Explorations Into Highland New Guinea 1930 1935

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Explorations Into Highland New Guinea, 1930-1935

Author : Michael J. Leahy
Publisher : University of Alabama Press
ISBN 13 : 0817304460
Total Pages : 272 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (173 download)

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Book Synopsis Explorations Into Highland New Guinea, 1930-1935 by : Michael J. Leahy

Download or read book Explorations Into Highland New Guinea, 1930-1935 written by Michael J. Leahy and published by University of Alabama Press. This book was released on 1991-08-30 with total page 272 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Explorations into Highland New Guinea, 1930-1935 is the diary of five years spent in hot pursuit--not of honor and glory, but of excitement and riches--by one such adventurer, Michael "Mick" Leahy, his brothers Jim and Pat, and friends Mick Dwyer and Jim Taylor.

A Distinctive Voice in the Antipodes

Author : Kirsty Gillespie
Publisher : ANU Press
ISBN 13 : 1760461121
Total Pages : 519 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (64 download)

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Book Synopsis A Distinctive Voice in the Antipodes by : Kirsty Gillespie

Download or read book A Distinctive Voice in the Antipodes written by Kirsty Gillespie and published by ANU Press. This book was released on 2017-07-17 with total page 519 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume of essays honours the life and work of Stephen A. Wild, one of Australia’s leading ethnomusicologists. Born in Western Australia, Wild studied at Indiana University in the USA before returning to Australia to pursue a lifelong career with Indigenous Australian music. As researcher, teacher, and administrator, Wild’s work has impacted generations of scholars around the world, leading him to be described as ‘a great facilitator and a scholar who serves humanity through music’ by Andrée Grau, Professor of the Anthropology of Dance at University of Roehampton, London. Focusing on the music of Aboriginal Australia and the Pacific Islands, and the concerns of archiving and academia, the essays within are authored by peers, colleagues, and former students of Wild. Most of the authors are members of the Study Group on Music and Dance of Oceania of the International Council for Traditional Music, an organisation that has also played an important role in Wild’s life and development as a scholar of international standing. Ranging in scope from the musicological to the anthropological—from technical musical analyses to observations of the sociocultural context of music—these essays reflect not only on the varied and cross-disciplinary nature of Wild’s work, but on the many facets of ethnomusicology today.

South Coast New Guinea Cultures

Author : Bruce M. Knauft
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 9780521429313
Total Pages : 316 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (293 download)

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Book Synopsis South Coast New Guinea Cultures by : Bruce M. Knauft

Download or read book South Coast New Guinea Cultures written by Bruce M. Knauft and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 1993-03-25 with total page 316 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The communities of south coast New Guinea were the subject of classic ethnographies, and fresh studies in recent decades have put these rich and complex cultures at the centre of anthropological debates. Flamboyant sexual practices, such as ritual homosexuality, have attracted particular interest. In the first general book on the region, Dr Knauft reaches striking new comparative conclusions through a careful ethnographic analysis of sexuality, the status of women, ritual and cosmology, political economy, and violence among the region's seven major language-culture areas. The findings suggest new Melanesian regional contrasts and provide for a general critique of the way regional comparisons are constructed in anthropology. Theories of practice and political economy as well as post-modern insights are drawn upon to provide a generative theory of indigenous social and symbolic development.

The World Until Yesterday

Author : Jared Diamond
Publisher : Penguin UK
ISBN 13 : 1846148154
Total Pages : 409 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (461 download)

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Book Synopsis The World Until Yesterday by : Jared Diamond

