore, governments should consider using PPP-based ERP policies. Our findings help generate insights for ongoing policy discussions around measures for controlling drug prices in the U.S.

Parallel Imports of Pharmaceuticals

Author : Cédric Julien Poget
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 3764385898
Total Pages : 158 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (643 download)

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Book Synopsis Parallel Imports of Pharmaceuticals by : Cédric Julien Poget

Download or read book Parallel Imports of Pharmaceuticals written by Cédric Julien Poget and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2007-12-20 with total page 158 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Parallel trade occurs if international price differences for identical products are high and a policy of regional or international exhaustion of the respective property right has been implemented in the high price country. The work by C. Poget analyses how parallel imports of pharmaceuticals are affecting end consumer prices and drug expenditures in three Scandinavian countries, Sweden, Denmark and Norway. Based on his observations he derives proposals for policy reforms in EU member countries and Switzerland.

WHO guideline on country pharmaceutical pricing policies

Author :
Publisher : World Health Organization
ISBN 13 : 9240011870
Total Pages : 70 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (4 download)

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Book Synopsis WHO guideline on country pharmaceutical pricing policies by :

Download or read book WHO guideline on country pharmaceutical pricing policies written by and published by World Health Organization. This book was released on 2020-09-29 with total page 70 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In recent years, high prices of pharmaceutical products have posed challenges in high- and low-income countries alike. In many instances, high prices of pharmaceutical products have led to significant financial hardship for individuals and negatively impacted on healthcare systems' ability to provide population-wide access to essential medicines. Pharmaceutical pricing policies need to be carefully planned, carried out, and regularly checked and revised according to changing conditions. Strong, well-thought-out policies can guide well-informed and balanced decisions to achieve affordable access to essential health products. This guideline replaces the 2015 WHO guideline on country pharmaceutical pricing policies, revised to reflect the growing body of literature since the last evidence review in 2010. This update also recognizes country experiences in managing the prices of pharmaceutical products.

How Do Drug Prices Respond to a Change from External to Internal Reference Pricing?

Author : Ulrich Kaiser
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 11 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (93 download)

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Book Synopsis How Do Drug Prices Respond to a Change from External to Internal Reference Pricing? by : Ulrich Kaiser

Download or read book How Do Drug Prices Respond to a Change from External to Internal Reference Pricing? written by Ulrich Kaiser and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 11 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

External Reference Pricing in Pharmaceutical Industry

Author : Francis Marete
Publisher : GRIN Verlag
ISBN 13 : 3656733600
Total Pages : 11 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (567 download)

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Book Synopsis External Reference Pricing in Pharmaceutical Industry by : Francis Marete

Download or read book External Reference Pricing in Pharmaceutical Industry written by Francis Marete and published by GRIN Verlag. This book was released on 2014-09-02 with total page 11 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Seminar paper from the year 2012 in the subject Business economics - Offline Marketing and Online Marketing, grade: B, Stanford University, language: English, abstract: In the marketing practice, marketers largely focus on four key elements that include the product itself, the price of the product, the place, or the location where the product or service is made available for the customers and the promotional activities that are geared towards creating awareness of the product and informing the target audience about its unique attributes. In all of the four marketing elements, it is only price, which is revenue generating and it plays a crucial role in ensuring that a particular product or service sales in large volumes thereby making a company more profitable. In the determination of price, various factors come into play and they include cost of producing the product or delivering the service, the economic condition of the target market, competition level in the market, the brand name of the product/ service, and the quality of the product/ service (Baines et al. 2013). Under competition, marketers tend to consider the price of other competing product/ service whilst setting the new price and this strategy is called external reference pricing. According to Trivedi (2002), the idea behind this pricing strategy is that the price should not be too high or low to the competing products/ services. In the pharmaceutical industry, external reference pricing, is commonly applied in order for the government to tame the prices of pharmaceutical products that are protected by intellectual property rights and even enable the pharmaceutical companies to benefit from a created monopoly arising from the patented drugs. This present study seeks to investigate the flaws of external reference pricing strategy in the pharmaceutical industry from the point of view of PainCeptor Pharma in Canada, and it will seek to provide a recommendation to the Canadian government on whether to continue using this strategy or not in the pricing of pharmaceutical products. The case of PainCeptor Pharma in Canada PainCeptor Pharma is a private Canadian company that specializes in the development of drugs that focus on treating pain by acting on the outside of the central nervous system on the noiceptors. This development strategy acts as a unique and competitive advantage for the company because its drugs focus on avoiding the already known side effects of existing central acting agents. [...]

