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Author : Yvonne Stolz
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (118 download)
Download or read book Essays on Human Capital Formation, Living Standards and Selective Migration written by Yvonne Stolz and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Maria Adriaantje Kleemans
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 143 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (957 download)
Download or read book Essays of Economic Development and Migration written by Maria Adriaantje Kleemans and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 143 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This dissertation is composed of three chapters and studies issues related to economic development and migration. The first chapter looks at migration choice in an environment where people face risk and liquidity constraints. The second chapter, which is co-authored with Jeremy Magruder, studies the labor market impact of immigration in Indonesia. The third chapter is written together with Joan Hamory Hick and Edward Miguel and examines selection into migration in Kenya. The first paper develops and tests a migration choice model that incorporates two prominent migration strategies used by households facing risk and liquidity constraints. On the one hand, migration can be used as an ex-post risk-coping strategy after sudden negative income shocks. On the other hand, migration can be seen an as investment, but liquidity constraints may prevent households from paying up-front migration costs, in which case positive income shocks may increase migration. These diverging migratory responses to shocks are modeled within a dynamic migration choice framework that I test using a 20-year panel of internal migration decisions by 38,914 individuals in Indonesia. I document evidence that migration increases after contemporaneous negative income shocks as well as after an accumulation of preceding positive shocks. Consistent with the model, I find that migration after negative shocks is more often characterized by temporary moves to rural destinations and is more likely to be used by those with low levels of wealth, while investment migration is more likely to involve urban destinations, occur over longer distances, and be longer in duration. Structural estimation of the model reveals that migration costs are higher for those with lower levels of wealth and education, and suggests that the two migration strategies act as substitutes, meaning that those who migrate to cope with a negative shock are less likely to invest in migration. I use the structural estimates to simulate policy experiments of providing credit and subsidizing migration, and I explore the impact of increased weather shock intensity in order to better understand the possible impact of climate change on migration. The second paper studies the labor market impact of internal migration in Indonesia by instrumenting migrant flows with rainfall shocks at the origin area. Estimates reveal that a one percentage point increase in the share of migrants decreases income by 1.22 percent and reduces employment by 0.26 percentage points. These effects are different across sectors: employment reductions are concentrated in the formal sector, while income reduction occurs in the informal sector. Negative consequences are most pronounced for low-skilled natives, even though migrants are systematically highly skilled. We suggest that the two-sector nature of the labor market may explain this pattern. The third paper exploits a new longitudinal dataset to examine selective migration among 1,500 Kenyan youth originally living in rural areas. More than one-third of individuals report moving to an urban area during the study period. Understanding how this migration differs for people with different ability levels is important for correctly estimating urban-rural wage gaps, and for characterizing the process of "structural transformation" out of agriculture. We examine whether migration rates are related to individual "ability", broadly defined to include cognitive aptitude as well as health, and then use these estimates to determine how much of the urban-rural wage gap in Kenya is due to selection versus actual productivity differences. Whereas previous empirical work has focused on schooling attainment as a proxy for cognitive ability, we employ an arguably preferable measure, a pre-migration primary school academic test score. Pre-migration randomized assignment to a deworming treatment program provides variation in health status. We find a positive relationship between both measures of human capital (cognitive ability and deworming) and subsequent migration, though only the former is robust at standard statistical significance levels. Specifically, an increase of two standard deviations in academic test score increases the likelihood of rural-urban migration by 17%. Results are robust to conditioning on household demographic and socioeconomic measures that might capture some aspect of credit constraints or household bargaining. In an interesting contrast with the existing literature, schooling attainment is not significantly associated with urban migration once cognitive ability is accounted for. In contrast, academic test score performance is not correlated with international migration to neighboring Uganda. Accounting for migration selection due to both cognitive ability and schooling attainment does not explain more than a small fraction of the sizeable urban-rural wage gap in Kenya, suggesting that productivity differences across sectors remain large.
