Essential Cardiac Electrophysiology

Download Essential Cardiac Electrophysiology PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1405172290
Total Pages : 313 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (51 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Essential Cardiac Electrophysiology by : Zainul Abedin

Download or read book Essential Cardiac Electrophysiology written by Zainul Abedin and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2008-04-15 with total page 313 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This concise collection of electrophysiological facts prepares you to face the clinical questions surrounding arrhythmia and conduction disorders with confidence. Clear and direct, the book offers: succinct factual information supported by illustrations, tables, and references self-assessment questions for each chapter, to test your knowledge of the area Essential Cardiac Electrophysiology summarizes the fundamental information that forms the basis of the modern approach to cardiac arrhythmias, from an explanation of the electrophysiologic effects of cardiac ion channel activity to the latest information on available implantable defibrillators. All members of the cardiac care team will benefit from keeping this valuable guide close at hand.

An Essential Introduction to Cardiac Electrophysiology

Download An Essential Introduction to Cardiac Electrophysiology PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : World Scientific Publishing Company
ISBN 13 : 190897737X
Total Pages : 288 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (89 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis An Essential Introduction to Cardiac Electrophysiology by : Ken MacLeod

Download or read book An Essential Introduction to Cardiac Electrophysiology written by Ken MacLeod and published by World Scientific Publishing Company. This book was released on 2013-11-14 with total page 288 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides undergraduate and postgraduate students with an accessible and comprehensive overview of the fascinating area of cardiac electrophysiology. Using plain language and well-designed illustrations, it attempts to overcome the preconceptions of the subject as difficult to approach, given the complexity of intricate electrical cellular processes within the human heart. Based on lectures presented to intercalating BSc medical students, this book has been designed with the undergraduate in mind, but offers enough scope to be worthwhile at the postgraduate level. Readers of this book will feel more confident and at ease with electrical concepts and the important physiological mechanisms that govern the initiation and regulation of the heartbeat. This volume intends to bridge that difficult region between basic undergraduate lecture notes and original papers in an approachable way. It will be useful to students studying medicine, physiology, pharmacology, pharmacy and biology, particularly where their curricula includes not only cardiac physiology, but also neurobiology and muscle physiology.

Cardiac Electrophysiology

Download Cardiac Electrophysiology PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3030753263
Total Pages : 335 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (37 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Cardiac Electrophysiology by : Milind G. Parikh

Download or read book Cardiac Electrophysiology written by Milind G. Parikh and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-02-17 with total page 335 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book offers a comprehensive review of clinical cardiac electrophysiology in a question and answer format. Chapters contain over 200 questions divided into 9 chapters, each organized by cardiac electrophysiology topic. Each question is followed by the correct answer with a detailed explanation along with references for further reading. Important concepts are highlighted and supported by over 200 illustrations and high resolution images. The book addresses a broad range of topics that are important when studying for the initial certification or recertification of the clinical cardiac electrophysiology board examination. It is also highly relevant for daily clinical practice in cardiology and cardiac electrophysiology. Topics covered in the book include: Review of basic and clinical cardiac electrophysiology principles associated with cardiac arrhythmias The evaluation and management of patients with cardiac rhythm disorders Review of pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic therapies for the treatment of arrhythmias Clinical indications, fundamental principles and electrical characteristics of implantable cardiac electronic devices such as pacemakers and defibrillators Clinical, electrocardiographic, and electrophysiologic characteristics of specific cardiac arrhythmia syndromes Cardiac Electrophysiology Board Review is a must-have resource for cardiology and cardiac electrophysiology trainees as well as attending physicians preparing for the certification or recertification examination. It may also be a useful guide for cardiologists, cardiac electrophysiologists and all clinicians who wish to further their understanding of heart rhythm disorders.

