Evaluating Climate Change Action for Sustainable Development

Download Evaluating Climate Change Action for Sustainable Development PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 331943702X
Total Pages : 355 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (194 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Evaluating Climate Change Action for Sustainable Development by : Juha I. Uitto

Download or read book Evaluating Climate Change Action for Sustainable Development written by Juha I. Uitto and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-01-11 with total page 355 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is open access under a Creative Commons license. This authoritative book presents the ever progressing state of the art in evaluating climate change strategies and action. It builds upon a selection of relevant and practical papers and presentations given at the 2nd International Conference on Evaluating Climate Change and Development held in Washington DC in 2014 and includes perspectives from independent evaluations of the major international organisations supporting climate action in developing countries, such as the Global Environment Facility. The first section of the book sets the stage and provides an overview of independent evaluations, carried out by multilateral development banks and development organisations. Important topics include how policies and organisations aim to achieve impact and how this is measured, whether climate change is mainstreamed into other development programs, and whether operations are meeting the urgency of climate change challenges. The following sections focus on evaluation of climate change projects and policies as they link to development, from the perspective of international organisations, NGO’s, multilateral and bilateral aid agencies, and academia. The authors share methodologies or approaches used to better understand problems and assess interventions, strategies and policies. They also share challenges encountered, what was done to solve these and lessons learned from evaluations. Collectively, the authors illustrate the importance of evaluation in providing evidence to guide policy change to informed decision-making.

Evaluating Climate Change Action for Sustainable Development

Download Evaluating Climate Change Action for Sustainable Development PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 9783319828893
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (288 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Evaluating Climate Change Action for Sustainable Development by : Juha I. Uitto

Download or read book Evaluating Climate Change Action for Sustainable Development written by Juha I. Uitto and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-07-13 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is open access under a Creative Commons license. This authoritative book presents the ever progressing state of the art in evaluating climate change strategies and action. It builds upon a selection of relevant and practical papers and presentations given at the 2nd International Conference on Evaluating Climate Change and Development held in Washington DC in 2014 and includes perspectives from independent evaluations of the major international organisations supporting climate action in developing countries, such as the Global Environment Facility. The first section of the book sets the stage and provides an overview of independent evaluations, carried out by multilateral development banks and development organisations. Important topics include how policies and organisations aim to achieve impact and how this is measured, whether climate change is mainstreamed into other development programs, and whether operations are meeting the urgency of climate change challenges. The following sections focus on evaluation of climate change projects and policies as they link to development, from the perspective of international organisations, NGO’s, multilateral and bilateral aid agencies, and academia. The authors share methodologies or approaches used to better understand problems and assess interventions, strategies and policies. They also share challenges encountered, what was done to solve these and lessons learned from evaluations. Collectively, the authors illustrate the importance of evaluation in providing evidence to guide policy change to informed decision-making.

Evaluating Climate Change Action for Sustainable Development

Download Evaluating Climate Change Action for Sustainable Development PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 9783319437019
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (37 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Evaluating Climate Change Action for Sustainable Development by : Juha I. Uitto

Download or read book Evaluating Climate Change Action for Sustainable Development written by Juha I. Uitto and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-01-18 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is open access under a Creative Commons license. This authoritative book presents the ever progressing state of the art in evaluating climate change strategies and action. It builds upon a selection of relevant and practical papers and presentations given at the 2nd International Conference on Evaluating Climate Change and Development held in Washington DC in 2014 and includes perspectives from independent evaluations of the major international organisations supporting climate action in developing countries, such as the Global Environment Facility. The first section of the book sets the stage and provides an overview of independent evaluations, carried out by multilateral development banks and development organisations. Important topics include how policies and organisations aim to achieve impact and how this is measured, whether climate change is mainstreamed into other development programs, and whether operations are meeting the urgency of climate change challenges. The following sections focus on evaluation of climate change projects and policies as they link to development, from the perspective of international organisations, NGO’s, multilateral and bilateral aid agencies, and academia. The authors share methodologies or approaches used to better understand problems and assess interventions, strategies and policies. They also share challenges encountered, what was done to solve these and lessons learned from evaluations. Collectively, the authors illustrate the importance of evaluation in providing evidence to guide policy change to informed decision-making.

