Estimating Global Black Carbon Emissions Using A Top Down Kalman Filter Approach

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Estimating Global Black Carbon Emissions Using a Top-down Kalman Filter Approach

Author : Jason Blake Cohen
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 5713 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (94 download)

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Book Synopsis Estimating Global Black Carbon Emissions Using a Top-down Kalman Filter Approach by : Jason Blake Cohen

Download or read book Estimating Global Black Carbon Emissions Using a Top-down Kalman Filter Approach written by Jason Blake Cohen and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 5713 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Black carbon (BC) is an important aerosol constituent in the atmosphere and climate forcer. A good understanding of the radiative forcing of BC and associated climate feedback and response is critical to minimize the uncertainty in predicting current and future climate influenced by anthropogenic aerosols. One reason for this uncertainty is that current emission inventories of BC are mostly obtained from the so-called bottom-up approach, an approach that derives emissions based on categorized emitting sources and emission factors used to convert burning mass to emissions. In this work, we provide a first global-scale top-down estimation of global BC emissions, as well as an estimated error range, by using a Kalman Filter. This method uses data of both column aerosol absorption optical depth and surface concentrations from global and regional networks to constrain our fully coupled climate-aerosol-urban model and thus to derive an optimized estimate of BC emissions as 17.8±5.6 Tg/yr, a factor of more than 2 higher than commonly used global BC emissions data sets. We further perform 22 additional optimization simulations that incorporate the known uncertain ranges of various important physical, model, and measurement parameters and still yield an optimized value within the above given range, from a low of 14.6 Tg/yr to a high of 22.2 Tg/yr. Furthermore, we show that the emissions difference between our optimized and a priori estimation is not uniform, with East Asia, Southeast Asia, and Eastern Europe underestimated, while North America is overestimated in the a priori inventory.

Fire and Ice: Soot, Solidarity, and Survival on the Roof of the World

Author : Jonathan Mingle
Publisher : St. Martin's Press
ISBN 13 : 1250029511
Total Pages : 463 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (5 download)

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Book Synopsis Fire and Ice: Soot, Solidarity, and Survival on the Roof of the World by : Jonathan Mingle

Download or read book Fire and Ice: Soot, Solidarity, and Survival on the Roof of the World written by Jonathan Mingle and published by St. Martin's Press. This book was released on 2015-03-24 with total page 463 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: High in the Himalayan valley of Zanskar in northwest India sits a village as isolated as the legendary Shangri-La. Long fed by runoff from glaciers and lofty snowfields, Kumik—a settlement of thirty nine mud brick homes—has survived and thrived in one of the world's most challenging settings for a thousand years. But now its people confront an existential threat: chronic, crippling drought, which leaves the village canal dry and threatens to end their ancient culture of farming and animal husbandry. Fire and Ice weaves together the story of Kumik's inspiring response to this calamity with the story of black carbon. Black carbon from inefficient fires - the particulate residue that makes soot dark - is the second largest contributor to global warming after carbon dioxide. It's also a key ingredient of the air pollution that public health experts regard as humanity's greatest environmental health risk worldwide: soot-laden smoke from household hearth fires and outdoor sources combine to kill over seven million people around the world every year. Jonathan Mingle describes the joys and struggles of daily life in the Zanskar Valley, where villagers are buffeted by powerful environmental and economic forces, while also tracing black carbon's dark fingerprints outward from Kumik and around the world. Mingle investigates its impacts on snow, ice, and water from Mt. Everest to California, and the silent health epidemic it fuels from New York to New Delhi. Combining cultural history, detailed reportage, climate and energy science and dramatic storytelling, Fire and Ice is a profound examination of the global challenges of averting climate chaos and lifting billions out of energy poverty and water scarcity. Can Kumik's people come together to reinvent fire, harness what remains of their life-sustaining ice, and reinvigorate their traditions of solidarity, in time to save themselves? Can the rest of us rise to the same challenge? Fire and Ice connects these questions with the work of enterprising scientists, engineers, entrepreneurs and activists around the world, in a narrative that combines mythology, reason, humor, persistence, and hope in a race against a global clock.

