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Download or read book ENGINE TESTS WITH - IMAGING OF "NOSTRUM IMPINGING JET INJECTORS" AND RESULTS OF DIRECT WATER INJECTION IN A SPARK IGNITED ENGINE AT HIGH COMPRESSION RATIO written by and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book THE SETUP AND EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS OF DIRECT WATER INJECTION IN A SPARK IGNITED NATURAL GAS ENGINE AT VARYING COMPRESSION RATIOS written by and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Abstract : A production Kohler 8.5RES residential stand-by generator set (Genset) was selected as the platform for this study due to its availability, simplicity, and price point. The Genset consists of a spark ignited (SI) two cylinder vee style internal combustion engine (ICE) capable of running natural gas or propane fuel with a 8.5 kW generator connected directly to the engines crankshaft. This allows for electrical load to be applied to the generator which in turn loads the engine without the use of a conventional dynamometer. A water cooled fully adjustable electric resistive load bank allows for easy adjustment to the desired load point. The electrical power generated was measured to determine the ICE output power and calculate the fuel energy to electrical energy conversion efficiency. To allow for control of the engine while testing it was modified from its original carbureted form to a port fuel injected (PFI) configuration and the original fixed spark timing system was removed and replaced with a coil ignition system. An electronic throttle body (ETB) was fitted to allow adjustment to the incoming air flow. The cylinder heads were modified to allow for a production direct inject (DI) fuel injector which used to deliver water to the combustion chamber and an in cylinder pressure transducer for analysis of various combustion parameters. The genset and test cell were instrumented with low speed and high speed dataacquisition (DAQ) systems to monitor and capture data at the chosen operatingconditions. The high speed data captured by the DAQ was used in conjunction with anear real-time combustion analysis program which calculated and logged combustionparameters and allowed for optimization of spark timing at each test point. Low speed data including fuel consumption, air mass flow rat, water consumption, and electrical power generated along with other engine parameters were monitored and logged as well. The ICE was tested at three different compression ratios (CRs) by changing the pistons and then by removing material from the cylinder head to decrease the clearance volume. The CR that came from the engine supplier was the first to be tested, second a CR in the range of 10:1-11:1 was targeted, and the range of the third CR was 14:1-15:1. The exact values of the CRs tested were calculated once the modifications were complete and volume measurements could be made. The first CR tested was 8.5:1 which is what the engine comes with from the supplier, the second 10.75:1 after changing pistons, and the third 14.3:1 after removing material from the cylinder head. Baseline data was collected at the 8.5:1 CR using the factory the fuel and ignition system to be used for comparison. Once the fuel, spark, and ETB modifications were complete tests were conducted by varying the load from 0 kW to the maximum attainable load at each test condition in 1 kW increments while targeting a relative air-fuel ratio (lambda, λ) of 1.0 and a speed of 3600 rpm. Using the combustion analysis software the gross indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP) was maximized for each test by varying spark timing. Water was injected into the combustion chamber at water to fuel ratios (WFRs) of 0.38, 1.0, and 1.5 by mass. These WFRs were chosen by the sponsor; the lowest possible WFR was to be tested as well as the 1.0 and 1.5 ratios. The lowest value of 0.38 was determined by testing the mass flow rate of the water injectors at decreasing durations. It was found that at WFRs lower than 0.38 the mass of water injected varied due to the injector's response properties. The start of injection (SOI) for water was swept from 180 degrees before top dead center (℗ʻBTDC) to 40 ℗ʻBTDC on the compression stroke in 20℗ʻ increments at each load condition tested. Before water injection tests began, each load point was tested and optimized to obtain baselines to be used for comparison against the water injection results for each CR tested. For each test performed an analysis was conducted to determine the effects of water injection of net fuel conversion efficiency, coefficient of variation (COV) of IMEP, and heat release rate which are discussed in greater detail later in this paper. Fuel conversion efficiency was used to determine if the water increased or decreased the conversion from fuel energy to mechanical work and quantified how it was impacted. The stability of combustion was determined by using the IMEP coefficient of variance which is common practice in ICE analysis to see how the water effected the variance in IMEP from cycle to cycle. Lastly heat release data was used to determine if the burn rate and ignition delay was impacted with the presence of water. From this data trends were identified and conclusions drawn regarding the overall impact water injection has on combustion.