Reference Pricing and Parallel Imports

Author : Laura Birg
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 21 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (13 download)

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Book Synopsis Reference Pricing and Parallel Imports by : Laura Birg

Download or read book Reference Pricing and Parallel Imports written by Laura Birg and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 21 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: I study the effect of reference pricing on competition by parallel imports, in particular the market share of parallel imports and the number of parallel traders. First, I analyze the effect of reference pricing on competition by parallel imports in a vertical differentiation model with a locally sourced version and a parallel import offered by n identical parallel traders. Second, I explore the effect of reference pricing on competition by parallel imports using a dataset with prescription drugs with competition from parallel imports. Both model and estimation results suggest that the introduction of reference pricing inrceases the market share of the parallel import and the number of parallel traders, while a decrease in the reference price decreases the market share of the parallel import and the number of parallel traders.

Pharmaceutical Pricing

Author : Kai Ruggeri
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 59 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (867 download)

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Book Synopsis Pharmaceutical Pricing by : Kai Ruggeri

Download or read book Pharmaceutical Pricing written by Kai Ruggeri and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 59 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: External reference pricing, or international price comparison, is a common strategy to control prices of pharmaceuticals that are protected by intellectual property rights and benefit from a legal monopoly (in-patent drugs). In the UK negotiations are under way that seek to define new arrangements for the pricing of branded (new) medicines from 2014. The pharmaceutical market in the UK only accounts for a small proportion of global sales; however, UK prices are important as many countries reference their prices against those in the UK. This report seeks to contribute to our understanding of approaches to pharmaceutical pricing in high-income countries and the role of reference pricing as a means to determining pharmaceutical prices. Reviewing experiences in Canada, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands and Spain, we find high variability of external reference pricing across different settings and of the relative importance of this approach in comparison with other pricing strategies. There was also considerable variation in the terminology and practices used, and understanding the complexities of countries included in reference baskets for external pricing requires considerable semantic clarification. There was considerable overlap between countries that cross-reference, and it remains challenging to estimate the direct, immediate impact on external reference baskets. This review suggests that the international impact of pricing changes in the UK is likely to be minimal or indirect, largely because of the diverse ways in which reference pricing is implemented in the countries examined.

Making Medicines Affordable

Author : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309468086
Total Pages : 235 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (94 download)

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Book Synopsis Making Medicines Affordable by : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine

Download or read book Making Medicines Affordable written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2018-03-01 with total page 235 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Thanks to remarkable advances in modern health care attributable to science, engineering, and medicine, it is now possible to cure or manage illnesses that were long deemed untreatable. At the same time, however, the United States is facing the vexing challenge of a seemingly uncontrolled rise in the cost of health care. Total medical expenditures are rapidly approaching 20 percent of the gross domestic product and are crowding out other priorities of national importance. The use of increasingly expensive prescription drugs is a significant part of this problem, making the cost of biopharmaceuticals a serious national concern with broad political implications. Especially with the highly visible and very large price increases for prescription drugs that have occurred in recent years, finding a way to make prescription medicinesâ€"and health care at largeâ€"more affordable for everyone has become a socioeconomic imperative. Affordability is a complex function of factors, including not just the prices of the drugs themselves, but also the details of an individual's insurance coverage and the number of medical conditions that an individual or family confronts. Therefore, any solution to the affordability issue will require considering all of these factors together. The current high and increasing costs of prescription drugsâ€"coupled with the broader trends in overall health care costsâ€"is unsustainable to society as a whole. Making Medicines Affordable examines patient access to affordable and effective therapies, with emphasis on drug pricing, inflation in the cost of drugs, and insurance design. This report explores structural and policy factors influencing drug pricing, drug access programs, the emerging role of comparative effectiveness assessments in payment policies, changing finances of medical practice with regard to drug costs and reimbursement, and measures to prevent drug shortages and foster continued innovation in drug development. It makes recommendations for policy actions that could address drug price trends, improve patient access to affordable and effective treatments, and encourage innovations that address significant needs in health care.