Aerosols and Climate

Author : Ken S. Carslaw
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0128231726
Total Pages : 856 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (282 download)

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Book Synopsis Aerosols and Climate by : Ken S. Carslaw

Download or read book Aerosols and Climate written by Ken S. Carslaw and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2022-08-19 with total page 856 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The ever-diversifying field of aerosol effects on climate is comprehensively presented here, describing the strong connection between fundamental research and model applications in a way that will allow both experienced researchers and those new to the field to gain an understanding of a wide range of topics. The material is consistently presented at three levels for each topic: (i) an accessible "quick read" of the essentials, (ii) a more detailed description, and (iii) a section dedicated to how the processes are handled in models. The modelling section in each chapter summarizes the current level of knowledge and what the gaps in this understanding mean for the effects of aerosols on climate, enabling readers to quickly understand how new research fits into established knowledge. Definitions, case studies, reference data, and examples are included throughout. Aerosols and Climate is a vital resource for graduate students, postdoctoral researchers, senior researchers, and lecturers in departments of atmospheric science, meteorology, engineering, and environment. It will also be of interest to those working in operational centers and policy-facing organizations, providing strong reference material on the current state of knowledge. Includes a section in each chapter that focuses on the treatment of relevant aerosol processes in climate models Provides clear exposition of the challenges in understanding and reducing persistent gaps in knowledge and uncertainties in the field of aerosol-climate interaction, going beyond the fundamentals and existing knowledge Authored by experts in modeling and aerosol processes, analysis or observations to ensure accessibility and balance

Biomass Burning in South and Southeast Asia

Author : Krishna Prasad Vadrevu
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 0429666772
Total Pages : 343 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (296 download)

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Book Synopsis Biomass Burning in South and Southeast Asia by : Krishna Prasad Vadrevu

Download or read book Biomass Burning in South and Southeast Asia written by Krishna Prasad Vadrevu and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2021-06-23 with total page 343 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Unique in its discussion of the sources and the causes of biomass burning and atmospheric research in South and Southeast Asia. Explains the latest tools and techniques, in particular, the use of Satellite Remote Sensing and Geospatial technologies for fire mapping, monitoring, and Land Cover/Land Use. Focuses on large spatial scales integrating top-down and bottom-up methodologies. Addresses the pressing issues of environmental pollution that are rampant in South and Southeast Asia. Includes contributions from global experts actually working on biomass burning projects in the US, Japan, South/Southeast Asia, and Europe.

Climate Change and Land

Author : Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1009177052
Total Pages : 910 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Climate Change and Land by : Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

Download or read book Climate Change and Land written by Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2022-12-08 with total page 910 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is the leading international body for assessing the science related to climate change. It provides policymakers with regular assessments of the scientific basis of human-induced climate change, its impacts and future risks, and options for adaptation and mitigation. This IPCC Special Report on Climate Change and Land (SRCCL) is the most comprehensive and up-to-date scientific assessment of the multiple interactions between climate change and land, assessing climate change, desertification, land degradation, sustainable land management, food security, and greenhouse gas fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems. It assesses the options for governance and decision-making across multiple scales. It serves policymakers, decision makers, stakeholders, and all interested parties with unbiased, up-to-date, policy-relevant information. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.

Quantifying Black Carbon Emissions from Residential Wood Burning by a Combination of Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches

Author : Paul Crimmins
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 119 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (14 download)

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Book Synopsis Quantifying Black Carbon Emissions from Residential Wood Burning by a Combination of Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches by : Paul Crimmins

Download or read book Quantifying Black Carbon Emissions from Residential Wood Burning by a Combination of Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches written by Paul Crimmins and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 119 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Black carbon (BC) is an air pollutant of emerging concern as more is understood regarding its multiple adverse impacts onto human health, global climate change and local visibility. While residential wood burning (RWB) for home heating is a significant contributor to global BC emissions, research into its impacts is limited by a lack of accurate emissions data. Typically, the estimation of regional emissions of air pollutants is carried out by measuring emissions from individual pollution sources. However, because of the highly-variable nature of BC emissions from RWB, this traditional ‘bottom-up’ methodology results in poor emission estimates on a regional scale. An alternative quantification method is the ‘top-down’ estimation of source contributions to measured ambient pollutant concentrations by source apportionment modelling. This study combines the results of a bottom-up emission inventory with top-down source apportionment data compiled by Davy et al. (2016) to better quantify BC emissions from RWB. The study focusses on BC emissions and the resulting concentrations observed within Auckland, and includes the first emission inventory constructed for BC within a New Zealand setting. Results of this study suggest that RWB is a significant source of BC emissions in Auckland, the second highest next to on-road diesel vehicles. From a combination of bottom-up and top-down BC quantification methodologies, it is determined that 145 tonnes of BC were emitted into the air within the Auckland Region in 2013 from approximately 100,000 residential wood burners, 30% of the region’s total estimated BC emissions. This equates to a weighted-average emission factor of 0.97 g of BC emitted per kg of wood burnt for residential wood burners in use across Auckland. Concentrations of BC vary widely across Auckland and are generally found to be decreasing as diesel vehicle emissions controls improve. However, BC concentrations associated with RWB remained static between 2006 and 2013, despite decreased RWB activity. This lack of improvement, coupled with increased concentrations of BC from RWB in early winter, suggests that the inefficient operation of wood burners may be a key driver of BC concentrations. Given the significant effects on both human health and climate, it is vital to advance programmes to help to reduce BC emissions from RWB.