Download or read book Water Injection and Its Impact on Knock Mitigation in Spark Ignited Engines written by and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Abstract : One of the limiting factors influencing the improvement of engine efficiency in gasoline engines is engine knock. Several techniques including reduced compression ratio, cooled exhaust gas recirculation, using high premium fuels, late intake valve closing have been used to mitigate knock at different operating regimes. Water due to its higher latent heat of vaporization compared to gasoline fuel has been used to reduce the charge temperature and mitigate knock. When water is injected into the intake manifold or into the cylinder, it evaporates by exchanging energy from the surrounding mixture resulting in charge cooling. This allows the engine to be run with advanced spark timing without engine knock resulting in better engine performance. With this motive, the impact of water injection on the combustion characteristics of gasoline direct injection engine was investigated. The research was conducted in three parts. First, an analytical model was developed using the principles of thermodynamics to determine the impact of direct water injection on the cycle efficiency. An ideal thermodynamic cycle with constant volume heat addition was considered for the analysis consisting of air, fuel and water mixture. State properties of the mixture were determined at different points in the thermodynamic cycle and efficiency was calculated. This established a baseline on the amount of water that can be injected into the cylinder and its impact on the overall cycle efficiency. This was followed by spray studies on a spray and combustion vessel that were conducted at engine conditions by varying the ambient conditions to determine the vaporization of water and water methanol sprays. This study gives a comparison of the amount of water that can be vaporized from the thermodynamic model. Experimental studies were conducted on a single cylinder engine with a compression ratio of 10.9:1. Baseline tests without water injection were run using gasoline fuel blended with 10% Ethanol (E10) (Anti-Knock Index = 87.0) injected directly into the cylinder. Impact of water injection was studied by injecting water and blends of water and methanol in the intake manifold at different water fuel ratios within controlled knock limit. Furthermore, injection mechanism was changed to direct water injection and tests were conducted at the same conditions to compare the effect of water injection mechanism on the combustion and knock performance.
Author : Rinaldo J. Brun
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 20 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (126 download)
Download or read book End-zone Water Injection as a Means of Suppressing Knock in a Spark-ignition Engine written by Rinaldo J. Brun and published by . This book was released on 1944 with total page 20 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Summary: An investigation has been made of the effectiveness of water injection into the combustion end zone of a spark-ignition engine cylinder for the suppression of knock. Pressure-time recoreds obtained show that injection of water at 60° B.T.C. on the compression stroke at a water-fuel ratio of 0.3 rendered M-3 fuel as good as S-3 fuel from an antiknock consideration. The optimum crank angle for injection of water into the end zone was found to be critical. As the injection angle was increased beyond the optimum, the quantity of water required to suppress knock increased to 3.6 water-fuel ratio at 132° B.T.C. The water quantity could not be increased beyond 3.6 water-fuel ration because of injection-pump limitations; however, a further increase in the injection angle up to the earliest angle obtainable, which was 20° A.T.C. on the intake stroke, continuously increased the knock intensity. The engine operating conditions of the tests did not simulate those encountered in flight, especially with regard to the operating speed of 570 rpm. For this reason the results should only be regarded as of theoretical importance until further investigation has been made.
Author : Edward Ellis Towe
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 88 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (129 download)
Download or read book Effect of Water Injection on Combustion Characteristics of a Spark-ignition Internal-combustion Engine written by Edward Ellis Towe and published by . This book was released on 1955 with total page 88 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : J. Parley Wilson
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 152 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (774 download)
Download or read book Effects of Water Injection and Increased Compression Ratio in a Gasoline Spark Ignition Engine written by J. Parley Wilson and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 152 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book 1D SIMULATION OF DIRECT WATER INJECTION IN A SPARK IGNITED ENGINE written by and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book SINGLE CYLINDER ENGINE STUDIES WITH NOSTRUM IMPINGING FUEL INJECTOR WITH VARIABLE START OF INJECTION AND DETERMINATION OF FUEL VAPORIZATION WITH SKIP INJECTION written by and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Abstract : To analyze and evaluate configuration of "Nostrum 5-Hole impinging fuel injector", tests were carried out on the Hydra single cylinder research engine (SCRE) at Michigan Tech. A series of tests with different fuels were conducted to quantify fuel vaporization by analyzing peak pressure at different start of injection (SOI) timing. A systematic approach was used to investigate the difference in non-firing motored peak pressure at TDC with and without fuel injection which is referred to as skip injection/firing test. MATLAB script has been used to analyze cylinder pressure separately for cycles with the injector (ON) and with the injector (OFF). Combustion performance with the Nostrum injector has been evaluated at variable start of injection timing and the results were compared with baseline Bosch HDEV injectors. Further a fuel injection pressure sweep was performed with Nostrum injector to draw conclusions about the specific fuel conversion (SFC) and combustion performance.