Author : Joan Hamory Hicks
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 210 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (785 download)
Download or read book Essays in Development Economics written by Joan Hamory Hicks and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 210 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: According to the World Bank's World Development Report 2007, there are 1.3 billion young adults aged 12-24 living in less-developed countries today. Individuals in this age group are going through a period of tremendous flux in their lives as they embark on marriage, job searches or higher education, and their experiences during this time will shape the next generation of decision makers. Research focusing on the choices of these individuals, as well as the circumstances under which they are made, is urgently needed. The present collection of essays seeks to advance such research by utilizing a recent longitudinal survey to examine the decisions of young adults in rural Kenya as they relate to education, migration and behavior in the wake of violent civil conflict. Chapter 1 explores the extent to which individual academic and cognitive ability is factored into household decisions concerning education. Panel information on schooling for nearly 1,900 rural Kenyan youth over the period 1998-2008 is combined with satellite precipitation data in order to examine the effects of agricultural income variability on school attendance. A unique early-age academic test score proxies for child ability. Regression analysis indicates that during times of plenty, there is an 11 percent increase in attendance of high ability relative to low ability individuals, suggesting households recognize and value ability when making schooling decisions. This finding is framed using a model of human capital accumulation in which schooling decisions are a function of individual ability. Surprisingly, although youth on the whole are less likely to attend school during negative income shocks, there are no differential attendance changes across individuals of different ability levels. Instead, credit constraints and income shocks may work together in this setting to limit desirable human capital investments. Such consumption smoothing behavior could imply negative long-term effects on household welfare. Chapter 2 studies selective migration among 1,500 Kenyan youth originally living in rural areas. In particular, this essay examines whether migration rates are related to individual "ability", broadly defined to include cognitive aptitude as well as health, and then uses these estimates to determine how much of the urban-rural wage gap in Kenya is due to selection versus actual productivity differences. Whereas previous empirical work has focused on schooling attainment as a proxy for cognitive ability, the present research employs an arguably preferable measure, a pre-migration primary school academic test score. Pre-migration randomized assignment to a deworming treatment program provides variation in health status. Results suggest a positive relationship between both measures of human capital (cognitive ability and deworming) and subsequent migration, though only the former is robust at standard statistical significance levels. Specifically, an increase of two standard deviations in academic test score increases the likelihood of rural-urban migration by 17%. In an interesting contrast with the existing literature, schooling attainment is not significantly associated with urban migration once cognitive ability is accounted for. Accounting for migration selection due to both cognitive ability and schooling attainment does not explain more than a small fraction of the sizeable urban-rural wage gap in Kenya, suggesting that productivity differences across sectors remain large. Finally, Chapter 3 examines the socioeconomic impacts of two months of protests and violent, primarily ethnic-based clashes that erupted across central and western Kenya in late 2007 following the controversial conclusion of a heavily-contested presidential election. Although not an epicenter of the conflict, Busia District experienced sporadic unrest, an influx of refugees from other parts of Kenya, inflation, supply shortages, and local market closures. Unique and timely survey data collected from young adults living primarily in this district of rural western Kenya in the months surrounding the election permits the use of both differences-in-differences and propensity score matching methodologies to estimate the short- to medium-run impacts of this conflict, and both approaches yield broadly similar findings. Despite little support for lasting effects on labor, migration and nutritional outcomes within weeks of cessation of the violence, there do appear to be persistent consequences for social cohesion and informal financial activities. While there is little indication of change in survey respondents' self-reported attitudes regarding trust of others, analysis confirms large declines in attendance at religious services, participation in community and bible groups, and utilization of non-family members as points of contact for future survey enumeration efforts. These findings highlight a disconnect between reported attitudes and observable behavior. Furthermore, respondents are between 29 and 53 percent less likely to engage in informal lending and transfers post-conflict. Given the key role played by social networks in informal financial markets in less-developed countries, these results indicate that even brief civil unrest may have lasting negative consequences.
Author : Maggie Yuanyuan Liu
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 372 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (99 download)
Download or read book Three Essays on The Formation and Mobility of Human Capital in Developing Countries written by Maggie Yuanyuan Liu and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 372 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Development and economic growth take place through the more efficient allocation of inputs into more productive uses. Human capital is a key input since it is the main asset of the majority of the population, especially of the poor, in developing countries. What factors attribute to existing barriers to physical and social mobility of human capital in developing countries? How has expanded global trade affected the allocation and accumulation of skill in developing economies? In three chapters, I study the education and internal migration in China and India, and provide answer to these questions.
