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Evaluating And Augmenting Fuel Saving Benefits Obtained In Aircraft Formation Flight
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Book Synopsis Evaluating and Augmenting Fuel-saving Benefits Obtained in Aircraft Formation Flight by : Wendy Awele Okolo
Download or read book Evaluating and Augmenting Fuel-saving Benefits Obtained in Aircraft Formation Flight written by Wendy Awele Okolo and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 235 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: When an aircraft flies, it generates wake vortices, which induce a non-uniform wind distribution in its wake. A trail aircraft, placed in the wake of a lead's aircraft vortices experiences this non-uniform wind distribution with varying directions and magnitudes, depending on the location within the wake. It has been demonstrated that there is a "sweet spot" within the wake of a leader in which a trail can experience upwash which leads to reduced drag. Through this mechanism, aircraft can save significant amounts of fuel by flying at the sweet spot of the lead aircraft's wake. This dissertation provides two metrics of obtaining the sweet spot and evaluating the benefits to the trail aircraft at the sweet spot: a static and a dynamic study. The static study, similar to wind tunnel tests in which aircraft are statically placed in formation without trimming, investigates the induced aerodynamic forces and moments on the trail aircraft as it varies its position within the wake of the lead aircraft, and assigns the relative location of maximum lift-to-drag ratio as the static sweet spot. The dynamic study, similar to flight tests which account for trim, analyzes the control surface deflection and thrusts for the trail aircraft as it varies its position within the lead's wake and assigns the location of minimum thrust as the dynamic sweet spot. The static and dynamic analyses are applied to aircraft formations with different relative sizes and varying configurations of trail aircraft such as a flying-wing and a conventional aircraft. Results indicate that sweet spot locations and associated bene ts are dependent on the weight of the leader and the relative sizes of the aircraft pair in the formation. This dissertation then augments the fuel-savings by investigating alternate lateral trimming methods to reduce the need for drag-inducing control effector deflections required at the static sweet spot. Internal fuel transfer and differential thrusting are employed to increase the thrust saved at the static sweet spot, making it comparable to the dynamic sweet spot. Formation simulations of extended durations are also studied to understand the impact of significant weight variations in the leader on the formation benefits. In longduration flights, the lead and trail aircraft weights decrease due to fuel burn. Since the upwash generated by the leader decreases with lift and weight as fuel is burned, the magnitudes of the non-uniform wind induced and thus bene ts for the trail decrease. This decrease is investigated for a 6.5-hour formation simulation. Although there is a reduction in the benefits with time, the overall benefits of flying in formation is significant enough to motivate formations of such long durations. Finally, the feasibility of formation flying is also considered from a perspective of comfort levels for passengers or aircrew in the trail aircraft. Using international standards for likely reactions of a person subjected to discomforts characterized by vibrations, it is shown that there is no additional detrimental degradation of comfort levels for a person onboard a trail aircraft in formation as compared to a solo flight.
Book Synopsis Fuel Economy in Aviation by : Jeffrey L. Ethell
Download or read book Fuel Economy in Aviation written by Jeffrey L. Ethell and published by . This book was released on 1983 with total page 132 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Aircraft Drag Reduction Through Extended Formation Flight by : Simeon Andrew Ning
Download or read book Aircraft Drag Reduction Through Extended Formation Flight written by Simeon Andrew Ning and published by Stanford University. This book was released on 2011 with total page 146 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Formation flight has the potential to significantly reduce the fuel consumption of long range flights, even with existing aircraft. This research explores a safer approach to formation flying of transport aircraft, which we term extended formation flight. Extended formations take advantage of the persistence of cruise wakes and extend the streamwise separation between the aircraft by at least five wingspans. Classical aerodynamic theory suggests that the total induced drag of the formation should not change as the streamwise separation is increased, but the large separation distances of extended formation flight violate the simple assumptions of these theorems. At large distances, considerations such as wake rollup, atmospheric effects on circulation decay, and vortex motion become important to consider. We first examine the wake rollup process in the context of extended formations and develop an appropriate physics-based model. Using this model, this dissertation addresses three aspects of formation flight: longitudinally extended formations, compressibility effects, and formations of heterogeneous aircraft. Uncertainty analysis is used to investigate the induced drag savings of extended formations in the presence of variation in atmospheric properties, limitations of positioning accuracy, and uncertainty in model parameters. Next, the methodology is integrated with an Euler solver to assess the impact of compressibility while flying in formation. Finally, we examine the important considerations for optimally arranging formations of non-identical aircraft.
