Energy Transition And Energy Democracy In East Asia

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Energy Transition and Energy Democracy in East Asia

Author : Jusen Asuka
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 9811902801
Total Pages : 121 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (119 download)

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Book Synopsis Energy Transition and Energy Democracy in East Asia by : Jusen Asuka

Download or read book Energy Transition and Energy Democracy in East Asia written by Jusen Asuka and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-03-23 with total page 121 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is an open access book.The subject of this book is to provide down-to-earth information on what kind of actions are being taken by the Government, Local community, Businesses, Researchers, NGOs on the energy transition in this region. It gives an updated picture of the energy transition in the East Asian countries, where the economic growth, as well as CO2 emission growth, is significant.This book focuses not only on the technological perspective of the energy transition but also on the relationship between democracy and energy transition. Readers of this book can understand what kind of international support and pressure is needed to promote the energy transition in this region.Since energy transition is needed not only for combatting climate change but also for the Green Recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic, publishing this book is very helpful to promote the Green Recovery and the Green New Deal world-widely.

Energy Transition in East Asia

Author : Kuei-Tien Chou
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1351659685
Total Pages : 210 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (516 download)

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Book Synopsis Energy Transition in East Asia by : Kuei-Tien Chou

Download or read book Energy Transition in East Asia written by Kuei-Tien Chou and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2017-12-01 with total page 210 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Fukushima disaster of 2011 shook the globe, arousing warm debate and new research within the academic fields of countries in both the West and the East on issues related to nuclear security, public trust, government governance, risk governance and risk perception along with technological and social aspects. The Fukushima incident not only revealed the importance of risk governance in the East Asian region, but also became an important turning point in the restructuring of energy in several East Asian nations. However, the regulatory culture in East Asian countries is by nature different to that of their western counterparts; the history and culture of East Asia has formed East Asian countries’ unique regulatory characteristics. This book aims to establish a risk governance structure for the East Asian region, providing a completely new perspective for both practical implementation and the academic field. It focusses on the problems of risk governance in East Asia. Through a discussion of the risk related issues raised by contemporary globalization, this book outlines the unique form of East Asia’s risk governance architecture. It brings together the work of top academics from Japan, South Korea and Taiwan to provide a common picture of how these three countries’ governments are dealing with the energy transition brought on by the climate change crisis. The various aspects of East Asia’s unique regulatory culture and governance models are placed into context, while East Asia’s risk governance theoretical framework is outlined.

Developmental Environmentalism

Author : Elizabeth Thurbon
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0192652524
Total Pages : 273 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (926 download)

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Book Synopsis Developmental Environmentalism by : Elizabeth Thurbon

Download or read book Developmental Environmentalism written by Elizabeth Thurbon and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2023-04-15 with total page 273 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Why has East Asia emerged as the global leader in green energy industries but - until recently - lagged on carbon emission reduction? What is new and distinctive about East Asia's approach to the green energy transition? And what does this approach mean for the world? Developmental Environmentalism provides the first comprehensive account of East Asia's green energy shift. It highlights the powerful and symbiotic role of state ambition, geostrategic competition, and capitalist market dynamics in driving forward the region's greening efforts. Through an analysis of the ambitious national strategies of China and South Korea, the authors show how state actors have pursued a distinctively East Asian approach to transforming their energy systems, involving first the rapid creation of new green energy industries and then the coordinated destruction of fossil-fuel incumbencies. This approach - described as 'Developmental Environmentalism' - is aimed at establishing East Asian economies as leaders in the green industries of the future, while at the same time addressing the pressing environmental, social and political problems associated with the carbon-intensive industries of the past. By developing four detailed, longitudinal case studies of green industry creation and fossil-fuel phase out in China and Korea, the authors identify the key successes and failures of East Asia's green shift to date and anticipate its most likely future trajectory. Based on their findings, the authors reject the idea that East Asia's greening strategies are mere exercises in 'greenwashing' or fossil-fuelled 'business as usual'. Rather, there is something fundamentally transformative underway in the region at the level of elite ideation, strategic ambition, and policy action; the green energy shift represents much more than continuity in Asia's erstwhile developmental states. To execute their analysis, the authors synthesise insights from cutting-edge Developmental State and Schumpeterian theorising. They show how state actors in East Asia are engaging in a sophisticated kind of economic statecraft, strategically harnessing the capitalist market dynamics of 'creative-destruction' to advance their transformative green ambitions through green growth. They also assess the implications of developmental environmentalism for developed and developing countries, and the future of the global green shift in an era of geostrategic rivalry.