Author : Junjie Guo
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 288 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (97 download)
Download or read book Essays on Human Capital Externalities and Migration written by Junjie Guo and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 288 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The three chapters of my dissertation explore the role of human capital externalities in accounting for the geographic variation in both wage level and wage growth, and the role of search capital in understanding the patterns of interstate migration in the US. Chapter 1 shows that wage grows faster with experience in labor markets with larger shares of college-educated workers (college share). An instrumental variable and panel data with individual fixed effects are used to address the potential endogeneity of college share and the sorting of workers across labor markets respectively. The effect of the college share of a labor market is shown to persist after workers leave the market, suggesting that a larger college share raises returns to experience through the accumulation of human capital valuable in all markets. In chapter 2, using measures of Compulsory Schooling Laws as instruments for state average schooling, we find that one more year of average schooling leads to a 6-8% increase in individual wages. The effect is statistically significant and robust to different specifications. We construct a model where the average human capital of an economy is allowed to affect the productivity of a typical firm in the economy. We estimate that the elasticity of a firm's productivity with respect to the average human capital of the economy is around 0.121. Chapter 3 builds a model of job search and migration with search capital to understand two major patterns of interstate migration in the US: (1) Around 90% of migrants move in order to take a new job or for job transfer rather than to look for work, and (2) over half of all moves are repeated and return migration. The model allows workers to receive job offers from all locations in the economy and to accumulate search capital that increases the location-specific job arrival rate. The model explains both migration patterns under reasonable parameters.
Author : Junjie Guo
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (97 download)
Download or read book Essays on Human Capital Externalities and Migration written by Junjie Guo and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The three chapters of my dissertation explore the role of human capital externalities in accounting for the geographic variation in both wage level and wage growth, and the role of search capital in understanding the patterns of interstate migration in the US. Chapter 1 shows that wage grows faster with experience in labor markets with larger shares of college-educated workers (college share). An instrumental variable and panel data with individual fixed effects are used to address the potential endogeneity of college share and the sorting of workers across labor markets respectively. The effect of the college share of a labor market is shown to persist after workers leave the market, suggesting that a larger college share raises returns to experience through the accumulation of human capital valuable in all markets. In chapter 2, using measures of Compulsory Schooling Laws as instruments for state average schooling, we find that one more year of average schooling leads to a 6-8% increase in individual wages. The effect is statistically significant and robust to different specifications. We construct a model where the average human capital of an economy is allowed to affect the productivity of a typical firm in the economy. We estimate that the elasticity of a firm's productivity with respect to the average human capital of the economy is around 0.121. Chapter 3 builds a model of job search and migration with search capital to understand two major patterns of interstate migration in the US: (1) Around 90% of migrants move in order to take a new job or for job transfer rather than to look for work, and (2) over half of all moves are repeated and return migration. The model allows workers to receive job offers from all locations in the economy and to accumulate search capital that increases the location-specific job arrival rate. The model explains both migration patterns under reasonable parameters.
Author : Claudia Goldin
Publisher : Harvard University Press
ISBN 13 : 0674037731
Total Pages : 497 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (74 download)
Download or read book The Race between Education and Technology written by Claudia Goldin and published by Harvard University Press. This book was released on 2009-07-01 with total page 497 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides a careful historical analysis of the co-evolution of educational attainment and the wage structure in the United States through the twentieth century. The authors propose that the twentieth century was not only the American Century but also the Human Capital Century. That is, the American educational system is what made America the richest nation in the world. Its educational system had always been less elite than that of most European nations. By 1900 the U.S. had begun to educate its masses at the secondary level, not just in the primary schools that had remarkable success in the nineteenth century. The book argues that technological change, education, and inequality have been involved in a kind of race. During the first eight decades of the twentieth century, the increase of educated workers was higher than the demand for them. This had the effect of boosting income for most people and lowering inequality. However, the reverse has been true since about 1980. This educational slowdown was accompanied by rising inequality. The authors discuss the complex reasons for this, and what might be done to ameliorate it.