Evaluating Climate Change and Development

Download Evaluating Climate Change and Development PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1351297945
Total Pages : 454 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (512 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Evaluating Climate Change and Development by : Osvaldo N. Feinstein

Download or read book Evaluating Climate Change and Development written by Osvaldo N. Feinstein and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2017-07-28 with total page 454 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Climate change has become one of the most important global issues of our time, with far-reaching natural, socio-economic, and political effects. To address climate change and development issues from the perspective of evaluation, an international conference was held in Alexandria, Egypt. This book distills the essence of that timely conference, building on the experiences of more than 400 reports and studies presented. Developing countries may be particularly vulnerable to the expected onslaught of higher temperatures, rising sea levels, changing waterfall patterns, and increasing natural disasters. All societies will have to reduce their vulnerability to these changes, and this book describes how vulnerabilities may be addressed in a systematic manner so that governments and local communities may better understand what is happening. Different approaches are also discussed, including the use of human security as a criterion for evaluation as well as ways to deal with risk and uncertainty. Evaluating Climate Change and Development presents a rich variety of methods to assess adaptation through monitoring and evaluation. The volume deals with climate change, development, and evaluation; challenges and lessons learned from evaluations; mitigation of climate change; adaptation to climate change; vulnerability, risks and climate change; and presents a concluding chapter on the road ahead. Collectively the authors offer a set of approaches and techniques for the monitoring and evaluation of climate change.

Advancing the Science of Climate Change

Download Advancing the Science of Climate Change PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309145880
Total Pages : 526 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Advancing the Science of Climate Change by : National Research Council

Download or read book Advancing the Science of Climate Change written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2011-01-10 with total page 526 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Climate change is occurring, is caused largely by human activities, and poses significant risks for-and in many cases is already affecting-a broad range of human and natural systems. The compelling case for these conclusions is provided in Advancing the Science of Climate Change, part of a congressionally requested suite of studies known as America's Climate Choices. While noting that there is always more to learn and that the scientific process is never closed, the book shows that hypotheses about climate change are supported by multiple lines of evidence and have stood firm in the face of serious debate and careful evaluation of alternative explanations. As decision makers respond to these risks, the nation's scientific enterprise can contribute through research that improves understanding of the causes and consequences of climate change and also is useful to decision makers at the local, regional, national, and international levels. The book identifies decisions being made in 12 sectors, ranging from agriculture to transportation, to identify decisions being made in response to climate change. Advancing the Science of Climate Change calls for a single federal entity or program to coordinate a national, multidisciplinary research effort aimed at improving both understanding and responses to climate change. Seven cross-cutting research themes are identified to support this scientific enterprise. In addition, leaders of federal climate research should redouble efforts to deploy a comprehensive climate observing system, improve climate models and other analytical tools, invest in human capital, and improve linkages between research and decisions by forming partnerships with action-oriented programs.

Transformational Change for People and the Planet

Download Transformational Change for People and the Planet PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3030788539
Total Pages : 295 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (37 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Transformational Change for People and the Planet by : Juha I. Uitto

Download or read book Transformational Change for People and the Planet written by Juha I. Uitto and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-01-13 with total page 295 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This Open Access book deals with the pressing question of how to achieve transformational change that reconciles development with environmental sustainability. It particularly focuses on the role of evaluation in finding sustainable solutions. Environment and development are closely interlinked, as are human health and ecosystem health. The pandemic that began in 2020 demonstrated in no uncertain terms how destruction of habitats has allowed hitherto unknown pathogens spill over to humans wreaking havoc on people’s lives and livelihoods. We are already seeing the impacts of global climate change in terms of heatwaves, forest fires and increased storms. The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) explicitly recognize the equal importance of the social, economic and environmental dimensions of development. In these turbulent times, when humankind faces multiple complex challenges it is essential to know that our responses are effective and that they make a positive difference. Evaluation can provide invaluable lessons to how we design policies, strategies and programs and how we allocate limited resources between competing priorities. This book brings together key thinkers and practitioners from the public and private sectors, from major multilateral organizations and from bilateral donor agencies, to present the latest knowledge and experience on how to evaluate interventions in the nexus of environment and development. The book does not promote any particular approach or methodology, but rather emphasizes the need for mixed methods to address the question at hand in the best and most suitable manner. It covers cases from a variety of fields, from climate change mitigation and adaptation, energy efficiency and renewable energy, natural resources management, biodiversity conservation and more. This book is not a conference proceedings although it has its roots in the Third International Conference on Evaluating Environment and Development organized by the GEF Independent Evaluation Office in October 2019. The conference brought together a larger number of established and upcoming evaluators, researchers and evaluation users from the Global North and South, representing a wide variety of organizations, to discuss the frontiers of environment and development evaluation. Following the conference, the editors identified and contacted the participants who made key contributions at the conference and asked them to develop their ideas and papers into book chapters according to a coherent plan.