Renewable Energy Transition in Asia

Author : Nandakumar Janardhanan
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 9811589054
Total Pages : 292 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (115 download)

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Book Synopsis Renewable Energy Transition in Asia by : Nandakumar Janardhanan

Download or read book Renewable Energy Transition in Asia written by Nandakumar Janardhanan and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-02-12 with total page 292 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book covers critical debates on policies, markets and emerging issues that shape renewable energy transition in the Asian region, which is fast becoming an epicenter of the global energy consumption. The chapters focus on domestic policies, geopolitics, technology landscape and governance structure pertaining to the development of renewable energy in different Asian countries ranging from China to the Middle East. The book presents an insightful view of the pace and magnitude of the energy transition. It presents critical steps countries are taking to promote affordable and clean energy (SDG 7) as well as strengthening climate mitigation actions (SDG 13). In addition, this book introduces the concept of co-innovation---a collaborative and iterative approach to jointly innovate, manufacture and scale up low-carbon technologies---and its role in promoting energy transition in Asia. Chapter 8 (Renewable energy deployment to stimulate energy transition in the Gulf Cooperation Council) is available open access under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License via link.springer.com.

Winds of Change

Author : Xiaodong Wang
Publisher : World Bank Publications
ISBN 13 : 9780821385029
Total Pages : 174 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (85 download)

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Book Synopsis Winds of Change by : Xiaodong Wang

Download or read book Winds of Change written by Xiaodong Wang and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2010-06-24 with total page 174 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: East Asia has experienced the fastest economic growth in the world over the last three decades, accompanied by a 10-fold gross domestic product increase and rapid urbanization. Energy consumption has more than tripled during this period and is expected to double over the next 20 years. This remarkable trend has led to twin energy challenges in the region environmental sustainability and energy security. Written for an audience of energy policy makers and practitioners, Winds of Change explores the region s energy future over the next two decades through two energy scenarios. It outlines the strategic direction East Asia s energy sector must take to meet its growing energy demand in an environmentally sustainable manner, and presents a pathway of policy frameworks and financing mechanisms to get there. The six East Asian countries China, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Thailand, and Vietnam examined in this book could, with the right policies and financing, stabilize CO2 emissions by 2025, improve their local environment, and enhance energy security without compromising economic growth. They must move their energy sectors toward much higher efficiency and more widespread use of low-carbon technologies, while obtaining substantial financing and low-carbon technologies from developed countries. This clean energy revolution requires major policy and institutional reforms, including energy pricing reforms, regulations such as energy efficiency standards, financial incentives such as feed-in tariffs for renewable energy, and accelerated research and development. Finally, building low-carbon cities will be key to containing the rapid urban energy growth through compact urban design, public transport, clean vehicles, and green buildings. The window of opportunity is closing fast delaying action would lock the region into a longlasting high-carbon infrastructure. The technical and policy means exist for such transformational changes, but only strong political will and unprecedented international cooperation will make them happen.

Energy Transitions and Climate Change Issues in Asia

Author : Soocheol Lee
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 9819717736
Total Pages : 277 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (197 download)

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Book Synopsis Energy Transitions and Climate Change Issues in Asia by : Soocheol Lee

Download or read book Energy Transitions and Climate Change Issues in Asia written by Soocheol Lee and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on with total page 277 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Energy, Environmental and Economic Sustainability in East Asia

Author : Soo-Cheol Lee
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1351013459
Total Pages : 266 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (51 download)

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Book Synopsis Energy, Environmental and Economic Sustainability in East Asia by : Soo-Cheol Lee

Download or read book Energy, Environmental and Economic Sustainability in East Asia written by Soo-Cheol Lee and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2019-08-06 with total page 266 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book looks at institutional reforms for the use of energy, water and resources toward a sustainable future in East Asia. The book argues that developments in the East Asian region are critical to global sustainability and acknowledges that there is an increasing degree of mutual reliance among countries in East Asia – primarily China, Japan, Korea and Taiwan. It analyzes environmental impacts stemming from the use of energy, water and mineral resources via economic development in East Asia in the medium to long term (through 2050) through theoretical and empirical modelling. The book also evaluates the ripple effects of environmental and resource policies on each country’s economy and clarifies the direction of institutional reform in energy systems, resources and water use for a sustainable future.