Global Emission Inventory and Atmospheric Transport of Black Carbon

Author : Rong Wang
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3662464799
Total Pages : 160 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (624 download)

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Book Synopsis Global Emission Inventory and Atmospheric Transport of Black Carbon by : Rong Wang

Download or read book Global Emission Inventory and Atmospheric Transport of Black Carbon written by Rong Wang and published by Springer. This book was released on 2015-03-05 with total page 160 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This thesis presents research focusing on the improvement of high-resolution global black carbon (BC) emission inventory and application in assessing the population exposure to ambient BC. A particular focus of the thesis is on the construction of a high-resolution (both spatial and sectorial) fuel consumption database, which is used to develop the emission inventory of black carbon. Above all, the author updates the global emission inventory of black carbon, a resource subsequently used to study the atmospheric transport of black carbon over Asia with the help of a high-resolution nested model. The thesis demonstrates that spatial bias in fuel consumption and BC emissions can be reduced by means of the sub-national disaggregation approach. Using the inventory and nested model, ambient BC concentrations can be better validated against observations. Lastly, it provides a complete uncertainty analysis of global black carbon emissions, and this uncertainty is taken into account in the atmospheric modeling, helping to better understand the role of black carbon in regional and global air pollution.

North American Black Carbon Emissions Estimation Guidelines

Author : Eastern Research Group, Inc
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9782897001018
Total Pages : 79 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (1 download)

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Book Synopsis North American Black Carbon Emissions Estimation Guidelines by : Eastern Research Group, Inc

Download or read book North American Black Carbon Emissions Estimation Guidelines written by Eastern Research Group, Inc and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 79 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

An Approach to Estimate Global Biomass Burning Emissions of Organic and Black Carbon from Modis Fire Radiative Power

Author : Evan Ellicott
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (663 download)

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Book Synopsis An Approach to Estimate Global Biomass Burning Emissions of Organic and Black Carbon from Modis Fire Radiative Power by : Evan Ellicott

Download or read book An Approach to Estimate Global Biomass Burning Emissions of Organic and Black Carbon from Modis Fire Radiative Power written by Evan Ellicott and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Atmospheric Aerosols

Author : Olivier Boucher
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 9401796491
Total Pages : 322 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (17 download)

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Book Synopsis Atmospheric Aerosols by : Olivier Boucher

Download or read book Atmospheric Aerosols written by Olivier Boucher and published by Springer. This book was released on 2015-05-18 with total page 322 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This textbook aims to be a one stop shop for those interested in aerosols and their impact on the climate system. It starts with some fundamentals on atmospheric aerosols, atmospheric radiation and cloud physics, then goes into techniques used for in-situ and remote sensing measurements of aerosols, data assimilation, and discusses aerosol-radiation interactions, aerosol-cloud interactions and the multiple impacts of aerosols on the climate system. The book aims to engage those interested in aerosols and their impacts on the climate system: graduate and PhD students, but also post-doctorate fellows who are new to the field or would like to broaden their knowledge. The book includes exercises at the end of most chapters. Atmospheric aerosols are small (microscopic) particles in suspension in the atmosphere, which play multiple roles in the climate system. They interact with the energy budget through scattering and absorption of solar and terrestrial radiation. They also serve as cloud condensation and ice nuclei with impacts on the formation, evolution and properties of clouds. Finally aerosols also interact with some biogeochemical cycles. Anthropogenic emissions of aerosols are responsible for a cooling effect that has masked part of the warming due to the increased greenhouse effect since pre-industrial time. Natural aerosols also respond to climate changes as shown by observations of past climates and modelling of the future climate.