Download or read book The World Until Yesterday written by Jared Diamond and published by Penguin UK. This book was released on 2013-01-10 with total page 409 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: From the author of No.1 international bestseller Collapse, a mesmerizing portrait of the human past that offers profound lessons for how we can live today Visionary, prize-winning author Jared Diamond changed the way we think about the rise and fall of human civilizations with his previous international bestsellers Guns, Germs and Steel and Collapse. Now he returns with another epic - and groundbreaking - journey into our rapidly receding past. In The World Until Yesterday, Diamond reveals how traditional societies around the world offer an extraordinary window onto how our ancestors lived for the majority of human history - until virtually yesterday, in evolutionary terms - and provide unique, often overlooked insights into human nature. Drawing extensively on his decades working in the jungles of Papua New Guinea, Diamond explores how tribal societies approach essential human problems, from childrearing to conflict resolution to health, and discovers we have much to learn from traditional ways of life. He unearths remarkable findings - from the reason why modern afflictions like diabetes, obesity and Alzheimer's are virtually non-existent in tribal societies to the surprising benefits of multilingualism. Panoramic in scope and thrillingly original, The World Until Yesterday provides an enthralling first-hand picture of the human past that also suggests profound lessons for how to live well today. Jared Diamond is the Pulitzer Prize-winning author of the seminal million-copy-bestseller Guns, Germs, and Steel, which was named one of TIME's best non-fiction books of all time, and Collapse, a #1 international bestseller. A professor of geography at UCLA and noted polymath, Diamond's work has been influential in the fields of anthropology, biology, ornithology, ecology and history, among others.

Historical Dictionary of the Discovery and Exploration of the Pacific Islands

Author : Max Quanchi
Publisher : Scarecrow Press
ISBN 13 : 0810865289
Total Pages : 386 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (18 download)

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Book Synopsis Historical Dictionary of the Discovery and Exploration of the Pacific Islands by : Max Quanchi

Download or read book Historical Dictionary of the Discovery and Exploration of the Pacific Islands written by Max Quanchi and published by Scarecrow Press. This book was released on 2005-10-18 with total page 386 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The South Seas, as this region used to be called, conjured up images of adventure, belles and savages, romance and fabulous fortunes, but the long voyages of discovery and exploration of the vast Pacific Ocean were really an exercise in amazing logistics, navigation, hard grit, shipwreck and pure luck. The motivations were scientific and geographic, but at the same time nationalistic and materialistic. A series on global exploration and discovery would not be complete without this book by Quanchi and Robson. It is ambitious and informative and includes the familiar names of Laperouse, Bougainville, Cook and Dampier, as well as the intriguing stories of the Bounty Mutiny, scurvy, and the mysterious Northwest Passage, Terra Australis Ignotia and Davis Land. There are entries on first contacts, ships, navigational instruments, mapping, and botany. The scene is carefully set in the introduction, the chronology spans several centuries, and the extensive bibliography offers a guide to further reading. There are more than just dry facts in this book. It has a whiff of salt air, the clash of empires, cross-cultural beach encounters and personal adventure.

Steel to Stone

Author : Jeffrey Clark
Publisher : OUP Oxford
ISBN 13 : 0191543780
Total Pages : 218 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (915 download)

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Book Synopsis Steel to Stone by : Jeffrey Clark

Download or read book Steel to Stone written by Jeffrey Clark and published by OUP Oxford. This book was released on 2000-12-14 with total page 218 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this book the late Jeffrey Clark subjects the history of colonialism among the Wiru of Papua New Guinea to a fresh and subtle examination. He reflects upon his own fieldwork as an anthropologist as he scrutinizes the cultural construction of encounters and exchanges between New Guineans and Australians from the 1930s on. Colonized and colonizers alike are the focus of an analysis that draws upon theories of culture, temporality, discursive representation, and anthropology in the postcolonial era. Steel to Stone offers an original critique of several different theories and perspectives and, in its ensemble of frameworks, constitutes a highly innovative contribution to anthropological thinking about history and culture. Of especial interest is Clark's application, in a New Guinean context, of Foucault's analysis of `the way in which new regimes of power and knowledge are inscribed on the body'. The Wiru, faced with the impact of a colonizing culture, are shown to inscribe their own history on the body, and to read in it their understanding of particular events. Overall, Clark provides a compelling picture of a contemporary Melanesian culture, at the critical point at which the Wiru people are interpreting, invoking, and reinventing their history in the context of a developing nation state.

