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Evaluating Transport And Attenuation Of Inorganic Contaminants In The Vadose Zone For Aqueous Waste Disposal Sites
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Book Synopsis Evaluating Transport and Attenuation of Inorganic Contaminants in the Vadose Zone for Aqueous Waste Disposal Sites by :
Download or read book Evaluating Transport and Attenuation of Inorganic Contaminants in the Vadose Zone for Aqueous Waste Disposal Sites written by and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 100 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An approach was developed for evaluating vadose zone transport and attenuation of aqueous wastes containing inorganic (non-volatile) contaminants that were disposed of at the land surface (i.e., directly to the ground in cribs, trenches, tile fields, etc.) and their effect on the underlying groundwater. The approach provides a structured method for estimating transport of contaminants through the vadose zone and the resulting temporal profile of groundwater contaminant concentrations. The intent of the approach is also to provide a means for presenting and explaining the results of the transport analysis in the context of the site-specific waste disposal conditions and site properties, including heterogeneities and other complexities. The document includes considerations related to identifying appropriate monitoring to verify the estimated contaminant transport and associated predictions of groundwater contaminant concentrations. While primarily intended for evaluating contaminant transport under natural attenuation conditions, the approach can also be applied to identify types of, and targets for, mitigation approaches in the vadose zone that would reduce the temporal profile of contaminant concentrations in groundwater, if needed.
Book Synopsis Remedy Evaluation Framework for Inorganic, Non-Volatile Contaminants in the Vadose Zone by :
Download or read book Remedy Evaluation Framework for Inorganic, Non-Volatile Contaminants in the Vadose Zone written by and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Contaminants in the vadose zone may act as a potential long-term source of groundwater contamination and need to be considered in remedy evaluations. In many cases, remediation decisions for the vadose zone will need to be made all or in part based on projected impacts to groundwater. Because there are significant natural attenuation processes inherent in vadose zone contaminant transport, remediation in the vadose zone to protect groundwater is functionally a combination of natural attenuation and use of other remediation techniques, as needed, to mitigate contaminant flux to groundwater. Attenuation processes include both hydrobiogeochemical processes that serve to retain contaminants within porous media and physical processes that mitigate the rate of water flux. In particular, the physical processes controlling fluid flow in the vadose zone are quite different and generally have a more significant attenuation impact on contaminant transport relative to those within the groundwater system. A remedy evaluation framework is presented herein that uses an adaptation of the established EPA Monitored Natural Attenuation (MNA) evaluation approach and a conceptual model based approach focused on identifying and quantifying features and processes that control contaminant flux through the vadose zone. A key concept for this framework is to recognize that MNA will comprise some portion of all remedies in the vadose zone. Thus, structuring evaluation of vadose zone waste sites to use an MNA-based approach provides information necessary to either select MNA as the remedy, if appropriate, or to quantify how much additional attenuation would need to be induced by a remedial action (e.g., technologies considered in a feasibility study) to augment the natural attenuation processes and meet groundwater protection goals.
Book Synopsis Monitored Natural Attenuation of Inorganic Contaminants in Ground Water by :
Download or read book Monitored Natural Attenuation of Inorganic Contaminants in Ground Water written by and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 124 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: V.3 ... consists of individual chapters that describe 1) the conceptual background for radionuclides, including tritium, radon, strontium, technetium, uranium, iodine, radium, thorium, cesium, plutonium-americium and 2) data requirements to be met during site characterization.