Determining U.S. Black Carbon Emissions Using an Inverse Method

Author : Gene-Hua Crystal Ng
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 148 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (77 download)

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Book Synopsis Determining U.S. Black Carbon Emissions Using an Inverse Method by : Gene-Hua Crystal Ng

Download or read book Determining U.S. Black Carbon Emissions Using an Inverse Method written by Gene-Hua Crystal Ng and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page 148 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Final Technical Report [Carbon Data Assimilation with a Coupled Ensemble Kalman Filter].

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (953 download)

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Book Synopsis Final Technical Report [Carbon Data Assimilation with a Coupled Ensemble Kalman Filter]. by :

Download or read book Final Technical Report [Carbon Data Assimilation with a Coupled Ensemble Kalman Filter]. written by and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: We proposed (and accomplished) the development of an Ensemble Kalman Filter (EnKF) approach for the estimation of surface carbon fluxes as if they were parameters, augmenting the model with them. Our system is quite different from previous approaches, such as carbon flux inversions, 4D--Var, and EnKF with approximate background error covariance (Peters et al., 2008). We showed (using observing system simulation experiments, OSSEs) that these differences lead to a more accurate estimation of the evolving surface carbon fluxes at model grid--scale resolution. The main properties of the LETKF--C are: a) The carbon cycle LETKF is coupled with the simultaneous assimilation of the standard atmospheric variables, so that the ensemble wind transport of the CO2 provides an estimation of the carbon transport uncertainty. b) The use of an assimilation window (6hr) much shorter than the months--long windows used in other methods. This avoids the inevitable "blurring" of the signal that takes place in long windows due to turbulent mixing since the CO2 does not have time to mix before the next window. In this development we introduced new, advanced techniques that have since been adopted by the EnKF community (Kang, 2009, Kang et al., 2011, Kang et al. 2012). These advances include "variable localization" that reduces sampling errors in the estimation of the forecast error covariance, more advanced adaptive multiplicative and additive inflations, and vertical localization based on the time scale of the processes. The main result has been obtained using the LETKF--C with all these advances, and assimilating simulated atmospheric CO2 observations from different observing systems (surface flask observations of CO2 but no surface carbon fluxes observations, total column CO2 from GoSAT/OCO--2, and upper troposphere AIRS retrievals). After a spin--up of about one month, the LETKF--C succeeded in reconstructing the true evolving surface fluxes of carbon at a model grid resolution. When applied to the CAM3.5 model, the LETKF gave very promising results as well, although only one month is available.

A Kalman Filter Approach to Parameter Estimation Applied to Population Modeling

Author : L. Lane Sanford
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 116 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (233 download)

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Book Synopsis A Kalman Filter Approach to Parameter Estimation Applied to Population Modeling by : L. Lane Sanford

Download or read book A Kalman Filter Approach to Parameter Estimation Applied to Population Modeling written by L. Lane Sanford and published by . This book was released on 1991 with total page 116 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Final Report on "Carbon Data Assimilation with a Coupled Ensemble Kalman Filter."

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (953 download)

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Book Synopsis Final Report on "Carbon Data Assimilation with a Coupled Ensemble Kalman Filter." by :

Download or read book Final Report on "Carbon Data Assimilation with a Coupled Ensemble Kalman Filter." written by and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: We proposed (and accomplished) the development of an Ensemble Kalman Filter (EnKF) approach for the estimation of surface carbon fluxes as if they were parameters, augmenting the model with them. Our system is quite different from previous approaches, such as carbon flux inversions, 4D-Var, and EnKF with approximate background error covariance (Peters et al., 2008). We showed (using observing system simulation experiments, OSSEs) that these differences lead to a more accurate estimation of the evolving surface carbon fluxes at model grid-scale resolution. The main properties of the LETKF-C are: a) The carbon cycle LETKF is coupled with the simultaneous assimilation of the standard atmospheric variables, so that the ensemble wind transport of the CO2 provides an estimation of the carbon transport uncertainty. b) The use of an assimilation window (6hr) much shorter than the months-long windows used in other methods. This avoids the inevitable "blurring" of the signal that takes place in long windows due to turbulent mixing since the CO2 does not have time to mix before the next window. In this development we introduced new, advanced techniques that have since been adopted by the EnKF community (Kang, 2009, Kang et al., 2011, Kang et al. 2012). These advances include "variable localization" that reduces sampling errors in the estimation of the forecast error covariance, more advanced adaptive multiplicative and additive inflations, and vertical localization based on the time scale of the processes. The main result has been obtained using the LETKF-C with all these advances, and assimilating simulated atmospheric CO2 observations from different observing systems (surface flask observations of CO2 but no surface carbon fluxes observations, total column CO2 from GoSAT/OCO-2, and upper troposphere AIRS retrievals). After a spin-up of about one month, the LETKF-C succeeded in reconstructing the true evolving surface fluxes of carbon at a model grid resolution. When applied to the CAM3.5 model, the LETKF gave very promising results as well, although only one month is available.