The Guardians

Author : Susan Pedersen
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0190226390
Total Pages : 416 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (92 download)

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Book Synopsis The Guardians by : Susan Pedersen

Download or read book The Guardians written by Susan Pedersen and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2015-04-29 with total page 416 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Winner of the Cundill Prize in Historical Literature Shortlisted for the Lionel Gelber Prize At the end of the First World War, the Paris Peace Conference saw a battle over the future of empire. The victorious allied powers wanted to annex the Ottoman territories and German colonies they had occupied; Woodrow Wilson and a groundswell of anti-imperialist activism stood in their way. France, Belgium, Japan and the British dominions reluctantly agreed to an Anglo-American proposal to hold and administer those allied conquests under "mandate" from the new League of Nations. In the end, fourteen mandated territories were set up across the Middle East, Africa and the Pacific. Against all odds, these disparate and far-flung territories became the site and the vehicle of global transformation. In this masterful history of the mandates system, Susan Pedersen illuminates the role the League of Nations played in creating the modern world. Tracing the system from its creation in 1920 until its demise in 1939, Pedersen examines its workings from the realm of international diplomacy; the viewpoints of the League's experts and officials; and the arena of local struggles within the territories themselves. Featuring a cast of larger-than-life figures, including Lord Lugard, King Faisal, Chaim Weizmann and Ralph Bunche, the narrative sweeps across the globe-from windswept scrublands along the Orange River to famine-blighted hilltops in Rwanda to Damascus under French bombardment-but always returns to Switzerland and the sometimes vicious battles over ideas of civilization, independence, economic relations, and sovereignty in the Geneva headquarters. As Pedersen shows, although the architects and officials of the mandates system always sought to uphold imperial authority, colonial nationalists, German revisionists, African-American intellectuals and others were able to use the platform Geneva offered to challenge their claims. Amid this cacophony, imperial statesmen began exploring new means - client states, economic concessions - of securing Western hegemony. In the end, the mandate system helped to create the world in which we now live. A riveting work of global history, The Guardians enables us to look back at the League with new eyes, and in doing so, appreciate how complex, multivalent, and consequential this first great experiment in internationalism really was.

Literature of Travel and Exploration

Author : Jennifer Speake
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1135456631
Total Pages : 2100 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (354 download)

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Book Synopsis Literature of Travel and Exploration by : Jennifer Speake

Download or read book Literature of Travel and Exploration written by Jennifer Speake and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2014-05-12 with total page 2100 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Containing more than 600 entries, this valuable resource presents all aspects of travel writing. There are entries on places and routes (Afghanistan, Black Sea, Egypt, Gobi Desert, Hawaii, Himalayas, Italy, Northwest Passage, Samarkand, Silk Route, Timbuktu), writers (Isabella Bird, Ibn Battuta, Bruce Chatwin, Gustave Flaubert, Mary Kingsley, Walter Ralegh, Wilfrid Thesiger), methods of transport and types of journey (balloon, camel, grand tour, hunting and big game expeditions, pilgrimage, space travel and exploration), genres (buccaneer narratives, guidebooks, New World chronicles, postcards), companies and societies (East India Company, Royal Geographical Society, Society of Dilettanti), and issues and themes (censorship, exile, orientalism, and tourism). For a full list of entries and contributors, a generous selection of sample entries, and more, visit the Literature of Travel and Exploration: An Encyclopedia website.