Cardiac Electrophysiology: A Visual Guide for Nurses, Techs, and Fellows, Second Edition

Download Cardiac Electrophysiology: A Visual Guide for Nurses, Techs, and Fellows, Second Edition PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Cardiotext Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1942909535
Total Pages : 402 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (429 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Cardiac Electrophysiology: A Visual Guide for Nurses, Techs, and Fellows, Second Edition by : Paul D. Purves, BSc, RCVT, CEPS

Download or read book Cardiac Electrophysiology: A Visual Guide for Nurses, Techs, and Fellows, Second Edition written by Paul D. Purves, BSc, RCVT, CEPS and published by Cardiotext Publishing. This book was released on 2021-03-01 with total page 402 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Essential Visual Guide to Basic Cardiac Electrophysiology Cardiac Electrophysiology: A Visual Guide for Nurses, Techs, and Fellows, Second Edition fulfills the need of allied health personnel and new fellows for a practical, hands-on pictorial guide that clearly illustrates the essential concepts of clinical cardiac electrophysiology. More than 85 high-quality tracings, diagrams, fluoroscopic images, and electroanatomic maps, accompanied by detailed discussions of each image, offer a fundamental understanding of cardiac electrophysiology equipment, principles, and procedures: • Catheter placement, hardware connections, and intracardiac signals • Normal electrogram sequences associated with sinus rhythm • Methodologies used to uncover the mechanisms of common clinical tachycardias Authored by a team of experts, Cardiac Electrophysiology: A Visual Guide for Nurses, Techs, and Fellows, Second Edition is an invaluable resource for a complex technology, providing superb guidance in acclimating new trainees and personnel to the EP laboratory and empowering them with the knowledge and skills needed to practice clinical electrophysiology. New to the Second Edition: • A new unit—Cardiac Electrical Axis • 16 video clips with a focus on electrogram sequences • An illustrated glossary and abbreviations list • A free eBook included

Essential Concepts of Electrophysiology through Case Studies: Intracardiac EGMs

Download Essential Concepts of Electrophysiology through Case Studies: Intracardiac EGMs PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Cardiotext Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1942909055
Total Pages : 338 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (429 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Essential Concepts of Electrophysiology through Case Studies: Intracardiac EGMs by : Roderick Tung, MD, FACC, FHRS

Download or read book Essential Concepts of Electrophysiology through Case Studies: Intracardiac EGMs written by Roderick Tung, MD, FACC, FHRS and published by Cardiotext Publishing. This book was released on 2015-05-15 with total page 338 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume of intracardiac tracings builds on our first book, Essential Concepts of Electrophysiology and Pacing through Case Studies, that guides the reader in developing and refining the key skill of analyzing electrophysiologic recordings. Over 60 cases with a focus on intracardiac EGMs are presented as board exam cases and questions. Tracings are framed by a question, followed by annotated tracings, and a discussion of the correct and potential answers. Cases present a full range of difficulty from simple to advanced. This book will provide a valuable review for a wide variety of professionals — physicians, associated professionals, nurses and technicians — preparing for certification and re-certification examinations in electrophysiology.

Basic Cardiac Electrophysiology for the Clinician

Download Basic Cardiac Electrophysiology for the Clinician PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 144436037X
Total Pages : 458 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (443 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Basic Cardiac Electrophysiology for the Clinician by : Jose Jalife

Download or read book Basic Cardiac Electrophysiology for the Clinician written by Jose Jalife and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2011-08-24 with total page 458 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book translates fundamental knowledge in basic cardiac electrophysiology from the bench to the bedside. Revised and updated for its second edition, the text offers new coverage of the molecular mechanisms of ion channel behavior and its regulation, complex arrhythmias, and the broadening roles of devices and ablation. Clear, straightforward explanations are illustrated by plentiful diagrams to make the material accessible to the non-specialist.

Electrophysiology for Clinicians

Download Electrophysiology for Clinicians PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Cardiotext Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1935395653
Total Pages : 274 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (353 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Electrophysiology for Clinicians by : Miguel A. Barrero Garcia, MD

Download or read book Electrophysiology for Clinicians written by Miguel A. Barrero Garcia, MD and published by Cardiotext Publishing. This book was released on 2011-05-01 with total page 274 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A concise and practical tool for learning the basic concepts of cardiac electrophysiology, including the diagnosis and management of cardiac arrhythmias, and the indications for patient referral. Clinically oriented, practical and a useful resource for: -Allied health professionals in the lab and in the clinic -Fellows -The general physician who needs to know the technical aspects of electrophysiology -Anyone on the front line dealing with patients that present with cardiac problems

Cardiac Electrophysiology 2: An Advanced Visual Guide for Nurses, Techs, and Fellows

Download Cardiac Electrophysiology 2: An Advanced Visual Guide for Nurses, Techs, and Fellows PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Cardiotext Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1935395181
Total Pages : 294 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (353 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Cardiac Electrophysiology 2: An Advanced Visual Guide for Nurses, Techs, and Fellows by : Paul D. Purves