Author : World Bank
Publisher : World Bank Publications
ISBN 13 : 1464813566
Total Pages : 148 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (648 download)
Download or read book World Development Report 2019 written by World Bank and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2018-10-31 with total page 148 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Work is constantly reshaped by technological progress. New ways of production are adopted, markets expand, and societies evolve. But some changes provoke more attention than others, in part due to the vast uncertainty involved in making predictions about the future. The 2019 World Development Report will study how the nature of work is changing as a result of advances in technology today. Technological progress disrupts existing systems. A new social contract is needed to smooth the transition and guard against rising inequality. Significant investments in human capital throughout a person’s lifecycle are vital to this effort. If workers are to stay competitive against machines they need to train or retool existing skills. A social protection system that includes a minimum basic level of protection for workers and citizens can complement new forms of employment. Improved private sector policies to encourage startup activity and competition can help countries compete in the digital age. Governments also need to ensure that firms pay their fair share of taxes, in part to fund this new social contract. The 2019 World Development Report presents an analysis of these issues based upon the available evidence.
Author : Marc Nerlove
Publisher : Academic Press
ISBN 13 : 1483274683
Total Pages : 174 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (832 download)
Download or read book Household and Economy written by Marc Nerlove and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2014-05-10 with total page 174 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Household and Economy: Welfare Economics of Endogenous Fertility deals with welfare economics and the socially optimal population size, as well as the social consequences of individual choice with respect to family size within each generation. The general equilibrium implications of endogenous fertility for a number of issues of population policy are discussed. In addition to their own consumption, the number of children and the utility of each child is assumed to enter the utility function of the parents. Comprised of 10 chapters, this volume begins with a review of social welfare criteria for optimal population size and the static theory of optimal population size, optimal population growth with exogenous fertility, and the theory of endogenous fertility. The reader is then introduced to the basic principles of welfare economics and the economics of externalities, followed by a summary of the traditional theory of household behavior. Subsequent chapters focus on optimal population size according to various social welfare criteria; real and potential externalities generated by the endogeneity of fertility; and the principal alternative reason for having children: to transfer resources from the present to support the future consumption of parents in old age. The book concludes by assessing the implications of endogenous fertility for within-generation income distribution policies and reflecting on the directions in which future research may be fruitful. This monograph will be of value to economists, social scientists, students of welfare economics, and those who wish to understand the contribution of economic analysis to an improved understanding of population policy.
Author : Partha Dasgupta
Publisher : World Bank Publications
ISBN 13 : 9780821350041
Total Pages : 438 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (5 download)
Download or read book Social Capital written by Partha Dasgupta and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2000 with total page 438 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book contains a number of papers presented at a workshop organised by the World Bank in 1997 on the theme of 'Social Capital: Integrating the Economist's and the Sociologist's Perspectives'. The concept of 'social capital' is considered through a number of theoretical and empirical studies which discuss its analytical foundations, as well as institutional and statistical analyses of the concept. It includes the classic 1987 article by the late James Coleman, 'Social Capital in the Creation of Human Capital', which formed the basis for the development of social capital as an organising concept in the social sciences.
Author : OECD
Publisher : OECD Publishing
ISBN 13 : 9264288732
Total Pages : 194 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (642 download)
Download or read book How Immigrants Contribute to Developing Countries' Economies written by OECD and published by OECD Publishing. This book was released on 2018-01-24 with total page 194 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: How Immigrants Contribute to Developing Countries' Economies is the result of a project carried out by the OECD Development Centre and the International Labour Organization, with support from the European Union. The report covers the ten project partner countries.
Author : Iom International Organization For Migration
Publisher : Academic Foundation
ISBN 13 : 9788171885732
Total Pages : 272 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (857 download)
Download or read book Migration, Development and Poverty Reduction in Asia written by Iom International Organization For Migration and published by Academic Foundation. This book was released on 2008 with total page 272 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Theodore William Schultz
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9780734607737
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (77 download)
Download or read book Investment in Human Capital written by Theodore William Schultz and published by . This book was released on 1970 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Monograph arguing that investment in human resources through education (human capital formation) and the cost of and resource allocation to research are important sources of economic growth neglected by classical economic theory - covers the rate of return in higher education in the USA, the effect on income distribution, etc., and attempts to show that the slowness of institutions to adjust to new demands made by the rise in the economic value of man is the key to important public problems. References and statistical tables.