How Power Shapes Energy Transitions in Southeast Asia

Author : Jens Marquardt
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1317194675
Total Pages : 264 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (171 download)

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Book Synopsis How Power Shapes Energy Transitions in Southeast Asia by : Jens Marquardt

Download or read book How Power Shapes Energy Transitions in Southeast Asia written by Jens Marquardt and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2016-12-01 with total page 264 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An understanding of the role of energy-related governance systems and the conditions required for a shift towards renewables in developing countries is urgently needed in order to tap into the global potential of low-carbon development. Although renewable energy sources have become technically feasible and economically viable, social and political factors continue to persist as the most critical obstacles for their dissemination. How Power Shapes Energy Transitions in Southeast Asia conceptualizes power for the field of sustainable energy governance. Based on empirical findings from the Philippines and Indonesia, the book develops an analytical approach that incorporates power theory into a multi-level governance framework. The book begins with a profound background on renewable energy development around the world and presents major trends in development cooperation. A power-based multi-level governance approach is introduced that is rooted in development thinking. Examining how coordination and power relations shape the development and dissemination of renewable energy technologies, the book also shows how decentralization affects low carbon development in emerging economies. Sparking debate on the ways in which energy transitions can be triggered and sustained in developing countries, this book will be of great interest to students and scholars of renewable energy development and environmental politics and governance as well as practitioners in development cooperation.

Developmental Environmentalism

Author : Elizabeth Thurbon
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9780192652515
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (525 download)

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Book Synopsis Developmental Environmentalism by : Elizabeth Thurbon

Download or read book Developmental Environmentalism written by Elizabeth Thurbon and published by . This book was released on 2023 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book examines East Asia's approach to 'Developmental Environmentalism'. Embracing this, East Asian governments are establishing their countries as leaders in green energy. This book conains analysis of national strategies policymakers using economic policy for their green ambitions. They conclude by examining these lessons for other countries.

Southeast Asian Energy Transitions

Author : Mattijs Smits
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 131705217X
Total Pages : 232 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (17 download)

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Book Synopsis Southeast Asian Energy Transitions by : Mattijs Smits

Download or read book Southeast Asian Energy Transitions written by Mattijs Smits and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2016-03-03 with total page 232 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Addressing the apparent tensions between modernity and sustainability in Southeast Asia, this book offers novel insights into the global challenge of moving towards a low carbon energy system. With an original and accessible take on social theory related to energy transitions, modernity and sustainability, Mattijs Smits argues for a reinvigorated geography of energy. He also challenges universalistic and linear assumptions about energy transitions and makes the case for ’energy trajectories’, stressing embeddedness, contingency and connections between scales. Contemporary and historical empirical examples from Southeast Asia, primarily Thailand and Laos, are drawn upon to show the importance of scale at regional, national, local and household levels. The transitions in the national power sectors here have been intimately related to discourses of modernity and state formation since the colonial era. More recently, plans for international cooperation and discourses of regional power trade have taken centre stage. Local energy trajectories are understood to be part of these transitions, but also as embedded in local social, political and spatial relations. Examining how energy practices go hand-in-hand with the dissemination of different technologies, this work shows the complexities of achieving sustainability in the context of rapidly changing energy modernities in Southeast Asia.

Carbon Technocracy

Author : Victor Seow
Publisher : University of Chicago Press
ISBN 13 : 0226826554
Total Pages : 413 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (268 download)

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Book Synopsis Carbon Technocracy by : Victor Seow

Download or read book Carbon Technocracy written by Victor Seow and published by University of Chicago Press. This book was released on 2023-05-12 with total page 413 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A forceful reckoning with the relationship between energy and power through the history of what was once East Asia’s largest coal mine. The coal-mining town of Fushun in China’s Northeast is home to a monstrous open pit. First excavated in the early twentieth century, this pit grew like a widening maw over the ensuing decades, as various Chinese and Japanese states endeavored to unearth Fushun’s purportedly “inexhaustible” carbon resources. Today, the depleted mine that remains is a wondrous and terrifying monument to fantasies of a fossil-fueled future and the technologies mobilized in attempts to turn those developmentalist dreams into reality. In Carbon Technocracy, Victor Seow uses the remarkable story of the Fushun colliery to chart how the fossil fuel economy emerged in tandem with the rise of the modern technocratic state. Taking coal as an essential feedstock of national wealth and power, Chinese and Japanese bureaucrats, engineers, and industrialists deployed new technologies like open-pit mining and hydraulic stowage in pursuit of intensive energy extraction. But as much as these mine operators idealized the might of fossil fuel–driven machines, their extractive efforts nevertheless relied heavily on the human labor that those devices were expected to displace. Under the carbon energy regime, countless workers here and elsewhere would be subjected to invasive techniques of labor control, ever-escalating output targets, and the dangers of an increasingly exploited earth. Although Fushun is no longer the coal capital it once was, the pattern of aggressive fossil-fueled development that led to its ascent endures. As we confront a planetary crisis precipitated by our extravagant consumption of carbon, it holds urgent lessons. This is a groundbreaking exploration of how the mutual production of energy and power came to define industrial modernity and the wider world that carbon made.

