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European Observatory For Clusters And Industrial Change
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Book Synopsis European Observatory for Clusters and Industrial Change by :
Download or read book European Observatory for Clusters and Industrial Change written by and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In 2008, the European Commission published the communication: "Towards world-class clusters in the European Union: Implementing the broad-based innovation strategy". This document is a commonly accepted vision towards developing and promoting clusters in Europe. The document defines clusters as "a group of firms, related economic actors, and institutions that are located near each other and have reached a sufficient scale to develop specialised expertise, services, resources, suppliers and skills". In Europe, clusters are commonly represented by cluster organisations that are "legal entities that support the strengthening of collaboration, networking and learning in innovation clusters and act as innovation support providers by providing or channelling specialised and customised business support services to stimulate innovation activities, especially in SMEs". Therefore, cluster organisations have a key role in promoting cooperation and facilitating interactions between their members, as well as with organisations outside their memberships. The purpose of this report is to explore the role of cluster organisations and other SME intermediaries (business networks, technology centres, science parks) as facilitators of cooperation between firms active in the manufacturing sector. It aims to showcase selected examples of such cooperation and extract lessons learnt and conclusions from them that can be relevant for policy-making, as well as for the European cluster community.
Book Synopsis European Observatory for Clusters and Industrial Change by :
Download or read book European Observatory for Clusters and Industrial Change written by and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The aim of the work in Saxony is to support the regional authorities and stakeholders in defining a strategy that facilitates the industrial transformation of the region. In the case of Saxony, the EOCIC work was carried out in co-operation with the Saxon State Ministry for Economic Affairs, Labour and Transport (SMWA), the AMI expert - also funded by the European Commission - and the work of the OECD on Regions in Industrial Transition. This document builds on the assessment report to summarise the challenges, barriers to and drivers for industrial modernisation in Saxony, before outlining a regional strategy for industrial transformation and a specific policy action together with a roadmap and an action plan. The report is based on extensive desk research, a large number of interviews, a study visit in Dresden and Leipzig (18 and 19 June 2018) and a policy review meeting in Leipzig (6 February 2019). Throughout the process, there has been close co-ordination of regional meetings, research and outputs between the EOCIC team and the SMWA. It is estimated that more than 50 regional stakeholders were reached directly via the study visit, policy review meeting and interviews. The briefing provides input for a regional strategy focused on a "managed industrial transition"4, based on the insight that different regions across Europe are characterised by different assets, strengths and weaknesses, and that they face different obstacles and threats that need to be overcome. A tailored approach is adopted that builds on existing resources. It places considerable emphasis on generating and maintaining political commitment for the proposed activities.
Book Synopsis European Observatory for Clusters and Industrial Change by :
Download or read book European Observatory for Clusters and Industrial Change written by and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The aim of this exercise is to support the regional authorities of Centre-Val de Loire in defining actions that facilitate the region's industrial transformation. EOCIC Experts have worked in close collaboration with the expert from the AMI - CEI (Appel à Manifestation d'Intérêt - Call for Expression of Interest) list supported by DG REGIO to ensure in-depth analysis, as well as the consistency of the proposed actions. As different regions across Europe are characterised by different patterns of strengths and weaknesses, a tailored approach has been adopted to designing suggested lines of actions for Centre-Val de Loire. In particular, specific emphasis has been placed on building on existing resources and consolidating ongoing work and initiatives. This will make it possible to benefit from potential synergies and from the momentum currently to be seen in the region, for instance in terms of stakeholder mobilisation and political commitment to industrial modernisation through the deployment of the Smart Specialisation Strategy. This document builds on the assessment report to summarise the challenges and barriers to and drivers of industrial modernisation in Centre-Val de Loire before outlining potential interventions that could help tackle the challenges and optimise the drivers. This document includes the main challenges for the region through a SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats) analysis and a PEST (Political, Economic, Socio-cultural and Technological) analysis. Both are described in Chapter 2. Based on these challenges, Chapter 3 provides a customised strategy designed to address the needs and challenges identified. Chapter 4 presents two specific recommendations for policy intervention. Their respective action plans are in Chapter 5. The report is based on extensive desk research, a large number of interviews, a study visit in Centre-Val de Loire (20 June 2018) and a policy review meeting (20 December 2018). Some 40 people were reached through this process, including the representatives of all cluster organisations active in the region.