Author :National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Publisher :Createspace Independent Publishing Platform ISBN 13 :9781720521105 Total Pages :36 pages Book Rating :4.5/5 (211 download)
Book Synopsis F/a-18 Performance Benefits Measured During the Autonomous Formation Flight Project by : National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
Download or read book F/a-18 Performance Benefits Measured During the Autonomous Formation Flight Project written by National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and published by Createspace Independent Publishing Platform. This book was released on 2018-05-31 with total page 36 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Autonomous Formation Flight (AFF) project at the NASA Dryden Flight Research Center (Edwards, California) investigated performance benefits resulting from formation flight, such as reduced aerodynamic drag and fuel consumption. To obtain data on performance benefits, a trailing F/A-18 airplane flew within the wing tip-shed vortex of a leading F/A-18 airplane. The pilot of the trail airplane used advanced station-keeping technology to aid in positioning the trail airplane at precise locations behind the lead airplane. The specially instrumented trail airplane was able to obtain accurate fuel flow measurements and to calculate engine thrust and vehicle drag. A maneuver technique developed for this test provided a direct comparison of performance values while flying in and out of the vortex. Based on performance within the vortex as a function of changes in vertical, lateral, and longitudinal positioning, these tests explored design-drivers for autonomous stationkeeping control systems. Observations showed significant performance improvements over a large range of trail positions tested. Calculations revealed maximum drag reductions of over 20 percent, and demonstrated maximum reductions in fuel flow of just over 18 percent.Vachon, M. Jake and Ray, Ronald J. and Walsh, Kevin R. and Ennix, KimberlyArmstrong Flight Research CenterAUTONOMY; FORMATION FLYING; FLIGHT TESTS; F-18 AIRCRAFT; AIRCRAFT PERFORMANCE; MATHEMATICAL MODELS; AERODYNAMIC DRAG; FUEL CONSUMPTION; DRAG REDUCTION; FUEL FLOW; THRUST; FLIGHT CONDITIONS; AIRCRAFT MANEUVERS; VORTICES
Author :National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Publisher :Createspace Independent Publishing Platform ISBN 13 :9781722239824 Total Pages :32 pages Book Rating :4.2/5 (398 download)
Book Synopsis Flight Evaluation of an Extended Engine Life Mode on an F-15 Airplane by : National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
Download or read book Flight Evaluation of an Extended Engine Life Mode on an F-15 Airplane written by National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and published by Createspace Independent Publishing Platform. This book was released on 2018-07-03 with total page 32 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An integrated flight and propulsion control system designed to reduce the rate of engine deterioration was developed and evaluated in flight on the NASA Dryden F-15 research aircraft. The extended engine life mode increases engine pressure ratio while reducing engine airflow to lower the turbine temperature at constant thrust. The engine pressure ratio uptrim is modulated in real time based on airplane maneuver requirements, flight conditions, and engine information. The extended engine life mode logic performed well, significantly reducing turbine operating temperature. Reductions in fan turbine inlet temperature of up to 80 F were obtained at intermediate power and up to 170 F at maximum augmented power with no appreciable loss in thrust. A secondary benefit was the considerable reduction in thrust-specific fuel consumption. The success of the extended engine life mode is one example of the advantages gained from integrating aircraft flight and propulsion control systems. Myers, Lawrence P. and Conners, Timothy R. Armstrong Flight Research Center RTOP 533-02-36...