Notebooks from New Guinea

Author : Vojtech Novotny
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0199609640
Total Pages : 271 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (996 download)

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Book Synopsis Notebooks from New Guinea by : Vojtech Novotny

Download or read book Notebooks from New Guinea written by Vojtech Novotny and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2011-08-11 with total page 271 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Some of the world's most advanced work on biodiversity is being carried out deep in the jungles of Papua New Guinea by a team including local tribes-people. Novotny's entertaining, engaging, and unique diaries reflect on the wisdom of the ancient culture, bringing to life the people and the sometimes tragi-comic interactions between it and the West

Mathematics Education in a Neocolonial Country: The Case of Papua New Guinea

Author : Patricia Paraide
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3030909948
Total Pages : 503 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (39 download)

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Book Synopsis Mathematics Education in a Neocolonial Country: The Case of Papua New Guinea by : Patricia Paraide

Download or read book Mathematics Education in a Neocolonial Country: The Case of Papua New Guinea written by Patricia Paraide and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2023-01-10 with total page 503 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Most education research is undertaken in western developed countries. While some research from developing countries does make it into research journals from time to time, but these articles only emphasize the rarity of research in developing countries. The proposed book is unique in that it will cover education in Papua New Guinea over the millennia. Papua New Guinea’s multicultural society with relatively recent contact with Europe and the Middle East provides a cameo of the development of education in a country with both a colonial history and a coup-less transition to independence. Discussion will focus on specific areas of mathematics education that have been impacted by policies, research, circumstances and other influences, with particular emphasis on pressures on education in the last one and half centuries. This volume will be one of the few records of this kind in the education research literature as an in-depth record and critique of how school mathematics has been grown in Papua New Guinea from the late 1800s, and should be a useful addition to graduate programs mathematics education courses, history of mathematics, as well as the interdisciplinary fields of cross cultural studies, scholarship focusing on globalization and post / decolonialism, linguistics, educational administration and policy, technology education, teacher education, and gender studies.

Rethinking Global Governance

Author : Justin Jennings
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 1000872424
Total Pages : 168 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (8 download)

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Book Synopsis Rethinking Global Governance by : Justin Jennings

Download or read book Rethinking Global Governance written by Justin Jennings and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2023-05-09 with total page 168 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book argues that long-ignored, non-western political systems from the distant and more recent past can provide critical insights into improving global governance. These societies show how successful collection action can occur by dividing sovereignty, consensus building, power from below, and other mechanisms. For a better tomorrow, we need to free ourselves of the colonial constraints on our political imagination. A pandemic, war in Europe, and another year of climatic anomalies are among the many indications of the limits of global governance today. To meet these challenges, we must look far beyond the status quo to the thousands of successful mechanisms for collective action that have been cast aside a priori because they do not fit into Western traditions of how people should be organized. Coming from long past or still enduring societies often dismissed as “savages” and “primitives” until well into the twentieth century, the political systems in this book were often seen as too acephalous, compartmentalized, heterarchical, or anarchic to be of use. Yet as globalization makes international relations more chaotic, long-ignored governance alternatives may be better suited to today’s changing realities. Understanding how the Zulu, Trypillian, Alur, and other collectives worked might be humanity’s best hope for survival. This book will be of interest both to those seeking to apply archaeological and ethnographic data to issues of broad contemporary concern and to academics, politicians, policy makers, students, and the general public seeking possible alternatives to conventional thinking in global governance.

Alchemy in the Rain Forest

Author : Jerry K. Jacka
Publisher : Duke University Press
ISBN 13 : 082237501X
Total Pages : 296 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (223 download)

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Book Synopsis Alchemy in the Rain Forest by : Jerry K. Jacka

Download or read book Alchemy in the Rain Forest written by Jerry K. Jacka and published by Duke University Press. This book was released on 2015-10-19 with total page 296 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In Alchemy in the Rain Forest Jerry K. Jacka explores how the indigenous population of Papua New Guinea's highlands struggle to create meaningful lives in the midst of extreme social conflict and environmental degradation. Drawing on theories of political ecology, place, and ontology and using ethnographic, environmental, and historical data, Jacka presents a multilayered examination of the impacts large-scale commercial gold mining in the region has had on ecology and social relations. Despite the deadly interclan violence and widespread pollution brought on by mining, the uneven distribution of its financial benefits has led many Porgerans to call for further development. This desire for increased mining, Jacka points out, counters popular portrayals of indigenous people as innate conservationists who defend the environment from international neoliberal development. Jacka's examination of the ways Porgerans search for common ground between capitalist and indigenous ways of knowing and being points to the complexity and interconnectedness of land, indigenous knowledge, and the global economy in Porgera and beyond.