Author : T. J. Hatton
Publisher : MIT Press
ISBN 13 : 0262083612
Total Pages : 431 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (62 download)
Download or read book The New Comparative Economic History written by T. J. Hatton and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 2007 with total page 431 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Essays by internationally prominent economists examine long run cross-country economic trends from the perspective of New Comparative Economic History, an approach pioneered by Harvard economist Jeffrey G. Williamson. The innovative approach to economic history known as the New Comparative Economic History represents a distinct change in the way that many economic historians view their role, do their work, and interact with the broader economics profession. The New Comparative Economic History reflects a belief that economic processes can best be understood by systematically comparing experiences across time, regions, and, above all, countries. It is motivated by current questions that are not nation specific--the sources of economic growth, the importance of institutions, and the impact of globalization--and focuses on long-run trends rather than short-run ups and downs in economic activity. The essays in this volume offer a New Economic Comparative History perspective on a range of topics and are written in honor of Jeffrey G. Williamson, the most distinguished and influential scholar in the field. The contributors, prominent American and European economists, consider such topics as migration, education, and wage convergence; democracy and protectionism in the nineteenth century; trade and immigration policies in labor-scarce economies; and the effect of institutions on European productivity and jobs.
Author : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309452961
Total Pages : 583 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (94 download)
Download or read book Communities in Action written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2017-04-27 with total page 583 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the United States, some populations suffer from far greater disparities in health than others. Those disparities are caused not only by fundamental differences in health status across segments of the population, but also because of inequities in factors that impact health status, so-called determinants of health. Only part of an individual's health status depends on his or her behavior and choice; community-wide problems like poverty, unemployment, poor education, inadequate housing, poor public transportation, interpersonal violence, and decaying neighborhoods also contribute to health inequities, as well as the historic and ongoing interplay of structures, policies, and norms that shape lives. When these factors are not optimal in a community, it does not mean they are intractable: such inequities can be mitigated by social policies that can shape health in powerful ways. Communities in Action: Pathways to Health Equity seeks to delineate the causes of and the solutions to health inequities in the United States. This report focuses on what communities can do to promote health equity, what actions are needed by the many and varied stakeholders that are part of communities or support them, as well as the root causes and structural barriers that need to be overcome.
Author : Roderick Floud
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1139500805
Total Pages : 459 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (395 download)
Download or read book The Changing Body written by Roderick Floud and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2011-03-31 with total page 459 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Humans have become much taller and heavier, and experience healthier and longer lives than ever before in human history. However it is only recently that historians, economists, human biologists and demographers have linked the changing size, shape and capability of the human body to economic and demographic change. This fascinating and groundbreaking book presents an accessible introduction to the field of anthropometric history, surveying the causes and consequences of changes in health and mortality, diet and the disease environment in Europe and the United States since 1700. It examines how we define and measure health and nutrition as well as key issues such as whether increased longevity contributes to greater productivity or, instead, imposes burdens on society through the higher costs of healthcare and pensions. The result is a major contribution to economic and social history with important implications for today's developing world and the health trends of the future.
Author : American Bar Association. House of Delegates
Publisher : American Bar Association
ISBN 13 : 9781590318737
Total Pages : 216 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (187 download)
Download or read book Model Rules of Professional Conduct written by American Bar Association. House of Delegates and published by American Bar Association. This book was released on 2007 with total page 216 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Model Rules of Professional Conduct provides an up-to-date resource for information on legal ethics. Federal, state and local courts in all jurisdictions look to the Rules for guidance in solving lawyer malpractice cases, disciplinary actions, disqualification issues, sanctions questions and much more. In this volume, black-letter Rules of Professional Conduct are followed by numbered Comments that explain each Rule's purpose and provide suggestions for its practical application. The Rules will help you identify proper conduct in a variety of given situations, review those instances where discretionary action is possible, and define the nature of the relationship between you and your clients, colleagues and the courts.