Download or read book IMPACT OF WATER INGESTION ON COMBUSTION PERFORMANCE IN A SPARK IGNITED INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE written by and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Abstract : This study experimentally investigated the effect of unintended water ingestion on a spark ignited internal combustion engine. Testing was performed on a 2.0L inline four cylinder turbocharged engine. Port water injection (with two different levels of atomization) was utilized to introduce water into the combustion system. Five speed / load points were tested from 1300 rpm 3 bar BMEP to 3250 rpm 15 bar BMEP. Testing was done with constant air charge as well as constant throttle emulating the in-vehicle scenario. The water to fuel ratio (W/F) was swept until COV of IMEP reached at least 20% and misfires were detected. With the addition of water, initially combustion performance degrades rapidly, however, once water vapor reaches saturation in the manifold, additional water has less of an impact, until ultimately in-cylinder water content is high enough to induce misfire. High engine loads are seen to be more resistant to combustion degradation due to water ingestion.
Download or read book AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON THE IMPACT OF WATER INJECTION ON THE PERFORMANCE AND EMISSIONS OF A NATURAL GAS - DIESEL PILOT ENGINE written by and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Abstract : Natural gas has been gaining popularity as an alternative fuel due to its high availability, low CO2 emissions, and low cost. In this experimental study, water injection's impact on medium and heavy-duty engine operation fueled by natural gas and pilot diesel injection for ignition was studied under stochiometric operation for use with a three-way catalytic converter to meet criteria emissions for off-road power generation. To retain high efficiencies, a high compression ratio of 17.3:1 was used. Maintaining stoichiometric operation with a high compression ratio leads to combustion knock, pre-ignition, and high NOx formation. Conventionally, cooled EGR can be used to reduce NOx, but results in increased soot and does not eliminate combustion knock and pre-ignition. As an alternative to EGR this work utilized port injected water to provide on demand charge cooling, successfully reducing both NOx and soot while enabling high-load operation. A combination of both high and low speeds and loads were tested to study the impact of water injection on the emissions and performance of the natural gas, diesel-pilot engine. Additionally, water injections impact on diesel only operation was tested to provide comparison metrics and aid in a better understanding of the mechanisms at work when injecting water in an internal combustion engine. At full load, 16.8 bar BMEP, it was found that a water to fuel ratio of 0.5:1 was sufficient to enabling the knock free operation without significant increase in combustion duration or instability where operating at this load without water resulted in pre-ignition. Increasing the water to fuel ratio to 1:1 enabled a 21 bar BMEP load. At 12.5 bar BMEP, the NOx emission was reduced from 13.5 g/kwh to 7.2 g/kwh with a water to fuel mass ratio of 1.5:1. In addition to solving the high NOx and pre-ignition problem, a water to fuel ratio of 2.5:1 at 16.8 bar BMEP also decreased the soot content in the exhaust by a factor of 3.5 with only a small penalty in efficiency, decreasing break thermal efficiency from 41 to 40%.
Download or read book THE INTERACTION OF IGNITION AND IN-CYLINDER FLOW ON FLAME KERNEL DEVELOPMENT AND ITS IMPACTS ON COMBUSTION IN AN OPTICALLY ACCESSIBLE DIRECT INJECTION ENGINE written by and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Abstract : A significant challenge facing spark-ignited (SI) engines to achieve higher efficiency via highly diluted combustion is the quickly increased combustion instability as the dilution level increases. The flow motion variation has been identified as a dominant factor that introduces combustion variability at highly diluted conditions. However, the detailed mechanism of how the variation in flow motion impacts the flame kernel development and introduces combustion instability is only partially understood. This research investigated the impacts of the in-cylinder flow on variability of the ignition and early flame kernel development in a single cylinder direct-injection spark-ignition (DI-SI) optically accessible engine and accessory test benches. Firstly, different types of spark plug electrode designs were studied on a spark plug flow fixture bench. The results showed that the impacts of incoming flow on the ignition output vary as the incoming flow direction is changed. The ignition energy drops and discharge duration prolongs as the incoming flow is blocked by any part of the electrodes. Secondly, the flow motion near the spark plug region was investigated in an optical engine through high-speed imaging of the spark discharge arc stretching and flow field measurement via particle imaging velocimetry. It was observed that at motored conditions there is a consistent trend that the flow can change direction from the bulk motion as the piston approaches the top dead center (TDC). The transition of flow direction near the spark plug is a source of variability in initial flame kernel convection and propagation. It was found that by increasing the tumble motion, the transition window can be retarded later in the cycle. Lastly, the impacts of the unstable incylinder flow motion on the flame kernel initiation and development was studied at both diluted and stoichiometric conditions. The 2D and 1D probability distribution functions of the flame kernel indicated that the reversed flow direction near the spark plug at ignition timing results in smaller and less stretched flame kernels, which are a source of combustion variability. As the tumble level is increased, the window where the transition of flow direction occurs near the spark plug also changes. This research indicates that, at the studied loads and speeds, higher tumble level helps maintain a consistent flow motion near the spark plug at the ignition timing, which results in faster growing flame kernels.