Frontiers in Health Policy Research

Author : David M. Cutler
Publisher : MIT Press
ISBN 13 : 9780262532662
Total Pages : 196 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (326 download)

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Book Synopsis Frontiers in Health Policy Research by : David M. Cutler

Download or read book Frontiers in Health Policy Research written by David M. Cutler and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 2004 with total page 196 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Leading economists discuss current health policy challenges, including prescription drugs benefits as a component of Medicare and conversion to for-profit health plans.

Pharmaceutical Parallel Trade in the UK

Author : Panos Kanavos
Publisher : Basic Civitas Books
ISBN 13 : 9781903386392
Total Pages : 86 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (863 download)

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Book Synopsis Pharmaceutical Parallel Trade in the UK by : Panos Kanavos

Download or read book Pharmaceutical Parallel Trade in the UK written by Panos Kanavos and published by Basic Civitas Books. This book was released on 2005-01-01 with total page 86 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

OECD Health Policy Studies Pharmaceutical Pricing Policies in a Global Market

Author : OECD
Publisher : OECD Publishing
ISBN 13 : 9264044159
Total Pages : 219 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (64 download)

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Book Synopsis OECD Health Policy Studies Pharmaceutical Pricing Policies in a Global Market by : OECD

Download or read book OECD Health Policy Studies Pharmaceutical Pricing Policies in a Global Market written by OECD and published by OECD Publishing. This book was released on 2008-09-24 with total page 219 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report assesses how pharmaceutical pricing and reimbursement policies have contributed to the achievement of certain health policy objectives, and it examines the national and transnational effects of these policies.

Studies on Competition and Antitrust Issues in the Pharmaceutical Industry

Author : Ann-Kathrin Lehnhausen
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3658165510
Total Pages : 95 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (581 download)

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Book Synopsis Studies on Competition and Antitrust Issues in the Pharmaceutical Industry by : Ann-Kathrin Lehnhausen

Download or read book Studies on Competition and Antitrust Issues in the Pharmaceutical Industry written by Ann-Kathrin Lehnhausen and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-11-14 with total page 95 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This publication examines how drug originator manufacturers manage to shield their products from competition. It characterizes the pharmaceutical industry in detail and analyzes actions that violate antitrust laws in the USA and/or the European Union. The publication examines, for example, pay-for-delay strategies, market foreclosure, resale price maintenance, but also mergers and acquisitions, while taking into account market specificities such as the unique research and development process. The study explains why drug prices sometimes remain at elevated levels even after the drug’s patent protection has expired. Knowing the characteristics of such anticompetitive strategies helps customers such as health insurance companies to develop effective counter-strategies.

Pricing of Prescription Drugs

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (469 download)

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Book Synopsis Pricing of Prescription Drugs by :

Download or read book Pricing of Prescription Drugs written by and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Pharmaceutical Prices in the 21st Century

Author : Zaheer-Ud-Din Babar
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319121693
Total Pages : 410 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (191 download)

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Book Synopsis Pharmaceutical Prices in the 21st Century by : Zaheer-Ud-Din Babar

Download or read book Pharmaceutical Prices in the 21st Century written by Zaheer-Ud-Din Babar and published by Springer. This book was released on 2014-12-05 with total page 410 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides an overview of the global pharmaceutical pricing policies. Medicines use is increasing globally with the increase in resistant microbes, emergence of new treatments, and because of awareness among consumers. This has resulted in increased drug expenditures globally. As the pharmaceutical market is expanding, a variety of pharmaceutical pricing strategies and policies have been employed by drug companies, state organizations and pharmaceutical pricing authorities.