Book Synopsis The Scenarios Approach to Attenuation-Based Remedies for Inorganic and Radionuclide Contaminants by :
Download or read book The Scenarios Approach to Attenuation-Based Remedies for Inorganic and Radionuclide Contaminants written by and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Guidance materials based on use of conceptual model scenarios were developed to assist evaluation and implementation of attenuation-based remedies for groundwater and vadose zones contaminated with inorganic and radionuclide contaminants. The Scenarios approach is intended to complement the comprehensive information provided in the US EPA's Technical Protocol for Monitored Natural Attenuation (MNA) of Inorganic Contaminants by providing additional information on site conceptual models and extending the evaluation to consideration of Enhanced Attenuation approaches. The conceptual models incorporate the notion of reactive facies, defined as units with hydrogeochemical properties that are different from surrounding units and that react with contaminants in distinct ways. The conceptual models also incorporate consideration of biogeochemical gradients, defined as boundaries between different geochemical conditions that have been induced by waste disposal or other natural phenomena. Gradients can change over time when geochemical conditions from one area migrate into another, potentially affecting contaminant mobility. A recognition of gradients allows the attenuation-affecting conditions of a site to be projected into the future. The Scenarios approach provides a stepwise process to identify an appropriate category of conceptual model and refine it for a specific site. Scenario materials provide links to pertinent sections in the EPA technical protocol and present information about contaminant mobility and important controlling mechanism for attenuation-based remedies based on the categories of conceptual models.
Book Synopsis Monitored Natural Attenuation of Ino9rganic Contaminants Treatability Study Final Report by : K. Crapse
Download or read book Monitored Natural Attenuation of Ino9rganic Contaminants Treatability Study Final Report written by K. Crapse and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The identification and quantification of key natural attenuation processes for inorganic contaminants at D-Area is detailed herein. Two overarching goals of this evaluation of monitored natural attenuation (MNA) as a remediation strategy were (1) to better define the availability of inorganic contaminants as potential sources for transport to groundwater and uptake by environmental receptors and (2) to understand the site-specific mechanisms controlling attenuation of these inorganic contaminants through tandem geochemical and biological characterization. Data collected in this study provides input for more appropriate site groundwater transport models. Significant natural attenuation is occurring at D-Area as evidenced by relatively low aqueous concentrations of constituents of concern (COCs) (Be, Ni, U, and As) at all locations characterized and the decrease in groundwater concentrations with increasing distance from the source. The observed magnitude of decrease in groundwater concentrations of COCs with distance from the D-Area Coal Pile Runoff Basin (DCPRB) could not be accounted for by the modeled physical attenuation processes of dilution/dispersion. This additional attenuation, i.e., the observed difference between the groundwater concentrations of COCs and the modeled physical attenuation, is due to biogeochemical processes occurring at the D-Area. In tandem geochemical and microbiological characterization studies designed to evaluate the mechanisms contributing to natural attenuation, pH was the single parameter found to be most predictive of contaminant attenuation. The increasing pH with distance from the source is likely responsible for increased sorption of COCs to soil surfaces within the aquifer at D-Area. Importantly, because the sediments appear to have a high buffering capacity, the acid emanating from the DCPRB has been neutralized by the soil, and these conditions have led to large Kd values at the site. Two major types of soils are present at D-Area and were evaluated in this study: upland subsurface soils associated with a low pH/high sulfate/metals plume down-gradient of the D-Area Coal Pile Runoff Basin (DCPRB) and surface ash material discharged to the wetland from the D-Area Ash Basin (488-D). Sequential extraction studies were carried out to better define the availability of inorganic contaminant sources at D-Area.
Book Synopsis Accounting for Time-varying Vadose-zone Water Fluxes Caused by Infiltration Caps Using the MEPAS Transport, Exposure, and Risk Assessment Model by :
Download or read book Accounting for Time-varying Vadose-zone Water Fluxes Caused by Infiltration Caps Using the MEPAS Transport, Exposure, and Risk Assessment Model written by and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 14 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Multimedia Environmental Pollutant Assessment System (MEPAS) is an objective, scientific methodology to assess and prioritize hazardous chemical and radionuclide waste disposal sites based on a limited amount of site information. The vadose zone/groundwater transport module (RADCON) of MEPAS was enhanced to simulate scenarios where water-infiltration barriers (caps) have been emplaced over contaminated sites. The computer code was modified to accommodate three periods of constant water flux through the vadose zone (i.e., flux with no cap, fully functioning cap, and partially failed cap). The simulation results from test problems where the cap should have no effect essentially duplicated the simulation results from the same test problems evaluated with the earlier (baseline) version of RADCON (which requires a single constant value of water flux). Therefore, MEPAS assessments of baseline (no-cap) scenarios should be the same as they were when the baseline RADCON code was used as the vadose zone/groundwater transport module. As expected, simulations of preliminary test problems where the cap should have an effect showed that peak concentrations arrived at the receptor later and were reduced in magnitude compared to the no-cap case. Simple criteria were derived to indicate the degree to which results could be affected by violation of the assumptions of the conceptual model. However, even when assumptions are violated, errors on the nonconservative side that could occur as the cap fails should be offset by errors on the conservative side that would have already occurred as the cap was emplaced, resulting in simulations that are conservative overall.