Download or read book THE IMPACT OF WATER INJECTION ON SPARK IGNITION ENGINE PERFORMANCE UNDER HIGH LOAD OPERATION written by and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Abstract : An experimental effort has been completed in which water injection was investigated as a means of enabling increases in engine output and high load efficiency. Water was injected into the intake port of a direct fuel injected, 4-cylinder, boosted engine with dual independent variable valve timing. The water was shown to increase volumetric efficiency and decrease the onset of knock which in turn enable more optimal combustion phasing. Both of these affects resulted increases in load of up to 5.5% at the same manifold pressure as the baseline case. The advancement of combustion phasing, combined with elimination of fuel enrichment resulted in an increase in full load thermal efficiency of up to 35%. Analysis is provided around these affects, as well as the phase transformation of water throughout the engine cycle.
Author : Won-Seok Chang
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 186 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (89 download)
Download or read book Effects of Fuel Injection and Intake Airflow on Direct-injection Spark-ignition Combustion written by Won-Seok Chang and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page 186 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Marcel Emile John Gres
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 122 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (387 download)
Download or read book Effect of water injection on engine performance at various spark timings and compression ratios written by Marcel Emile John Gres and published by . This book was released on 1950 with total page 122 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Mark Casarella
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 300 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (89 download)
Download or read book The Effects of Spray Characteristics on Combustion and Emission Performance of a Two-stroke Direct-injection Engine written by Mark Casarella and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 300 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Flow Characteristics of Gas-blast Fuel Injectors for Direct-injection Compression-ignition Engines written by and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Natural gas has a high auto-ignition temperature, therefore natural gas engines use an ignition source to promote combustion. The high-pressure direction-injection (HPDI) systems available use small diesel injections prior to the main gas injection. A new series of HPDI injectors have been developed that inject diesel and gas simultaneously through the same holes. In order to understand and control injection and combustion behavior in an engine, it is essential to understand how injection mass is related to the diesel/gas ratio and injection command parameters. Three prototype injectors are examined. "Prototype B" most closely resembles a standard J36 HPDI injector, but has a modified diesel needle that injects diesel internally into a common diesel/gas reservoir. Prototypes "CS & CSX" have the diesel needle eliminated and replaced with a flow restrictor. The pressure difference between the diesel and the gas controls the quantity of diesel injected. A single pulse width (GPW) for the gas needle controls the fuel quantities. An injection visualization chamber (IVC) was developed for flow measurements and optical characterization of injections into a chamber at pressures up to 80 bar. Diesel and natural gas are replaced by VISCOR® and nitrogen to study non-reacting flows. A novel feature of the IVC is a retracting shroud that allows the injector to reach steady-state prior to imaging. For low commanded injection duration (GPW less than 0.60 ms), the relation between GPW and injected mass is non-linear, for all injectors tested. For gas pulse widths greater than 0.65 ms the Co-injectors exhibit approximately linear behavior with higher diesel fuelling quantities lowering gas flow quantities. All Co-injectors are compared to baseline gas flow quantities of a standard J36 to show design difference effects on flow quantities. The sensitivity of gas flow to diesel in injection quantities, as well as the discharge coefficient are computed and theoretically modeled for each.
Author : E. Clasen
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 14 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (227 download)
Download or read book Spectral IR Images of Direct-Injection Diesel Combustion by High-Pressure Fuel Injection written by E. Clasen and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 14 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Instantaneous successive spectral infrared (IR) images were obtained from a spray plume in a direct injection (DI) type compression-ignition (Cl) engine during the compression and combustion periods. The engine eqwpped with a high pressure electronic-controlled fuel injector system was operated by using D-2 Diesel fuel. In the new imaging system used for the present study, four high-speed IR cameras (with respective band filters in front) were lined up to a single optical arrangement containing three spectral beam splitters to obtain four spectral images at once. Two band filters were used for imaging the water vapor distribution and another two band filters were placed for capturing images of combustion chamber wall or soot formation. The simultaneous imaging was successively triggered by signals from an encoder connected to the engine. The fuel injection parameters were precisely controlled and the pressure-time (p-t) history was obtained for individual sets of images. The start of fuel injection was varied through four different crank angle positions. Mentioning some results from the study, the spectral IR images had no resemblance with the ones obtained using a visible-range camera from a comparable engine system as reported by others. In general, the present spectral images taken at the same crank angle were not mutually comparable.