Encyclopedia of Pharmacy Practice and Clinical Pharmacy

Author :
Publisher : Academic Press
ISBN 13 : 0128127368
Total Pages : 2370 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (281 download)

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Book Synopsis Encyclopedia of Pharmacy Practice and Clinical Pharmacy by :

Download or read book Encyclopedia of Pharmacy Practice and Clinical Pharmacy written by and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2019-06-28 with total page 2370 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Encyclopedia of Pharmacy Practice and Clinical Pharmacy, Three Volume Set covers definitions, concepts, methods, theories and applications of clinical pharmacy and pharmacy practice. It highlights why and how this field has a significant impact on healthcare. The work brings baseline knowledge, along with the latest, most cutting-edge research. In addition, new treatments, algorithms, standard treatment guidelines, and pharmacotherapies regarding diseases and disorders are also covered. The book's main focus lies on the pharmacy practice side, covering pharmacy practice research, pharmacovigilance, pharmacoeconomics, social and administrative pharmacy, public health pharmacy, pharmaceutical systems research, the future of pharmacy, and new interventional models of pharmaceutical care. By providing concise expositions on a broad range of topics, this book is an excellent resource for those seeking information beyond their specific areas of expertise. This outstanding reference is essential for anyone involved in the study of pharmacy practice. Provides a ‘one-stop’ resource for access to information written by world-leading scholars in the field Meticulously organized, with articles split into three clear sections, it is the ideal resource for students, researchers and professionals to find relevant information Contains concise and accessible chapters that are ideal as an authoritative introduction for non-specialists and readers from the undergraduate level upwards Includes multimedia options, such as hyperlinked references and further readings, cross-references and videos

A Practical Approach to Pharmaceutical Policy

Author : Andreas Seiter
Publisher : World Bank Publications
ISBN 13 : 0821383876
Total Pages : 240 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (213 download)

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Book Synopsis A Practical Approach to Pharmaceutical Policy by : Andreas Seiter

Download or read book A Practical Approach to Pharmaceutical Policy written by Andreas Seiter and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2010-06-17 with total page 240 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book offers policy makers a hands-on approach, tested in the World Bank’s field work in many countries, for developing policies that improve access to safe, effective medicines in health systems of low- and middle-income economies.

Research Handbook on Intellectual Property Exhaustion and Parallel Imports

Author : Irene Calboli
Publisher : Edward Elgar Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1783478713
Total Pages : 582 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (834 download)

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Book Synopsis Research Handbook on Intellectual Property Exhaustion and Parallel Imports by : Irene Calboli

Download or read book Research Handbook on Intellectual Property Exhaustion and Parallel Imports written by Irene Calboli and published by Edward Elgar Publishing. This book was released on 2016-06-24 with total page 582 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: From the Americas to the European Union, Asia-Pacific and Africa, countries around the world are facing increased pressure to clarify the application of intellectual property exhaustion. This wide-ranging Research Handbook explores the questions that pose themselves as a result. Should exhaustion apply at the national, regional, or international level? Should parallel imports be considered lawful imports? Should copyright, patent, and trademark laws follow the same regime? Should countries attempt to harmonize their approaches? To what extent should living matters and self-replicating technologies be subject to the principle of exhaustion? To what extent have the rise of digital goods and the “Internet of things” redefined the concept of exhaustion in cyberspace? The Handbook offers insights to the challenges surrounding these questions and highlights how one answer does not fit all.