Evaluating Environment in International Development

Download Evaluating Environment in International Development PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1317803248
Total Pages : 440 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (178 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Evaluating Environment in International Development by : Juha I. Uitto

Download or read book Evaluating Environment in International Development written by Juha I. Uitto and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2014-04-24 with total page 440 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: More than twenty years after the Earth Summit was held in Rio de Janeiro in 1992, both national and international actors in governmental and nongovernmental fields are still searching for insights into how sustainable development can be advanced and environmental concerns incorporated into the development agenda more effectively. Moreover, climate change has emerged as a preeminent challenge to both the environment and to development. Evaluating Environment in International Development provides international perspectives and in-depth knowledge of evaluating development and the environment and applies evaluation knowledge to climate change mitigation and adaptation. The book focuses on the approaches and experiences of leading international organizations, not-for-profits, and multilateral and bilateral aid agencies to illustrate how systematic evaluation is an essential tool for providing evidence for decision-makers. It provides novel and in-depth perspectives on evaluating environment and sustainability issues in developing countries. Moving beyond projects and programmes, it considers aspects such as evaluating normative work on the environment and evaluating environmental consequences of economic and social development efforts. This original collection should be of interest to scholars of environment studies, development studies, international relations, sustainable development and evaluation, as well as practitioners in international organizations and development and environmental NGOs.

Primer on Climate Change and Sustainable Development

Download Primer on Climate Change and Sustainable Development PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 9780521008884
Total Pages : 470 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (88 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Primer on Climate Change and Sustainable Development by : Mohan Munasinghe

Download or read book Primer on Climate Change and Sustainable Development written by Mohan Munasinghe and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2005-03-03 with total page 470 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Condensed, accessible review of latest state-of-the-art assessments of IPCC, within context of sustainable development.

Evaluating Climate Chanage Action Plans

Download Evaluating Climate Chanage Action Plans PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1461303419
Total Pages : 262 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (613 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Evaluating Climate Chanage Action Plans by : James C. White

Download or read book Evaluating Climate Chanage Action Plans written by James C. White and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 262 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The atmospheric scientists of the world are in general agreement that the threat of climate change is real, inevitable, and serious. The accumulation of greenhouse gases, principally CO from burning fossil fuels, is the main cause. 2 At the 1992 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development in Rio de Janeiro, 166 nations signed the Framework Convention on Climate Change and agreed to draw up plans to contain greenhouse gases at 1990 levels. Never in world history had so many nations agreed on anything. . Developing these plans has not been easy and no two countries have had the same circumstances and conditions to meet. Countries have not approached their problems in the same manner and many nations find the task almost impossible to solve under the ground rules set up in Rio. This volume contains the papers presented at a meeting organized by the Center for Environmental Information and held in Washington, D.C., November 30 to December 2, 1994. The principal aim of the meeting was to evaluate the U.S. and other national climate action plans which had been released a few weeks before. Specifically, these papers concentrate on an overview of the U.S. plan; the perspec tives of business, industry, electric utilities, and environmental organizations; mitigation actions in various plans; integrated assessment; an overview of plans from various nations; and the need to amend the convention. The meeting was sponsored and cosponsored by 35 governmental agencies, environ mental groups, industrial organizations, and educational institutions.