Download or read book Cardiac Electrophysiology 2: An Advanced Visual Guide for Nurses, Techs, and Fellows written by Paul D. Purves and published by Cardiotext Publishing. This book was released on 2014-05 with total page 294 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Second Essential Visual Guide to Cardiac Electrophysiology Following the bestselling Cardiac Electrophysiology: A Visual Guide for Nurses, Techs, and Fellows, this book builds upon the basic concepts of electrophysiology introduced in the first volume and guides the reader to a more in-depth understanding of cardiac electrophysiology by working through commonly encountered scenarios in the EP lab. 45 full-page landscape, high-quality color intracardiac tracings are presented as “every-day” observations and unknowns, followed by annotated tracings and discussions that emphasize a systematic approach to the interpretation of EP tracings. Authored by a team of experts, Cardiac Electrophysiology: An ADVANCED Visual Guide for Nurses, Techs, and Fellows is an invaluable resource, providing superb guidance in developing the knowledge and skills required to practice clinical cardiac electrophysiology.

Essential Concepts of Electrophysiology and Pacing through Case Studies

Download Essential Concepts of Electrophysiology and Pacing through Case Studies PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Cardiotext Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1935395998
Total Pages : 311 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (353 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Essential Concepts of Electrophysiology and Pacing through Case Studies by : Roderick Tung MD

Download or read book Essential Concepts of Electrophysiology and Pacing through Case Studies written by Roderick Tung MD and published by Cardiotext Publishing. This book was released on 2014-03-01 with total page 311 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Edited by world-renowned cardiologist Kenneth Ellenbogen, MD, and collaboratively written by five expert physicians and allied health professionals, Essential Concepts of Electrophysiology and Pacing through Case Studies guides the reader in developing and refining the key skill of analyzing tracings – one of the most essential proficiencies in electrophysiology. With 60 cases comprising more than 140 tracings, figures, and tables and accompanied by multiple-choice questions, this scholarly yet eminently practical text delineates the core concepts and brings the reader directly into each case, offering EP physicians and fellows, device representatives and engineers, and other allied health professionals a fundamental understanding of the most important concepts on which the practice of EP is based. Appropriate for professionals with different levels of proficiency, Essential Concepts of Electrophysiology and Pacing through Case Studies includes a wide array of basic to advanced tracings that range from surface ECGs to pacemaker and ICD recordings to complex intracardiac tracings that will prove vital in strengthening and sharpening practical skills. Relevant references included with each case allow the reader to delve even deeper into the principles presented and will be invaluable in helping to prepare for IBHRE, ABIM, and other EP certification exams.

Handbook of Cardiac Electrophysiology

Download Handbook of Cardiac Electrophysiology PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Remedica
ISBN 13 : 1901346374
Total Pages : 230 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (13 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Handbook of Cardiac Electrophysiology by : Francis D. Murgatroyd

Download or read book Handbook of Cardiac Electrophysiology written by Francis D. Murgatroyd and published by Remedica. This book was released on 2002 with total page 230 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This text is a comprehensive introductory-level guide to invasive cardiac EP studies. Its focus is to enable the reader to understand and interpret the recording and stimulation techniques used during an EP study.

Clinical Handbook of Cardiac Electrophysiology

Download Clinical Handbook of Cardiac Electrophysiology PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3030743195
Total Pages : 225 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (37 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Clinical Handbook of Cardiac Electrophysiology by : Benedict M. Glover

Download or read book Clinical Handbook of Cardiac Electrophysiology written by Benedict M. Glover and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-06-22 with total page 225 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This extensively revised second edition provides a practically applicable guide for the management of cardiac arrhythmia. This subject has continued to expand rapidly, and it is therefore critical to understand the basic principles of arrhythmia mechanisms in order to assist with diagnosis and the selection of an appropriate treatment strategy. Comprehensively revised chapters cover a variety of aspects of cardiac electrophysiology in an easy-to-digest case-based format. For each case of arrhythmia, relevant illustrations, fluoroscopy images, ECGs and endocavity electrograms are used to describe the etiology, classification, clinical presentation, mechanisms, electrophysiology set up and relevant trouble-shooting procedures. New topics covered include the application of new antiarrhythmic drugs in tandem with ablation, techniques for the ablation of atrial fibrillation and electrophysiological assessments available for identifying instances of atrial tachycardia. Clinical Handbook of Cardiac Electrophysiology presents a comprehensive overview of cardiac electrophysiology, making it a valuable reference for practicing and trainee cardiac electrophysiologists, cardiologists, family practitioners, allied professionals and nurses.