Book Synopsis European Observatory for Clusters and Industrial Change by :
Download or read book European Observatory for Clusters and Industrial Change written by and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The aim of this exercise in East & North Finland is to support the regional authorities and stakeholders in defining a strategy that facilitates the industrial transformation of the region. In the case of East & North Finland the EOCIC work was carried out in close cooperation with the AMI experts - also funded by the European Commission - and the work of the OECD on Regions in Industrial Transition. It provides input into a regional strategy focused on a "managed industrial transition" (Zuleeg et al, 2018), based on the insight that different regions across Europe and even different sub-regions within East & North Finland are characterised by different assets, strengths and weaknesses and that they face different obstacles and threats that need to be overcome. We therefore adopt a tailored approach that builds on existing resources and we place considerable emphasis on generating and maintaining political commitment for the proposed activities. This document builds on the assessment report to summarise the challenges and barriers to, and drivers of industrial modernisation in East & North Finland, before outlining a regional strategy for industrial transformation and a set of specific policy actions together with a roadmap and an action plan. To that end, this document includes the main challenges for the region through a SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats) analysis and a PEST (Political, Economic, Socio-cultural and Technological) analysis. Both are described in Chapter 2. Based on these challenges, Chapter 3 provides a customised strategy designed to address the needs and challenges identified. Chapter 4 presents two specific recommendations for policy intervention. Their respective action plans are in Chapter 5. The report is based on extensive desk research, a large number of interviews, a study visit in Lapland (28-31 August 2018) and a policy review meeting (4 December 2018). Throughout the process there has been close coordination of regional meetings, research and outputs between the EOCIC team and the AMI experts. It is estimated that over 150 regional stakeholders were reached directly via the study visit, policy review meeting and interviews.
Book Synopsis European Observatory for Clusters and Industrial Change by :
Download or read book European Observatory for Clusters and Industrial Change written by and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The objective of deliverable D5.5 Progress Report on the European Strategic Cluster Partnerships is to provide an overview of the second periodic assessment, good practices and lessons learnt achieved by the European Strategic Cluster Partnerships for Going International (ESCP-4i) funded under the call COS-CLUSINT-2016-03-01 and the first assessment for the European Strategic Cluster Partnerships for Smart Specialisation Investments (ESCP-S3) funded under the call COS-CLUSTPARTNS-2017-3-02. Both ESCP-4i and ESCP-S3 are part of the European Union's (EU) Programme for the Competitiveness of Enterprises and Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs) (COSME Programme). For the development of this deliverable, the EOCIC conducted two online surveys: one dedicated to the ESCP-4i and the other to the ESCP-S3. The survey aimed to involve the 23 ESCP-4i and the nine ESCP-S3. Both surveys were developed and implemented in collaboration with the European Cluster Collaboration Platform (ECCP) to benefit from the synergies between both initiatives. The present Progress report represent the second monitoring exercise implemented for the ESCP-4i and the first monitoring exercise implemented for the ESCP-S3. The survey included quantitative and qualitative questions to allow for sufficient contextualisation of the analysis. It was structured into sections that explored the activities, barriers, difficulties and first achievements of the ESCP-4i and ESCP-S3, as well as the benefits obtained by the participating cluster organisations and their SME members for the ESCP-4i. As for the ESCP-S3, it is considered too early to analyse the benefits. The majority of questions combined a quantitative indicator with a text box where the respondents were invited to provide additional information. The structure of the survey for the ESCP-4i and ESCP-S3 is presented in Annex A and Annex B, respectively.An online platform called Limesurvey was used to conduct the survey and to provide a more user-friendly interface. The survey was designed to take around 50 minutes to complete, considering the time to provide qualitative information. A first invitation to fill out the survey was sent by email on the 13th May 2019 to all 23 ESCP-4i partnerships. The responses were then closely monitored and follow-up emails were sent in the following weeks to those who did not answer. The survey was closed on the 5th June 2019. In total, 19 ESCP-4i partnerships provided complete surveys (over 80% of the total partnerships). Of these, 12 were ESCP-4i strand-1 (first generation) and seven were ESCP-4i strand-2 (second