New Challenges and Solutions for Renewable Energy

Author : Paul Midford
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3030545148
Total Pages : 412 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (35 download)

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Book Synopsis New Challenges and Solutions for Renewable Energy by : Paul Midford

Download or read book New Challenges and Solutions for Renewable Energy written by Paul Midford and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-02-12 with total page 412 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book identifies second stage challenges and opportunities for expanding renewable energy into a mainstay of electricity generation that can replace fossil fuels and nuclear power, comparing Japan with several countries in East Asia and Northern Europe. Environmentally sustainable renewable energy technologies have now overtaken fossil fuel and nuclear technologies in terms of total global investment, and the costs of these technologies and related ones (e.g. storage batteries) are rapidly falling. Yet renewable energy use varies greatly from country to country. Major second stage obstacles to replacing fossil and nuclear-fueled electricity generation include the lack of electricity grid capacity and storage assets. Opportunities and solutions include expanding grids regionally and internationally, building flexible smart grids that offer better demand management, and policies that promote the expansion of storage assets, especially grid batteries and hydrogen. In addition, two key factors – electricity market restructuring through unbundling transmission from electricity generating companies; and electricity market liberalization, especially for retail customers – allow consumers to choose power companies based not only on price, but also on method of generation, especially fossil or nuclear generation versus renewable energy.

Green Finance and Renewable Energy in ASEAN and East Asia

Author : Han Phoumin
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 100383597X
Total Pages : 289 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (38 download)

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Book Synopsis Green Finance and Renewable Energy in ASEAN and East Asia by : Han Phoumin

Download or read book Green Finance and Renewable Energy in ASEAN and East Asia written by Han Phoumin and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2023-12-26 with total page 289 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Green Finance and Renewable Energy in ASEAN and East Asia edited by Phoumin, Taghizadeh-Hesary and Kimura provides several empirical policy-oriented studies with new data on ASEAN member states and East Asian economies that deal with innovative and market-based solutions for unlocking private investments in renewable energy projects. In the wake of COVID-19, the importance of innovative ways and policies for enhancing investments in renewable energy projects to achieve climate-related goals is highlighted. Chapters cover various aspects and means of green finance for renewable energy development, including identifying the financing barriers and solutions for mitigating them, cleantech finance and energy transition, green investment risks, green technology financing, market development, carbon taxation, green bonds, FinTech, and green digital finance. The book collectively provides policy recommendations for designing funding strategies for renewable energy development in ASEAN and East Asia. A valuable resource to end-users, policymakers, and market players in ASEAN, East Asia, and the rest of the world on access to finance for renewable energy development.

Energy Sustainability and Climate Change in ASEAN

Author : Han Phoumin
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 9811620008
Total Pages : 330 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (116 download)

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Book Synopsis Energy Sustainability and Climate Change in ASEAN by : Han Phoumin

Download or read book Energy Sustainability and Climate Change in ASEAN written by Han Phoumin and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-07-15 with total page 330 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides several up-to-date empirical policy-oriented studies on assessing the impacts of climate change on various economic sectors and the role of renewable energy resources in mitigating pollution and climate change. It suggests various policy recommendations on how to increase the share of renewable energy resources in the energy baskets of the members of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and the rest of the world to ensure energy sustainability. As of 2020, most of the world’s energy investment still went to carbon-emitting sources, namely, fossil fuels. On the other hand, the Covid-19 pandemic and the economic Project Overview 20 March 2021 08:39 Page 6 of 9 downturns shrank the global energy demand, including fossil fuels, resulting in a sharp drop in their prices. Low fossil fuel prices are harmful to developing renewable energy projects, making solar, wind, and other renewable energy resources less competitive as sources of electricity. This is endangering the Paris agreement and the “Climate Action” goal of the United Nations. Given the high share of fossil fuels in the energy mix of the members of ASEAN, tremendous challenges must be faced for their energy transition in the post-Covid-19 world. The authors call for sound policy and applicable technologies to ensure sustainable energy availability, accessibility, and affordability to reach emission reduction targets.