Book Synopsis An evaluation of the operational capabilities and fuel conservation implications of using remotely piloted vehicles, advanced aircraft flight simulators, and lighter-than-air aircraft by :
Download or read book An evaluation of the operational capabilities and fuel conservation implications of using remotely piloted vehicles, advanced aircraft flight simulators, and lighter-than-air aircraft written by and published by . This book was released on 1975 with total page 148 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As early as 1950, the current world fuel energy crisis was predicted to occur. However, the warnings went unheeded until the oil embargo was initiated in 1973. Due to the resulting high cost and limited availability, the petroleum users of the world have attempted measures to conserve the use of fuel. In the United States, the Federal Government, specifically the Department of Defense, has implemented various measures and studies to reduce fuel consumption. This thesis researched literature in three areas--remotely piloted vehicles, advanced aircraft simulators, and lighter-than-air aircraft--to explore their operational capabilities and to evaluate any fuel energy benefits that may be derived from their use. The thesis concludes that remotely piloted vehicles and advanced aircraft flight simulators can be utilized to meet various operational requirements while reducing fuel consumption. However, lighter-than-air aircraft designs do not currently possess the technology needed to accomplish operational requirements while reducing fuel consumption.
Book Synopsis Introduction to Aircraft Flight Mechanics by : Thomas R. Yechout
Download or read book Introduction to Aircraft Flight Mechanics written by Thomas R. Yechout and published by AIAA. This book was released on 2003 with total page 666 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Based on a 15-year successful approach to teaching aircraft flight mechanics at the US Air Force Academy, this text explains the concepts and derivations of equations for aircraft flight mechanics. It covers aircraft performance, static stability, aircraft dynamics stability and feedback control.
Book Synopsis Evaluation of an Aircraft Concept With Over-Wing, Hydrogen-Fueled Engines for Reduced Noise and Emissions by : Mark D. Guynn
Download or read book Evaluation of an Aircraft Concept With Over-Wing, Hydrogen-Fueled Engines for Reduced Noise and Emissions written by Mark D. Guynn and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 40 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis AIAA Journal by : American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics
Download or read book AIAA Journal written by American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 1184 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Aeronautical Engineering written by and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 290 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A selection of annotated references to unclassified reports and journal articles that were introduced into the NASA scientific and technical information system and announced in Scientific and technical aerospace reports (STAR) and International aerospace abstracts (IAA).
Book Synopsis Securing the Future of U.S. Air Transportation by : National Research Council
Download or read book Securing the Future of U.S. Air Transportation written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2003-12-18 with total page 92 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As recently as the summer of 2001, many travelers were dreading air transportation because of extensive delays associated with undercapacity of the system. That all changed on 9/11, and demand for air transportation has not yet returned to peak levels. Most U.S. airlines continue to struggle for survival, and some have filed for bankruptcy. The situation makes it difficult to argue that strong action is urgently needed to avert a crisis of undercapacity in the air transportation system. This report assesses the visions and goals for U.S. civil aviation and technology goals for the year 2050.
Book Synopsis Aircraft Design for Reduced Climate Impact by : Emily Dallara
Download or read book Aircraft Design for Reduced Climate Impact written by Emily Dallara and published by Stanford University. This book was released on 2011 with total page 174 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Aircraft affect global climate through emissions of greenhouse gases and their precursors and by altering cirrus cloudiness. Changes in operations and design of future aircraft may be necessary to meet goals for limiting climate change. One method for reducing climate impacts involves designing aircraft to fly at altitudes where the impacts of NOx emissions are less severe and persistent contrail formation is less likely. By considering these altitude effects and additionally applying climate mitigation technologies, impacts can be reduced by 45-70% with simultaneous savings in total operating costs. Uncertainty is assessed, demonstrating that relative climate impact savings can be expected despite large scientific uncertainties. Strategies for improving climate performance of existing aircraft are also explored, revealing potential climate impact savings of 20-40%, traded for a 2% increase in total operating costs and reduced maximum range.