generation). As for the ESCP-S3, a first invitation to fill the survey was sent by email on the 13th May 2019. The responses were then closely monitored and follow-up emails were sent in the following weeks to those who did not answer. The survey was closed on the 28th May 2019. In total, eight out of nine ESCP-S3 submitted their survey. Overall, the number of respondents is regarded as sufficient to conduct a critical analysis of the data. As previously mentioned, this is the second monitoring exercise for the ESCP-4i and the first for ESCP-S3 conducted by the Observatory. The trends currently observed are likely to change over time. It is important to note that ESCP-S3, ESCP-4i strand-1, and ESCP-4i strand-2 have different objectives, as reflected in the assessment made for the questions included in the survey. This variation in their objectives means that the comparison between strands can be misleading. It is necessary to take into consideration this difference when reading the report.
Book Synopsis European Observatory for Clusters and Industrial Change by :
Download or read book European Observatory for Clusters and Industrial Change written by and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The aim of the work in Lithuania is to support the regional authorities and stakeholders in defining a strategy that facilitates the region's industrial transformation. In the case of Lithuania, the EOCIC work was carried out in close co-operation with the Lithuanian Ministry of the Economy, the AMI expert - also funded by the European Commission - and the work of the OECD on Regions in Industrial Transition. This document builds on the assessment report to summarise the challenges, barriers and drivers to industrial modernisation in Lithuania before outlining specific potential measures to be integrated into the regional policies for industrial transformation, together with a roadmap and an action plan. This briefing is based on extensive desk research, a large number of interviews, a study visit (16 and 17 May 2018) and a policy review meeting (30 November 2018) in Lithuania. Throughout the process, there has been close co-ordination of regional meetings, research and outputs between the EOCIC team and the AMI expert. It is estimated that more than 60 regional stakeholders were reached directly via the study visit, policy review meeting and interviews. The briefing provides input into a regional strategy focused on a "managed industrial transition" (Zuleeg et al, 2018), based on the insight that different regions across Europe are characterised by different assets, strengths and weaknesses, and that they face different obstacles and threats that need to be overcome. We adopt a tailored approach that builds on existing resources and we place considerable emphasis on generating and maintaining political commitment for the proposed activities. Lithuania's industrial base consists of many small companies successfully integrated into international value chains, but not leading them. Therefore, the core challenge of industrial transition in Lithuania is identified as increasing the productivity of its workers even more rapidly than the current trend. Focusing cluster policy in Lithuania on achieving the strategic co-ordination needed for industrial transition can make an important contribution to addressing that challenge.
Book Synopsis European Observatory for Clusters and Industrial Change by :
Download or read book European Observatory for Clusters and Industrial Change written by and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The aim of the work in North-Middle Sweden is to support regional authorities and stakeholders in designing modern cluster policies that promote broad-based innovation and support industrial modernisation in the region. Regional policy challenges, proposed strategy and policy recommendations presented in this policy brief are based on the North-Middle Sweden assessment report and dialogue with regional stakeholders. A first round of interviews and workshops (with different regional innovation systems actors) took place in May 2018 in Stockholm and North-Middle Sweden region, while a policy review meeting, was organised in November 2018 in Stockholm. The latter event was arranged together with 'Regions in Industrial Transition' project and AMI expert. The main contributors to identifying policy challenges in North-Middle Sweden's industrial transition and cluster development have been regional authorities and industry clusters with whom ideas and solutions have been discussed and verified during the project on various occasions. Policy dialogue has continued further with the regional authorities to formulate the regional strategy and recommendations presented in this report. This document includes the main challenges for the region through a SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats) analysis and a PEST (Political, Economic, Socio-cultural and Technological) analysis. Both are described in Chapter 2. Based on these challenges, Chapter 3 provides a customised strategy designed to address the needs and challenges identified. Chapter 4 presents two specific recommendations for policy intervention. Their respective action plans are in Chapter 5.