Essential Cardiac Electrophysiology: The Self-Assessment Approach, Third Edition

Download Essential Cardiac Electrophysiology: The Self-Assessment Approach, Third Edition PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Cardiotext Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1942909373
Total Pages : 870 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (429 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Essential Cardiac Electrophysiology: The Self-Assessment Approach, Third Edition by : Zainul Abedin, MD

Download or read book Essential Cardiac Electrophysiology: The Self-Assessment Approach, Third Edition written by Zainul Abedin, MD and published by Cardiotext Publishing. This book was released on 2020-03-01 with total page 870 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: “This book will be instantly enjoyed by electrophysiologists at all career stages as it communicates highly relevant information and provides an ‘instant check’ of one’s knowledge base.” ~From the foreword by Kalyanam Shivkumar, MD, PhD, FHRS, FRCP (Lond-Hon) Fact-based and clinically-focused, this new third edition of Essential Cardiac Electrophysiology: The Self-Assessment Approach is an ideal reference in a bullet-point format that provides a concise and essential overview of electrophysiology. Packed with ABIM-style 200 multiple-choice questions designed to aid readers' understanding of key concepts and retention of essential facts, it is an excellent study aid for electrophysiology fellows, cardiology fellows, and electrophysiologists preparing for board examination or other EP certifications. Comprehensively updated with the latest recommendations and findings, it includes multiple tables, electrophysiology tracings and illustrations, and a treasury of electrophysiology pearls. This expanded Third Edition includes new chapters on AV blocks, channelopathies, and ventricular arrhythmias in a structurally normal heart, along with enhanced coverage of: · Electrophysiologic aspects of AVNRT and AVRT · Long and short RP tachycardia · Parahisian pacing · Bystander activation of accessory pathways · Brugada syndrome · Long QT syndrome and pregnancy A note on the questions: All the questions are ABIM style. Some of the questions have a tangential approach, i.e., not only one has to know the correct diagnosis but also has to know the correct management approach. Some questions are "concept" questions; i.e., it is to evaluate a basic concept to verify understanding.

Essential Cardiac Electrophysiology

Download Essential Cardiac Electrophysiology PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1118522028
Total Pages : 497 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (185 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Essential Cardiac Electrophysiology by : Zainul Abedin

Download or read book Essential Cardiac Electrophysiology written by Zainul Abedin and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2013-02-01 with total page 497 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This new edition of Essential Cardiac Electrophysiology: The Self-Assessment Approach continues the successful formula of the first edition, providing a concise and thorough overview of Electrophysiology supplemented by challenging questions readers can use to test their knowledge and prepare for examinations. Comprehensively updated and significantly expanded to include the latest recommendations, findings from leading-edge research, emergent diagnostic tools, and new therapeutic options, Essential Cardiac Electrophysiology: The Self-Assessment Approach now offers coverage of some of hottest topics in EP, including: HCN channels; Congenital, and paroxysmal AV blocks; Left atrial flutter; Electrophysiologic assessment of AVNRT and AVRT; VT ablation; Short QT syndrome; Early repolarization and ventricular fibrillation; Aortic cusp VT; Commotio Cordis, and more. Fact-based and clinically-focused, Essential Cardiac Electrophysiology: The Self-Assessment Approach is an ideal reference for all members of the EP care team, from cardiac care nurses and technicians to EP and cardiology fellows to practicing electrophysiologists. Packed with questions designed to aid readers’ understanding of key concepts and retention of essential facts, it is an excellent study aid for those preparing for board examination or other EP certifications.

Essential Cardiac Electrophysiology, Third Edition

Download Essential Cardiac Electrophysiology, Third Edition PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Cardiotext Incorporated
ISBN 13 : 9781942909293
Total Pages : 784 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (92 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Essential Cardiac Electrophysiology, Third Edition by : Zainul Abedin

Download or read book Essential Cardiac Electrophysiology, Third Edition written by Zainul Abedin and published by Cardiotext Incorporated. This book was released on 2020-02 with total page 784 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Fact-based and clinically-focused, this new third edition is an ideal reference that provides a concise and essential overview of electrophysiology. With 200 multiple-choice questions it is an excellent study aid for electrophysiology fellows, cardiology fellows, and electrophysiologists preparing for board examination or other EP certifications.