Data Assimilation in Atmospheric Chemistry Models Using Kalman Filtering

Author : Adrianus Johannes Segers
Publisher : Delft University Press
ISBN 13 : 9789040722868
Total Pages : 212 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (228 download)

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Book Synopsis Data Assimilation in Atmospheric Chemistry Models Using Kalman Filtering by : Adrianus Johannes Segers

Download or read book Data Assimilation in Atmospheric Chemistry Models Using Kalman Filtering written by Adrianus Johannes Segers and published by Delft University Press. This book was released on 2002 with total page 212 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Climate Effects of Black Carbon and the Emission Reduction for Mitigating Climate Change

Author : Yangyang Xu
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781303810756
Total Pages : 175 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (17 download)

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Book Synopsis Climate Effects of Black Carbon and the Emission Reduction for Mitigating Climate Change by : Yangyang Xu

Download or read book Climate Effects of Black Carbon and the Emission Reduction for Mitigating Climate Change written by Yangyang Xu and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 175 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Black carbon (BC) aerosols are significant contributors to anthropogenic climate change and are considered as the second largest warming agent only after CO2. To better quantify the present-day Asian BC aerosol forcing, in Chapter 2 we utilize both a top-down approach using ground-based and satellite observations, as well as a bottom-up approach using a latest global climate model. By comparing the observations with the model simulations, we show that the emission inventory over Asia used in the model needs to be adjusted by a factor of two to four. The global mean BC forcing since pre-industrial in the model is 0.5 to 0.8 W/m2, larger than the unconstrained model forcing of 0.2 W/m2. In understanding the climate system response to external forcing such as BC, we first show in Chapter 3 that the north-south contrast of land and ocean distribution determines the latitudinal asymmetry of climate change, which is an intrinsic characteristic of the climate system. The main thrust of this dissertation is that in Chapter 4, we demonstrate with the improved CESM that BC aerosols play a vital role in causing the observed surface warming, snow cover and snow depth reduction over Tibet and Himalaya region. Due to BC aerosols, the simulated snow cover fraction over Tibet is reduced by more than 2% and snow depth is reduced by 5%. The model simulated warming enhancement at high altitude surface (more than 1 K at 5000 m) due to the direct atmospheric heating of BC and the BC deposition on the snow surface are similar to observations. The relative contributions from greenhouse gases and cooling aerosols are also assessed with the model. In Chapter 5, we evaluate the climate mitigation benefits associated with a rapid reduction of BC aerosols. We show that aggressive BC reduction leads to warming mitigation and snow recovery over Tibet. We further discussed the major sources of BC emissions from China and the potential practical measures to cut BC emissions. The costs and benefits on public health due to cook-stove improvement are also discussed.

A Plan for a Research Program on Aerosol Radiative Forcing and Climate Change

Author : Panel on Aerosol Radiative Forcing and Climate Change
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309588871
Total Pages : 180 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (95 download)

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Book Synopsis A Plan for a Research Program on Aerosol Radiative Forcing and Climate Change by : Panel on Aerosol Radiative Forcing and Climate Change

Download or read book A Plan for a Research Program on Aerosol Radiative Forcing and Climate Change written by Panel on Aerosol Radiative Forcing and Climate Change and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1996-05-01 with total page 180 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book recommends the initiation of an "integrated" research program to study the role of aerosols in the predicted global climate change. Current understanding suggest that, even now, aerosols, primarily from anthropogenic sources, may be reducing the rate of warming caused by greenhouse gas emissions. In addition to specific research recommendations, this book forcefully argues for two kinds of research program integration: integration of the individual laboratory, field, and theoretical research activities and an integrated management structure that involves all of the concerned federal agencies.