Book Synopsis European Observatory for Clusters and Industrial Change by :
Download or read book European Observatory for Clusters and Industrial Change written by and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The aim of the work in Hauts-de-France is to support the regional authorities and stakeholders in defining a strategy that facilitates the industrial transformation of the region. The current report was conceived in close cooperation with the AMI expert assigned to the region. This document builds on the assessment report to summarise the regional challenges and barriers to, and drivers of industrial modernisation faced by Hauts-de-France. In a second step, the report displays an outline of a regional strategy supporting industrial transformation. In line with this strategy a set of specific policy actions are proposed leading to a roadmap. To that end, this document includes the main challenges for the region through a SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats) analysis and a PEST (Political, Economic, Socio-cultural and Technological) analysis. Both are described in Chapter 2. Based on these challenges, Chapter 3 provides a customised strategy designed to address the needs and challenges identified. Chapter 4 presents two specific recommendations for policy intervention. Their respective action plans are in Chapter 5The report is based on: i) desk research, ii) interviews, iii) a study visit in Lille (26 & 27 March 2018), iv) a policy review meeting (5 December 2018); and v) interactions with the AMI expert. The regional strategy was developed in interaction with the main regional stockholders, i.e. the Région Hauts-de-France and the regional innovation agency (HDFID).
Book Synopsis European Observatory for Clusters and Industrial Change by :
Download or read book European Observatory for Clusters and Industrial Change written by and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The aim of the work in Slovenia is to support the national authority and stakeholders in defining actions that facilitate the industrial transformation of Slovenia through clusters. In the case of Slovenia, the Slovenia S3 strategy (also referred to as S4) with the nine SRIPs (Strategic Research and Innovation Partnerships) is currently being implemented as the strategy for industrial transformation. SRIPs are at the core of the S3 strategy, and as national clusters and cluster policy they are instrumental in the country's industrial transformation. As identified in the assessment report implementation of strategies can be seen as a weakness of the past. New strategies and policy measures have been developed replacing old ones, before these previous strategies and measures had been properly implemented and evaluated. The SRIP policy is deliberately addressing this vulnerability, since it is not a short-term support. It is investing in SRIPs as institutional and governance structures and it emphasises the importance of learning with, for instance, actions on cluster management skills development and monitoring of SRIPs. As relatively young clusters, SRIPs (established in 2017) will also serve to steer the transformation process, and initiate and implement new strategies and actions after the support or programming period. The needs expressed by Slovenia in its application as a pilot region therefore did not refer to the development of a new strategy, but rather to more concrete actions supporting the implementation of the current strategy and structures. The EOCIC work was carried out in cooperation with the AMI expert who was also funded by the European Commission. This policy brief provides input into a "managed industrial transition" (Zuleeg et al, 2018) through clusters, based on the insight that different clusters, regions and Member States across Europe are characterised by different assets, strengths and weaknesses, and that they face different obstacles and threats that need to be overcome. We therefore adopt a tailored approach that builds on existing resources and we place considerable emphasis on co-design and commitment from the variety of relevant stakeholders in the transition concerned. This document builds on the assessment report to summarise the challenges, barriers and drivers to industrial modernisation in Slovenia, before outlining a set of actions to support the managed industrial transformation. The report is based on extensive desk research, a number of face-to-face interviews, a study visit in Ljubljana (June 2018), a policy review meeting (November 2018) and insights from participating in a capacity building workshop for Slovenian Clusters/SRIPs (November 2018).