Loss and Damage from Climate Change

Download Loss and Damage from Climate Change PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319720260
Total Pages : 557 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (197 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Loss and Damage from Climate Change by : Reinhard Mechler

Download or read book Loss and Damage from Climate Change written by Reinhard Mechler and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-11-28 with total page 557 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides an authoritative insight on the Loss and Damage discourse by highlighting state-of-the-art research and policy linked to this discourse and articulating its multiple concepts, principles and methods. Written by leading researchers and practitioners, it identifies practical and evidence-based policy options to inform the discourse and climate negotiations. With climate-related risks on the rise and impacts being felt around the globe has come the recognition that climate mitigation and adaptation may not be enough to manage the effects from anthropogenic climate change. This recognition led to the creation of the Warsaw International Mechanism on Loss and Damage in 2013, a climate policy mechanism dedicated to dealing with climate-related effects in highly vulnerable countries that face severe constraints and limits to adaptation. Endorsed in 2015 by the Paris Agreement and effectively considered a third pillar of international climate policy, debate and research on Loss and Damage continues to gain enormous traction. Yet, concepts, methods and tools as well as directions for policy and implementation have remained contested and vague. Suitable for researchers, policy-advisors, practitioners and the interested public, the book furthermore: • discusses the political, legal, economic and institutional dimensions of the issue• highlights normative questions central to the discourse • provides a focus on climate risks and climate risk management. • presents salient case studies from around the world.

Assessing the Costs of Climate Change and Adaptation in South Asia

Download Assessing the Costs of Climate Change and Adaptation in South Asia PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Asian Development Bank
ISBN 13 : 9292545116
Total Pages : 229 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (925 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Assessing the Costs of Climate Change and Adaptation in South Asia by : Asian Development Bank

Download or read book Assessing the Costs of Climate Change and Adaptation in South Asia written by Asian Development Bank and published by Asian Development Bank. This book was released on 2014-06-01 with total page 229 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report synthesizes the results of country and sector studies on the economic costs and benefits of unilateral and regional actions on climate change in the Asian Development Bank's six South Asia developing members, namely Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, the Maldives, Nepal, and Sri Lanka. The study takes into account the different scenarios and impacts projected across vulnerable sectors and estimates the total economic loss throughout the 21st century and amount of funding required for adaptation measures to avert such potential losses. It is envisioned to strengthen decision-making capacities and improve understanding of the economics of climate change for the countries in South Asia.

Evaluating Climate Change and Development

Download Evaluating Climate Change and Development PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781351297967
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (979 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Evaluating Climate Change and Development by : Osvaldo N. Feinstein

Download or read book Evaluating Climate Change and Development written by Osvaldo N. Feinstein and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Climate change has become one of the most important global issues of our time, with far-reaching natural, socio-economic, and political effects. To address climate change and development issues from the perspective of evaluation, an international conference was held in Alexandria, Egypt. This book distills the essence of that timely conference, building on the experiences of more than 400 reports and studies presented.Developing countries may be particularly vulnerable to the expected onslaught of higher temperatures, rising sea levels, changing waterfall patterns, and increasing natural disasters. All societies will have to reduce their vulnerability to these changes, and this book describes how vulnerabilities may be addressed in a systematic manner so that governments and local communities may better understand what is happening. Different approaches are also discussed, including the use of human security as a criterion for evaluation as well as ways to deal with risk and uncertainty. Evaluating Climate Change and Development presents a rich variety of methods to assess adaptation through monitoring and evaluation.The volume deals with climate change, development, and evaluation; challenges and lessons learned from evaluations; mitigation of climate change; adaptation to climate change; vulnerability, risks and climate change; and presents a concluding chapter on the road ahead. Collectively the authors offer a set of approaches and techniques for the monitoring and evaluation of climate change."--Provided by publisher.

Climate Change and Cities

Download Climate Change and Cities PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 1316603334
Total Pages : 855 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (166 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Climate Change and Cities by : Cynthia Rosenzweig

Download or read book Climate Change and Cities written by Cynthia Rosenzweig and published by . This book was released on 2018-03-29 with total page 855 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Climate Change and Cities bridges science-to-action for climate change adaptation and mitigation efforts in cities around the world.