Renewable Energy Transition in Asia

Author : Nandakumar Janardhanan
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9789811589065
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (89 download)

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Book Synopsis Renewable Energy Transition in Asia by : Nandakumar Janardhanan

Download or read book Renewable Energy Transition in Asia written by Nandakumar Janardhanan and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book covers critical debates on policies, markets and emerging issues that shape renewable energy transition in the Asian region, which is fast becoming an epicenter of the global energy consumption. The chapters focus on domestic policies, geopolitics, technology landscape andgovernance structure pertaining to the development of renewable energy in different Asian countries ranging from China to the Middle East. The book presents an insightful view of the pace and magnitude of the energy transition. It presents critical steps countries are taking to promote affordable and clean energy (SDG 7) as well as strengthening climate mitigation actions (SDG 13). In addition, this book introduces the concept of co-innovation--a collaborative and iterative approach to jointly innovate, manufacture and scale up low-carbon technologies--and its role in promoting energy transition in Asia. Chapter 8 (Renewable energy deployment to stimulate energy transition in the Gulf Cooperation Council) is available open access under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License via link.springer.com.

Energy Democracy

Author : Denise Griffin Fairchild
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781610919296
Total Pages : 273 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (192 download)

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Book Synopsis Energy Democracy by : Denise Griffin Fairchild

Download or read book Energy Democracy written by Denise Griffin Fairchild and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 273 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A global energy war is underway. It is man versus nature, fossil fuel versus clean energy, the haves versus the have-nots, and, fundamentally, an extractive economy versus a regenerative economy. The near-unanimous consensus among climate scientists is that the massive burning of gas, oil, and coal is having a cataclysmic impact on our atmosphere and climate, and depleting earth's natural resources, including its land, food, fresh water and biodiversity. These climate and environmental impacts are particularly magnified and debilitating for low-income communities and communities of color that live closest to toxic sites, are disproportionately impacted by high incidences of asthma, cancer and rates of morbidity and mortality, and lack the financial resources to build resilience to climate change. Energy democracy tenders a response and joins the environmental and climate movements with broader movements for social and economic change. Energy democracy is a way to frame the international struggle of working people, low income communities, and communities of color to take control of energy resources from the energy establishment and use those resources to empower their communities--literally providing energy, economically, and politically. Energy democracy is more important than ever as climate and social justice advocates confront a shocking political reality in the U.S. This volume brings together racial, cultural, and generational perspectives. This diversity is bound together by a common operating frame: that the global fight to save the planet--to conserve and restore our natural resources to be life-sustaining--must fully engage community residents and must change the larger economy to be sustainable, democratic, and just. The contributors offer their perspectives and approaches to climate and clean energy from rural Mississippi, to the South Bronx, to Californian immigrant and refugee communities, to urban and semi-rural communities in the Northeast. Taken together, the contributions in this book show what an alternative, democratized energy future can look like, and will inspire others to take up the struggle to build the energy democracy movement.

Energy Transition Pathways for the 2030 Agenda in Asia and the Pacific

Author : Anis Zaman
Publisher : UN
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 92 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (11 download)

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Book Synopsis Energy Transition Pathways for the 2030 Agenda in Asia and the Pacific by : Anis Zaman

Download or read book Energy Transition Pathways for the 2030 Agenda in Asia and the Pacific written by Anis Zaman and published by UN. This book was released on 2018 with total page 92 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Asia and the Pacific region has become a global economic powerhouse. The region's rapid and sustained economic growth, increasing population, expanding industrialisation and rapid urbanization are driving rapid growth in energy demand, which. Ensuring that supplies of energy are adequate to meet the growth in demand in ways that are socially, economically and environmentally responsible creates a new set of challenges for policymakers.The transition to 2030 energy pathway, which is aimed at addressing those challenges, has four coherent and interlinked objectives - increased energy supply to meet the growing demand, improved energy security, meeting the SDG7 targets and achieving NDCs. Addressing the complex and challenging task requires policymakers to develop a clear, sustainable and achievable pathway that would enable the countries, as well as the region as a whole, to achieve the 2030 goals and targets This report undertakes an in-depth analysis to first determine the level of achievement is possible under the current policy regime by developing a baseline. It then identifies the gap between the baseline and the 2030 targets to inform policymakers the additional efforts and resources that would be needed to adequately achieve SDG7 targets as well as the NDCs mitigation targets for the energy sector. Finally, different transition pathways have been developed and their socio-economic and environmental facets have been examined to assist policymakers to make an informed decision. The report also identifies the enabling policy, technology and market environment that would accelerate the achievement of the 2030 targets.