Book Synopsis Handbook of Vadose Zone Characterization & Monitoring by : L. Gray Wilson
Download or read book Handbook of Vadose Zone Characterization & Monitoring written by L. Gray Wilson and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2018-05-02 with total page 786 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is written in a simple, straightforward manner without complicated mathematical derivatives. Compiled by experienced practitioners, this guide covers topics such as basic principles of vadose zone hydrology and prevalent monitoring techniques. Case studies present actual field experiences for the benefit of the reader. The Handbook provides practitioners with the information they need to fully understand the principles, advantages, and limitations of the monitoring techniques that are available. The Handbook of Vadose Zone Characterization & Monitoring expands and consolidates the useful and succint information contained in various ASTM documents, EPA manuals, and other similar texts on the subject, making it an invaluable aid to new practioners and a useful reference for seasoned veterans in the field.
Book Synopsis Understanding Fluid and Contaminant Movement in the Unsaturated Zone Using the INEEL Vadose Zone Monitoring System by :
Download or read book Understanding Fluid and Contaminant Movement in the Unsaturated Zone Using the INEEL Vadose Zone Monitoring System written by and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 13 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: DOE has hundreds of contaminated facilities and waste sites requiring cleanup and/or long-term monitoring. These contaminated sites reside in unsaturated soils (i.e. the vadose zone) above the water table. Some of these sites will require active remediation activities or removal while other sites will be placed under institutional controls. In either case, evaluating the effectiveness of the remediation strategy or institutional controls will require monitoring. Classical monitoring strategies implemented at RCRA/CERCLA sites require ground water sampling for 30 years following closure. The overall effectiveness of ground water sampling is diminished due to the fact that by the time you detect chemical transport from a waste site, a major contamination plume likely exists in the vadose zone and the aquifer. This paper suggests a more effective monitoring strategy through monitoring near the contaminant sites within the vadose zone. Vadose zone monitoring allows for quicker detection of potential contaminant transport. The INEEL Vadose Zone Monitoring System (VZMS) is becoming an accepted, cost effective monitoring technology for assessing contaminant transport at DOE facilities. This paper describes the technologies employed in the VZMS and describes how it was used at several DOE facilities. The INEEL VZMS has provided the information in developing and validating both conceptual and risk assessment models of contaminant transport at the Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory (INEEL), Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Savannah River Site (SRS) and the Hanford site. These DOE sites exhibit a broad range of meteorologic, hydrologic and geologic conditions representative of various common geologic environments. The VZMS is comprised of advanced tensiometers, water content sensors, temperature sensors and soil and gas samplers. These instruments are placed at multiple depths in boreholes and allows for the detection of water movement in the unsaturated zone and the sampling of the liquid and gas for subsequent chemical analysis.
Book Synopsis An Experimental Evaluation of Two Sharp Front Models for Vadose Zone Non-aqueous Phase Liquid Transport by :
Download or read book An Experimental Evaluation of Two Sharp Front Models for Vadose Zone Non-aqueous Phase Liquid Transport written by and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 185 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Monitoring in the Vadose Zone by : Lorne Graham Wilson
Download or read book Monitoring in the Vadose Zone written by Lorne Graham Wilson and published by . This book was released on 1980 with total page 188 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Vadose Zone Processes by : John S. Selker
Download or read book Vadose Zone Processes written by John S. Selker and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 1999-06-28 with total page 356 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Vadose Zone Processes provides a unified, up-to-date treatment on the movement of water through unsaturated media. In addition to covering the basic equations governing the flow and fate of water in unsaturated media, the text covers the biogeochemistry of vadose environments and the statistical description of vadose processes. The authors emphasize maintaining an intuitive understanding of how the results are derived and how they are appropriately applied. This comprehensive and important book will be useful not only to those in traditional fields such as civil engineering, geology, crop science, chemical engineering, agricultural engineering, and hydrology but also in the newer environmental engineering fields including containment transport, pollution remediation, and waste disposal.