Getting climate ready

Download Getting climate ready PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : UNESCO Publishing
ISBN 13 : 9231001930
Total Pages : 23 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (31 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Getting climate ready by : Gibb, Natalie

Download or read book Getting climate ready written by Gibb, Natalie and published by UNESCO Publishing. This book was released on 2016-12-31 with total page 23 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Climate Change and Development

Download Climate Change and Development PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1136739149
Total Pages : 392 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (367 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Climate Change and Development by : Thomas Tanner

Download or read book Climate Change and Development written by Thomas Tanner and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2014-01-10 with total page 392 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The evidence for human-induced climate change is now overwhelming, the brunt of its impacts is already being felt by poor people, and the case for urgent action is compelling. This book addresses the two greatest challenges of our time – averting catastrophic climate change and eradicating poverty – and the close interconnections between them. Climate Change and Development provides a comprehensive and multi-disciplinary foundation for understanding the complex and tangled relationship between development and climate change. It argues that transformational approaches are required in order to reconcile poverty reduction and climate protection and secure sustained prosperity in the twenty first century. Section One provides the building blocks for understanding climate science and the nexus between climate and development. Section Two outlines responses to climate change from the perspective of developing countries, with chapters on international agreements, climate change mitigation and adaptation, and climate finance. Each chapter offers analytical tools for evaluating responses, enabling readers to ask smart questions about the climate change and development nexus as policy and action evolve in the coming years. The last three chapters of the book, contained in Section Three, are forward looking and focus on why and how development must be re-framed to deliver more equitable and sustainable outcomes. This section sets out different critiques of ‘development-as-usual’ and explores alternative paradigms of development in a warming and resource-constrained world. This is an invaluable and clearly written text that uses real world examples to bring to life perspectives from across different disciplines. It also contains chapter learning outcomes, and end of chapter summaries, discussion questions, and suggestions for further reading and relevant websites. The text is suitable for both undergraduate and postgraduate students, as well as those working in international development contexts who wish to get to grips with this pressing global challenge.

Interdisciplinary Approaches to Climate Change for Sustainable Growth

Download Interdisciplinary Approaches to Climate Change for Sustainable Growth PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3030875644
Total Pages : 375 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (38 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Interdisciplinary Approaches to Climate Change for Sustainable Growth by : Sara Valaguzza

Download or read book Interdisciplinary Approaches to Climate Change for Sustainable Growth written by Sara Valaguzza and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-02-19 with total page 375 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book is an edited collection of contributions by a distinguished international panel of academics on the main scientific, juridical, and economic aspects involved in the mitigation and adaptation processes imposed by climate change. Explicitly interdisciplinary, the book transversally cuts through different disciplines offering an outline of a phenomenon that is too often left to specific and sectorial insights. The volume is divided into four parts. The first part introduces the main concepts of the book: climate change and sustainability, wellbeing, and mitigation and adaptation. The second part presents the scientific understanding of climate change and explores some of the more pressing issues driving policy development, such as the melting of the glaciers and the impact on coastal areas. The third part discusses significant experiences in the environmental policies both in the European Union and in the United States of America. The last section explains possible approaches to climate change, by exploring the legal and economic aspects of both adversarial and more lenient approaches towards a more sustainable world. It faces four main issues in the economic and juridical context: consumer behaviors, climate litigations, environmental litigations and the alternative forms of dispute resolution on environmental matters, with particular regard to environmental mediation. Offering a new vision of sustainable policies, this volume will be of interest to researchers and students of environmental policy, resource economics, environmental law, sustainable development, and public administration, as well as practitioners and policy makers working in related areas.

Managing Adaptation to Climate Risk

Download Managing Adaptation to Climate Risk PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1136866817
Total Pages : 256 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (368 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Managing Adaptation to Climate Risk by : Geoff O'Brien

Download or read book Managing Adaptation to Climate Risk written by Geoff O'Brien and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2013-07-24 with total page 256 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Climate change is the single largest threat to the attainment of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and sustainable development. Addressing climate risk is a challenge for all. This book calls for greater collaboration between climate communities and disaster development communities. In discussing this, the book will evaluate the approaches used by each community to reduce the adverse effects of climate change. One area that offers some promise for bringing together these communities is through the concept of resilience. This term is increasingly used in each community to describe a process that embeds capacity to respond to and cope with disruptive events. This emphasizes an approach that is more focused on pre-event planning and using strategies to build resilience to hazards in an adaptation framework. The book will conclude by evaluating the scope for a holistic approach where these communities can effectively contribute to building communities that are resilient to climate driven risks.