Book Synopsis European Observatory for Clusters and Industrial Change by :
Download or read book European Observatory for Clusters and Industrial Change written by and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The aim of this policy briefing is to present a strategy and a set of recommendations to support the authorities and stakeholders in Piemonte in the regional industrial transition process. This document includes the main challenges for the region through a SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats) analysis and a PEST (Political, Economic, Socio-cultural and Technological) analysis. Both are described in Chapter 2. Based on these challenges, Chapter 3 provides a customised strategy designed to address the needs and challenges identified. Chapter 4 two specific recommendations for policy intervention. Their respective action plans are in Chapter 5. The aim of the work in Piemonte is to support the regional authorities and stakeholders in defining actions that facilitate the industrial transformation of the region through a cluster approach. This document builds on the assessment report prepared by the EOCIC team that summarises the challenges and barriers to, and drivers of industrial modernisation through clusters in Piemonte, before outlining a number of actions to increase the impact of the regional cluster policy. This work was carried out in close cooperation with the AMI experts - also funded by the European Commission - and the work of the OECD on Regions in Industrial Transition. This work provides inputs into a regional cluster strategy focused on strengthening the role, outreach and impact of the regional innovation hubs to support the implementation of the region's smart specialisation strategy. Regional clusters have reached maturity; the number of participating firms has stabilised without further increase in spite of the existing potential. In the last 10 years, the regional cluster policy has focused on establishing and supporting a cluster governance system based on the work of innovation hubs that has facilitated firms' access to public funding (mostly the ERDF) for collaborative R&I projects. The innovation hubs carried out this mission successfully. However, they have not yet been able yet to transform themselves into more proactive suppliers of knowledge-intensive business services. Nor have they been able become more active in fostering industrial transition by supporting the implementation of programmes in other policy areas, such as entrepreneurship, internationalisation or digitalisation. The proposed actions build on ongoing processes and complement the action proposed by the AMI expert (mostly in relation to the Policy Action "Experimental Call for Clusters"). They have been developed by looking at good practices of cluster programmes implemented in other European regions. To facilitate transferability in the regional context, this document outlines different possible delivery mechanisms to let the region decide, in consultation with the regional stakeholders, on the most feasible and acceptable options.
Book Synopsis European Panorama of Clusters and Industrial Change by :
Download or read book European Panorama of Clusters and Industrial Change written by and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 90 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Industrial clusters are responsible for a significant share of European jobs, SME growth and specialisation within regions. Cluster strength for Europe’s regions has, for many years, been measured using the cluster star methodology introduced by the European Cluster Observatory measuring strengths in size, specialisation and productivity. The European Observatory for Clusters and Industrial Change has added two new dimensions measuring the presence of high-growth SMEs and the presence of innovation leaders. This report analyses cluster strength across 51 exporting industry sectors in Europe and identifies 2,950 regional industrial clusters, which account for almost every fourth job in Europe (61.8 million jobs or 23.4% of total employment) and about half of employment in exporting industries (50.3%). The report also introduces a new, further refined distinction for strong clusters according to performance levels.
Book Synopsis European Observatory for Clusters and Industrial Change by :
Download or read book European Observatory for Clusters and Industrial Change written by and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The aim of the work in Wallonia is to support the regional authorities and stakeholders in defining a strategy that facilitates the industrial transformation of the region. The EOCIC work was carried out in close cooperation with the AMI expert3 and the work of the OECD on Regions in Industrial Transition. This document builds on the assessment report4 to summarise the challenges and barriers to and drivers of industrial modernisation in Wallonia, before outlining a regional strategy for industrial transformation and a set of specific policy actions together with a roadmap and an action plan. The report is based on extensive desk research, a large number of interviews, a working session with the Public Service of Wallonia and representatives from the clusters (27 April 2018), and a Policy Review meeting (7 December 2018). Meetings, research and outputs were closely coordinated between the EOCIC team and the AMI expert. Over 80 regional stakeholders were reached directly via the working session, the Policy Review meeting and interviews. The work process has led to inputs into a regional strategy, based on a "managed industrial transition" approach5. The EOCIC adopted a tailored approach building on existing resources and placed considerable emphasis on generating and maintaining political commitment for the proposed activities.