Book Synopsis Inorganic Pollutants in Wastewater by : Inamuddin
Download or read book Inorganic Pollutants in Wastewater written by Inamuddin and published by Materials Research Forum LLC. This book was released on 2017-10-01 with total page 458 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book, 'Inorganic Pollutants in Wastewater: Methods of Analysis, Removal and Treatment' extensively investigates the most recent improvements in the area of inorganic pollutants analysis, removal and treatment of wastewater by utilizing different materials such as natural polymers, husks, graphene and carbon nanotube composites, fruit cortex etc. It covers photocatalysis, adsorption, desalination and electrochemical technologies used for the analysis and treatment of inorganic pollutants. Waste Water Treatment, Inorganic Pollutants, Natural Polymers, Husks, Graphene and Carbon Nanotube Composites, Fruit Cortex, Photocatalysis, Adsorption, Desalination, Electrochemical Technologies
Book Synopsis Experimental Evaluation of Pollutant Transport in the Vadose Zone by : S.M. Gupte
Download or read book Experimental Evaluation of Pollutant Transport in the Vadose Zone written by S.M. Gupte and published by . This book was released on 1989 with total page 15 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Predicting Fate and Transport of Contaminants in the Vadose Zone Using a Soil Screening Model by :
Download or read book Predicting Fate and Transport of Contaminants in the Vadose Zone Using a Soil Screening Model written by and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 5 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Soil Screening Levels (SSLs) are threshold concentrations below which there is no concern for the migration of residual soil contaminants to the aquifer above maximum contaminant levels (MCLs). At sites where contaminant concentrations exceed SSLs, further study maybe warranted under the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA). SSLs are based upon simplified fate and transport assumptions, but the guidance allows the flexibility to develop a detailed modeling approach that accounts for complex site variables such as degradation and thickness of the vadose zone. The distinct advantage of the detailed modeling is that individual sites may calculate a less restrictive, but still protective SSL. A Multi-Layer Vadose Zone Contaminant Migration Model [VZCOMML(C)] was developed at the Savannah River Site to allay the higher costs of detailed modeling and achieve a higher clean-up level. The software model is faster, simpler, and less expensive to us e than other commercially available codes.
Book Synopsis Evaluation of Vadose Zone Treatment Technologies to Immobilize Technetium-99 by : D. S. Kaback
Download or read book Evaluation of Vadose Zone Treatment Technologies to Immobilize Technetium-99 written by D. S. Kaback and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Technical Basis for Evaluating Surface Barriers to Protect Groundwater from Deep Vadose Zone Contamination by :
Download or read book Technical Basis for Evaluating Surface Barriers to Protect Groundwater from Deep Vadose Zone Contamination written by and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The U.S. DOE and its predecessors released nearly 2 trillion liters (450 billion gallons) of contaminated liquid into the vadose zone at the Hanford Site. Some of the contaminants currently reside in the deeper parts of the vadose zone where they are much less accessible to characterization, monitoring, and typical remediation activities. The DOE Richland Operations Office (DOE-RL) prepared a treatability test plan in 2008 to examine remediation options for addressing contaminants in the deep vadose zone; one of the technologies identified was surface barriers (also known as engineered barriers, covers, and caps). In the typical configuration, the contaminants are located relatively close to the surface, generally within 15 m, and thus they are close to the base of the surface barrier. The proximity of the surface barrier under these conditions yielded few concerns about the effectiveness of the barrier at depth, particularly for cases in which the contaminants were in a lined facility. At Hanford, however, some unlined sites have contaminants located well below depths of 15 m. The issue raised about these sites is the degree of effectiveness of a surface barrier in isolating contaminants in the deep vadose zone. Previous studies by Hanford Site and PNNL researchers suggest that surface barriers have the potential to provide a significant degree of isolation of deep vadose zone contaminants. The studies show that the actual degree of isolation is site-specific and depends on many factors, including