Pocket Guide for Cardiac Electrophysiology

Download Pocket Guide for Cardiac Electrophysiology PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 320 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 ( download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Pocket Guide for Cardiac Electrophysiology by : John D. Hummel

Download or read book Pocket Guide for Cardiac Electrophysiology written by John D. Hummel and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page 320 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This portable manual pulls together all the essential information on electrophysiology studies and therapeutic interventions in one, easy-to-consult source. You'll find guidance on everything from lab set-up, basic principles, and patient care through the evaluation of various tachycardias and syncope, working with permanent pacemakers and implantable cardioverter defibrillators, and more. For every arrhythmia, concise explanations of pathophysiology help readers understand what various findings mean and what clinical interventions are required.

Interventional Cardiac Electrophysiology

Download Interventional Cardiac Electrophysiology PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Cardiotext Publishing
ISBN 13 : 193539584X
Total Pages : 1046 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (353 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Interventional Cardiac Electrophysiology by : Ralph J. Damiano, Jr., MD, FACC, FACS

Download or read book Interventional Cardiac Electrophysiology written by Ralph J. Damiano, Jr., MD, FACC, FACS and published by Cardiotext Publishing. This book was released on 2015-05-15 with total page 1046 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Interventional Cardiac Electrophysiology is the first and only comprehensive, state-of-the-art textbook written for practitioners in multiple specialties involved in the care of the arrhythmia patient. Encompassing the entire field of interventional therapy for cardiac rhythm management, from basic science to evidence-based medicine to future directions, topics include: Technology and Therapeutic Techniques – EP techniques; imaging and radiologic technology; device and ablation technology; drug therapy.Interventional Electrophysiologic Procedures – Diagnostic and physiologic EP techniques; mapping in percutaneous catheter and surgical EP procedures; catheter and surgical ablation; device implantation and management.Clinical Indications and Evidence-based Outcomes Standards – For medical and surgical EP interventions for arrhythmias.New Directions in Interventional Electrophysiology – Hybrid therapy for atrial and ventricular arrhythmias and staged therapy. This book will be essential reading for clinicians and researchers that form the health care team for arrhythmia patients: cardiologists, adult and pediatric clinical electrophysiologists, interventional electrophysiologists, cardiac surgeons practicing arrhythmia surgery, allied health care professionals, pharmacologists, radiologists and anesthesiologists evaluating arrhythmia patients, and basic scientists from the biomedical engineering and experimental physiology disciplines. Professor Sanjeev Saksena has been involved in this arena for over three decades and has brought his experience to this textbook, assembling editorial leadership from medical and surgical cardiology to provide a global perspective on fundamentals of medical practice, evidence-based therapeutic practices, and emerging research in this field. This book includes 95 videos.

Cardiac Cellular Electrophysiology

Download Cardiac Cellular Electrophysiology PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 146151715X
Total Pages : 442 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (615 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Cardiac Cellular Electrophysiology by : Edward Carmeliet

Download or read book Cardiac Cellular Electrophysiology written by Edward Carmeliet and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 442 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Cardiac Cellular Electrophysiology is intended for the clinical cardiologist who wishes to refresh or deepen his understanding of the cellular basis of cardiac electrophysiology, for researchers interested in the basis of the electrical activity of the heart, such as clinical investigators, physiologists or pharmacologists, for teachers in physiology, pharmacology and other biomedical studies, and for medical students from graduate to postgraduate level. Cardiac Cellular Electrophysiology starts with a primer of basic electrophysiology, the cardiac action potential and the physiological basis of the electrocardiogram. Our second aim after having introduced the basic concepts was to continue with giving an overview of the properties of the most important ionic currents in the heart, and to treat their modulation, in order to deal with the mechanisms underlying cardiac ischaemia, arrhythmias and remodelling. Edward Carmeliet and Johan Vereecke, Katholieke University Leuven, Belgium, have collaborated for over 30 years in cardiac electrophysiology research. Their studies include the genesis of the normal action potential, its changes in ischaemia, the effect of drugs, and the mechanism of arrhythmias, using techniques from the classic potential registration with intracellular microelectrodes to whole cell clamp and single channel measurements.