New Guinea

Author : Clive Moore
Publisher : University of Hawaii Press
ISBN 13 : 0824844130
Total Pages : 288 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (248 download)

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Book Synopsis New Guinea by : Clive Moore

Download or read book New Guinea written by Clive Moore and published by University of Hawaii Press. This book was released on 2003-07-31 with total page 288 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: New Guinea, the world's largest tropical island, is a land of great contrasts, ranging from small glaciers on its highest peaks to broad mangrove swamps in its lowlands and hundreds of smaller islands and coral atolls along its coasts. Divided between two nations, the island and its neighboring archipelagos form Indonesia’s Papua Province (or Irian Jaya) and the independent nation of Papua New Guinea, both former European colonies. Most books on New Guinea have been guided by these and other divisions, separating east from west, prehistoric from historic, precontact from postcontact, colonial from postcolonial. This is the first work to consider New Guinea and its 40,000-year history in its entirety. The volume opens with a look at the Melanesian region and argues that interlocking exchange systems and associated human interchanges are the "invisible government" through which New Guinea societies operate. Succeeding chapters review the history of encounters between outsiders and New Guinea's populations. They consider the history of Malay involvement with New Guinea over the past two thousand years, demonstrating the extent to which west New Guinea in particular was incorporated into Malay trading and raiding networks prior to Western contact. The impact of colonial rule, economic and social change, World War II, decolonization, and independence are discussed in the final chapter.

Globalization and Papua New Guinea: Ancient Wilderness, Paradise, Introduced Terror and Hell

Author : Falk Huettmann
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3031202627
Total Pages : 705 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (312 download)

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Book Synopsis Globalization and Papua New Guinea: Ancient Wilderness, Paradise, Introduced Terror and Hell by : Falk Huettmann

Download or read book Globalization and Papua New Guinea: Ancient Wilderness, Paradise, Introduced Terror and Hell written by Falk Huettmann and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2023-04-26 with total page 705 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book aims to present a reality view for Papua New Guinea based on many years of first-hand field work and research accounts. It further assesses sustainability in the light of 47,000 years of a self-sustained type of civilization without bad global impacts. This book contrasts the modern sustainable development failures from the colonial times onwards, as promoted by the ‘western world’, namely Australia, the UK, EU and the U.S as well as Japan and now, China, in times of globalization, Trump’ism and royal governance (Papua New Guinea is still part of the British Dominion and of the Antarctic Treaty etc). This assessment and book is the first of its kind also employing modern data analysis, Landscape Ecology principles (patterns and processes, telecoupling) and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) with Open Access data focusing on ecological economics, marxism, socialism and contrasting it with current capitalism and neoliberalism that Papua New Guinea is fully exposed to. Throughout the 31 book chapters various aspects are covered how a further insistence on the ‘new’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and so-called Development Aid will result in unwanted side effects and perverse outcomes for Papua New Guinea and for the world in times of wider ‘global change’ and unprecedented man-made crisis.