recharge rates, barrier size, depth of contaminants, geohydrologic properties ofthe sediments, and the geochemical interactions between the contaminants and the sediments. After the DOE-RL treatability test plan was published, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory was contracted to review the information available to support surface barrier evaluation for the deep vadose zone, identify gaps in the information and outcomes necessary to fill the data gaps, and outline tasks to achieve those outcomes. Full understanding of contaminant behavior in the deep vadose zone is constrained by four key data gaps: limited access; limited data; limited time; and the lack of an accepted predictive capability for determining whether surface barriers can effectively isolate deep vadose zone contaminants. Activities designed to fill these data gaps need to have these outcomes: (1) common evaluation methodology that provides a clear, consistent, and defensible basis for evaluating groundwater impacts caused by placement of a surface barrier above deep vadose zone contamination; (2) deep vadose zone data that characterize the lithology, the spatial distribution of moisture and contaminants, the physical, chemical, and biological process that affect the mobility of each contaminant, and the impacts to the contaminants following placement of a surface barrier; (3) subsurface monitoring to provide subsurface characterization of initial conditions and changes that occur during and following remediation activities; and (4) field observations that span years to decades to validate the evaluation methodology. A set of six proposed tasks was identified to provide information needed to address the above outcomes. The proposed tasks are: (1) Evaluation Methodology - Develop common evaluation methodology that will provide a clear, consistent, and defensible basis for evaluating groundwater impacts caused by placement of a surface barrier above deep vadose zone contamination. (2) Case Studies - Conduct case studies to demonstrate the applicability ofthe common evaluation methodology and provide templates for subsequent use elsewhere. Three sites expected to have conditions that would yield valuable information and experience pertinent to deep vadose zone contamination were chosen to cover a range of conditions. The sites are BC Cribs and Trenches, U Plant Cribs, and the T Farm Interim Cover. (3) Subsurface Monitoring Technologies - Evaluate minimally invasive geophysical approaches for delineating subsurface plumes and monitoring their migration in the deep vadose zone. (4) Controlled Field Test at Sisson and Lu Site - Evaluate the ability ofthe model to predict long-term liquid, vapor, and chemical transport processes at a well-characterized site containing a plume of subsurface water and tracer remaining from injections in the early 1980s and 2000s. (5) Deep Vadose Zone Monitoring at T Farm - Demonstrate the ability of the geophysical sensors and the model to detect and predict long-term migration of liquid and vapor between the vadose zone beneath the infiltration area and the vadose zone protected by the interim cover. (6) Deep Vadose Zone Monitoring at the Prototype Hanford Barrier - Demonstrate the ability of geophysical sensors and the model to detect and predict the hydrologic conditions in the vadose zone beneath the Prototype Hanford Barrier 15 years after construction.
Book Synopsis Screening Level Model for Vadose Zone and Ground Water Transport Evaluation by : MD. Edlund
Download or read book Screening Level Model for Vadose Zone and Ground Water Transport Evaluation written by MD. Edlund and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 15 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper hypothesizes that equations used by numerous screening models to calculate ground water mixing zone depth are conceptually incorrect. The models incorrectly omit contaminated infiltration volumes in calculating the resulting aquifer contaminant mixing and concentrations. As a consequence dilution factor, DF, and site cleanup criteria are also calculated incorrectly. The paper proposes a conservative, yet more reliable, method of estimating dilution factor which takes into account mixing by a receptor point pumping well and downward contaminant displacement due to natural infiltration. Aquifer contaminant concentrations are calculated at the down-gradient edge of the vadose zone source's planar projection on the water table. Processes addressed include advection, degradation, sorption, and volatilization. Using a spreadsheet setup, model equations allow the user to quickly evaluate multiple modeling scenarios with varying source geometry, vadose zone thickness, and soil heterogeneity.