Book Synopsis Scientific and Technical Aerospace Reports by :
Download or read book Scientific and Technical Aerospace Reports written by and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 994 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author :National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Publisher :Createspace Independent Publishing Platform ISBN 13 :9781720511922 Total Pages :46 pages Book Rating :4.5/5 (119 download)
Book Synopsis Evaluation of a Hydrogen Fuel Cell Powered Blended-Wing-Body Aircraft Concept for Reduced Noise and Emissions by : National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
Download or read book Evaluation of a Hydrogen Fuel Cell Powered Blended-Wing-Body Aircraft Concept for Reduced Noise and Emissions written by National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and published by Createspace Independent Publishing Platform. This book was released on 2018-08-20 with total page 46 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report describes the analytical modeling and evaluation of an unconventional commercial transport aircraft concept designed to address aircraft noise and emission issues. A blended-wing-body configuration with advanced technology hydrogen fuel cell electric propulsion is considered. Predicted noise and emission characteristics are compared to a current technology conventional configuration designed for the same mission. The significant technology issues which have to be addressed to make this concept a viable alternative to current aircraft designs are discussed. This concept is one of the "Quiet Green Transport" aircraft concepts studied as part of NASA's Revolutionary Aerospace Systems Concepts (RASC) Program. The RASC Program was initiated to develop revolutionary concepts that address strategic objectives of the NASA Enterprises, such as reducing aircraft noise and emissions, and to identify advanced technology requirements for the concepts.Guynn, Mark D. and Freh, Joshua E. and Olson, Erik D.Glenn Research Center; Langley Research CenterMATHEMATICAL MODELS; EVALUATION; AIRCRAFT DESIGN; AIRCRAFT NOISE; NOISE REDUCTION; AEROSPACE SYSTEMS; BLENDED-WING-BODY CONFIGURATIONS; COMMERCIAL AIRCRAFT; ELECTRIC PROPULSION; FUEL CELLS; NOISE MEASUREMENT
Book Synopsis International Aerospace Abstracts by :
Download or read book International Aerospace Abstracts written by and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page 1042 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book NASA SP. written by and published by . This book was released on 1985 with total page 592 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Flying beyond the stall by : Douglas A. Joyce
Download or read book Flying beyond the stall written by Douglas A. Joyce and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 409 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The X-31 Enhanced Fighter Maneuverability Demonstrator was unique among experimental aircraft. A joint effort of the United States and Germany, the X-31 was the only X-plane to be designed, manufactured, and flight tested as an international collaboration. It was also the only X-plane to support two separate test programs conducted years apart, one administered largely by NASA and the other by the U.S. Navy, as well as the first X-plane ever to perform at the Paris Air Show. Flying Beyond the Stall begins by describing the government agencies and private-sector industries involved in the X-31 program, the genesis of the supermaneuverability concept and its initial design breakthroughs, design and fabrication of two test airframes, preparation for the X-31's first flight, and the first flights of Ship #1 and Ship #2. Subsequent chapters discuss envelope expansion, handling qualities (especially at high angles of attack), and flight with vectored thrust. The book then turns to the program's move to NASA's Dryden Flight Research Center and actual flight test data. Additional tasking, such as helmet-mounted display evaluations, handling quality studies, aerodynamic parameter estimation, and a "tailless" study are also discussed.The book describes how, in the aftermath of a disastrous accident with Ship #1 in 1995, Ship #2 was prepared for its outstanding participation in the Paris Air Show. The aircraft was then shipped back to Edwards AFB and put into storage until the late 1990s, when it was refurbished for participation in the U. S. Navy's VECTOR program. The book ends with a comprehensive discussion of lessons learned and includes an Appendix containing detailed information.