Book Synopsis European Observatory for Clusters and Industrial Change by :
Download or read book European Observatory for Clusters and Industrial Change written by and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The aim of this exercise is to present a strategy and a set of recommendations to support Cantabrian authorities and stakeholders in the regional industrial transition process. To that end, this document includes the main challenges for the region through a SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats) analysis and a PEST (Political, Economic, Socio-cultural and Technological) analysis. Both are described in Chapter 2. Based on these challenges, Chapter 3 provides a customised strategy designed to address the needs and challenges identified. Chapter 4 presents two specific recommendations for policy intervention. Their respective action plans are in Chapter 5. This document was developed based on the inputs collected during a study visit to Santander (21-22 June 2018), a policy review meeting (7 February 2019) and the assessment report developed by the EOCIC team. In addition, during this process the different stakeholders of Cantabria's regional innovation ecosystem of consulted through interviews and a questionnaire. An estimated 50 stakeholders participated in this process.
Book Synopsis European Panorama of Clusters and Industrial Change by :
Download or read book European Panorama of Clusters and Industrial Change written by and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Europe is home to some 2 900 specialised clusters, statistically defined regional concentrations of traded industries. Clusters matter: the effect of cluster specialisation is equal to approximately a 13.5% increase in average wage. Specialised clusters show higher average wage and employment increases. They inhabit also a higher number of innovative and high-growth firms and start-ups.
Book Synopsis Methodology Report for the European Panorama of Clusters and Industrial Change and European Cluster Database by :
Download or read book Methodology Report for the European Panorama of Clusters and Industrial Change and European Cluster Database written by and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report provides the definition of the indicators included in the European cluster database for which the data are accessible in the online Cluster mapping tool and that were used for the 2019 and 2020 versions of the European Panorama for Clusters and Industrial Change. The Cluster mapping tool is available at: https://www.clustercollaboration.eu/cluster-mapping.
Book Synopsis Summary Report on Lessons Learnt from Fostering Modern Cluster Policy in Regions in Industrial Transition by :
Download or read book Summary Report on Lessons Learnt from Fostering Modern Cluster Policy in Regions in Industrial Transition written by and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The aim of the work being provided by the European Observatory for Clusters and Industrial Change to the 10 regions in industrial transition is to define a set of actions in the form of a comprehensive strategy to foster regional economic transformation, identify collaboration and funding opportunities and connect with other regions in regional and cluster partnerships.
Book Synopsis European Cluster and Industrial Transformation Trends Report by :
Download or read book European Cluster and Industrial Transformation Trends Report written by and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The European Cluster and Industrial Transformation Trends Report (the Trends Report, in brief) identifies and analyses where and how clusters of related industries are transforming themselves and where new specialisation patterns give rise to the emergence or renewal of industries. The report aims to support policy-makers, cluster practitioners and companies to spot transformation trends at an early stage by examining, in particular, the ten emerging industries previously identified by the European Cluster Observatory (2012), namely: Advanced Packaging, Environmental industries, Biopharmaceuticals, Experience industries, Blue growth industries, Logistical Services, Creative industries, Medical Devices, Digital industries and Mobility Technologies. The analysis contributes to facilitating the policy efforts towards establishing favourable framework conditions for the development of emerging industries, which evolve at the borderlines of different competences and hence cut across and reshape traditionally defined sectors. It also helps European regions identify potential collaboration areas where emerging industries cut not only across sectors, but also across borders. The methodology is a mix of quantitative and qualitative methods, including statistical analysis and social network analysis of patenting and co-patenting, Mergers and Acquisition (M&A) transactions, Joint Ventures, strategic alliances and innovation networks (JV&A) data; extensive literature and documentary review; foresight analysis; Delphi surveys involving international experts on different topics; consultation with regional stakeholders in a sample of European regions in industrial transition; survey of international, national and regional cluster programmes; and data of the European Secretariat of Cluster Analysis (ESCA) on cluster organisations. The methodology follows the approach adopted in the previous European Cluster Trends Report (European Cluster Observatory, 2015) to ensure consistency of data and comparability of findings over a long time period.