Photographing Papua

Author : Max Quanchi
Publisher : Cambridge Scholars Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1443806749
Total Pages : 370 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (438 download)

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Book Synopsis Photographing Papua by : Max Quanchi

Download or read book Photographing Papua written by Max Quanchi and published by Cambridge Scholars Publishing. This book was released on 2009-03-26 with total page 370 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Photographing Papua is a study of photography in the public domain in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. It argues that southeastern New Guinea, known as British New Guinea and then as Papua when it became an Australian colony, was created as a geographical place through visual representation in illustrated magazines and newspapers, lavishly illustrated travelogues and mission hagiography, serial encyclopedia, lantern slides and postcards. Readers :knew" Papua because many thousands of black and white photographs of Papuans, villages and material culture rapidly swamped the reading public once the process of halftone, newsprint reproduction became possible. In an innovative and breakthrough fashion Photographing Papua switches attention from a few well known prints in museums and archives, in some cases repeatedly reproduced, but mostly rarely seen outside of scientific and scholarly circles. It deals instead with thousands of photographs, often used in ways not intended when the photograph was taken, but which editors and publishers (and subsequent photographers) gradually made conform to an iconographic imperative, a sort of abbreviated visual gallery of "natives" and a quick-access pathway to the actual and imagined lives of Papuans in the "last Unknown" as New Guinea was titled. It is a study of representation, colonialism, cross-cultural encounters and the early world of illustrated media and photo-journalism.

Walking with Ghosts in Papua New Guinea

Author : Rick Antonson
Publisher : Simon and Schuster
ISBN 13 : 1510705686
Total Pages : 315 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (17 download)

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Book Synopsis Walking with Ghosts in Papua New Guinea by : Rick Antonson

Download or read book Walking with Ghosts in Papua New Guinea written by Rick Antonson and published by Simon and Schuster. This book was released on 2019-09-10 with total page 315 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Acclaimed travel writer Rick Antonson (Full Moon Over Noah’s Ark) tackles his most challenging adventure yet: a formidable trail through the remote jungles of Papua New Guinea. Rick Antonson has traveled to parts of the world that are not simply exotic but sometimes damned near inaccessible. He has climbed to the summit of Mount Ararat in eastern Turkey, traveling beyond to Iraq and Iran and Armenia. He has undertaken an improbable overland journey to the ancient city of Timbuktu, an enlightening look into efforts to preserve the city’s priceless manuscripts. Now he has traversed the notorious Kokoda Trail in Papua New Guinea, a country some call “the last wild place on earth.” The trail is a narrow, 60-mile footpath featuring rough jungle, 6,000 feet in elevation change, and punishing weather extremes. In a country unfairly locked in Western misperceptions, the track is inhospitable terrain yet home to hospitable indigenous peoples, who live among the rusting reminders of the Japanese, Australian, and American armies that clashed in some of the deadliest protracted combat of World War II. In Walking With Ghosts in Papua New Guinea, Antonson shares a journey of physical and mental endurance in his inimitable way, in the company of a mixed band of resolute adventurers, blending fascinating historical context with the tribulations of unexpected discoveries in faraway lands.

Oceanic Encounters

Author : Margaret Jolly
Publisher : ANU E Press
ISBN 13 : 1921536292
Total Pages : 364 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (215 download)

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Book Synopsis Oceanic Encounters by : Margaret Jolly

Download or read book Oceanic Encounters written by Margaret Jolly and published by ANU E Press. This book was released on 2009-07-01 with total page 364 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume, the result of ongoing collaborations between Australian and French anthropologists, historians and linguists, explores encounters between Pacific peoples and foreigners during the longue durée of European exploration, colonisation and settlement from the sixteenth century to the twentieth century. It deploys the concept of `encounter¿ rather than the more common idea of `first contact¿ for several reasons. Encounters with Europeans occurred in the context of extensive prior encounters and exchanges between Pacific peoples, manifest in the distribution of languages and objects and in patterns of human settlement and movement. The concept of encounter highlights the mutuality in such meetings of bodies and minds, whereby preconceptions from both sides were brought into confrontation, dialogue, mutual influence and ultimately mutual transformation. It stresses not so much prior visions of `strangers¿ or `others¿ but the contingencies in events of encounter and how senses other than vision were crucial in shaping reciprocal appraisals. But a stress on mutual meanings and interdependent agencies in such cross-cultural encounters should not occlude the tumultuous misunderstandings, political contests and extreme violence which also characterised Indigenous-European interactions over this period.