Emperor of Culture

Download Emperor of Culture PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : University of Pennsylvania Press
ISBN 13 : 1512800953
Total Pages : 288 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (128 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Emperor of Culture by : Robert I. Burns, S.J.

Download or read book Emperor of Culture written by Robert I. Burns, S.J. and published by University of Pennsylvania Press. This book was released on 2015-09-30 with total page 288 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Alfonso X of Castile (1252-1284) was a true philosopher-king, a medieval monarch whose contributions to science, music, historiography, poetry, fiction, and art have had lasting influence. His grand vision was to bring Castile into the mainstream of high civilization and to create a united artistic and religious people. To that end, he established Castilian as a proper language (it is now the fourth most spoken in the world) and wrote one of the most extensive and influential law codes in western history. After centuries of attention to the northern European countries, scholars increasingly are turning to Hispanic countries in general and to Alfonso's vast influence in particular. The contributors to this volume are all Alfonsine experts who offer the broadest and most comprehensive survey of the ruler's cultural influence. Their topics include Alfonso's role in the founding of Castilian, his patronage of art and theatre, his scientific projects, his rhetoric and chancery, his link to Dante, his achievements as historian and troubadour, and his contribution as the greatest lawgiver of his time. Emperor of Culture fills a gap in English language studies of Alfonso's vast influence. It will be valuable to all students and scholars of medieval Spain.

Emperor Huizong and Late Northern Song China

Download Emperor Huizong and Late Northern Song China PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : BRILL
ISBN 13 : 1684174341
Total Pages : 675 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (841 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Emperor Huizong and Late Northern Song China by : Patricia Buckley Ebrey

Download or read book Emperor Huizong and Late Northern Song China written by Patricia Buckley Ebrey and published by BRILL. This book was released on 2020-05-11 with total page 675 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Huizong was an exceptional emperor who lived through momentous times. A man of many talents, he wrote poetry and created his own distinctive calligraphy style; collected paintings, calligraphies, and antiquities on a large scale; promoted Daoism; and involved himself in the training of court artists, the layout of gardens, and reforms of music and medicine. The quarter century when Huizong ruled is just as fascinating. The greatly enlarged scholar-official class had come into its own but was deeply divided by factional strife. The long struggle between the Chinese state and its northern neighbors entered a new phase when Song proved unable to defend itself against the newly emergent Jurchen state of Jin. Huizong and thousands of members of his family and court were taken captive, and the Song dynasty had to recreate itself in the South.

Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty

Download Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : State University of New York Press
ISBN 13 : 0791482685
Total Pages : 374 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (914 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty by : Victor Cunrui Xiong

Download or read book Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty written by Victor Cunrui Xiong and published by State University of New York Press. This book was released on 2012-02-01 with total page 374 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Looking at the life and legacy of Emperor Yang (569–618) of the brief Sui dynasty in a new light, this book presents a compelling case for his importance to Chinese history. Author Victor Cunrui Xiong utilizes traditional scholarship and secondary literature from China, Japan, and the West to go beyond the common perception of Emperor Yang as merely a profligate tyrant. Xiong accepts neither the traditional verdict against Emperor Yang nor the apologist effort to revise it, and instead offers a reassessment of Emperor Yang by exploring the larger political, economic, military, religious, and diplomatic contexts of Sui society. This reconstruction of the life of Emperor Yang reveals an astute visionary with literary, administrative, and reformist accomplishments. While a series of strategic blunders resulting from the darker side of his personality led to the collapse of the socioeconomic order and to his own death, the Sui legacy that Emperor Yang left behind lived on to provide the foundation for the rise of the Tang dynasty, the pinnacle of medieval Chinese civilization.

The Emperor's Mirror

Download The Emperor's Mirror PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : University of Arizona Press
ISBN 13 : 9780816518487
Total Pages : 372 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (184 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Emperor's Mirror by : Russell J. Barber

Download or read book The Emperor's Mirror written by Russell J. Barber and published by University of Arizona Press. This book was released on 1998-10 with total page 372 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Russell J. Barber and Frances F. Berdan have created the ultimate guide for anyone doing cross-cultural and/or document-driven research. Presenting the essentials of primary-source methodology, The Emperor's Mirror includes nine chapters on paleography, calendrics, source and quantitative analysis, and the visual interpretation of artifacts such as pictographs, illustrations, and maps. As an introduction to ethnohistory, this book clearly defines terminology and provides practical and accessible examples, effectively integrating the concerns of historians and anthropologists as well as addressing the needs of anyone using primary sources for research in any academic field. A leading theme throughout the book is the importance of a researcher's awareness of the inherent biases of documents while doing research on another culture. Documents are the result of people interpreting reality through the filter of their own experience, personality, and culture. Barber and Berdan's reality mediation model shows students how to analyze documents to detect the implicit biases or subtexts inherent in primary-source materials. Students and scholars working with primary sources will particularly appreciate the case studies that Barber and Berdan use to illustrate the practical implications of using each methodology. These case studies not only apply method to actual research but also are fascinating in their own right: they range from a discussion of the debate over Tupinamba cannibalism to the illustration of Nahuatl, Spanish, and hybrid place names of Tlaxcala, Mexico.

The Emperor Has No Clothes

Download The Emperor Has No Clothes PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : IAP
ISBN 13 : 1617351067
Total Pages : 213 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (173 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Emperor Has No Clothes by : Tema Okun

Download or read book The Emperor Has No Clothes written by Tema Okun and published by IAP. This book was released on 2010-10-01 with total page 213 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Emperor Has No Clothes: Teaching About Race and Racism to People Who Don’t Want to Know offers theoretical grounding and practical approaches for leaders and teachers interested in effectively addressing racism and other oppressive constructs. The book draws both on the author’s extensive experience teaching about race and racism in classroom and community settings and from the theory and practice of a wide range of educators, activists, and researchers committed to social justice. The first chapter looks at the toxic consequences of our western cultural insistence on profit, binary thinking, and individualism to establish the theoretical framework for teaching about race and racism. Chapter two investigates privileged resistance, offering a psycho/social history of denial, particularly as a product of racist culture. Chapter three reviews the research on the construction and reconstruction of dominant culture both historically and now in order to establish sound strategic approaches that educators, teachers, facilitators, and activists can take as we work together to move from a culture of profit and fear to one of shared hope and love. Chapter four lays out the stages of a process that supports teaching about racist, white supremacy culture, explaining how students can be taken through an iterative process of relationshipbuilding, analysis, planning, action, and reflection. The final chapter borrows from the brilliant, brave, and incisive writer Dorothy Allison to discuss the things the author knows for sure about how to teach people to see that which we have been conditioned to fear knowing. The chapter concludes with how to encourage and support collective and collaborative action as a critical goal of the process.

Accumulating Culture

Download Accumulating Culture PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 560 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (97 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Accumulating Culture by : Patricia Buckley Ebrey

Download or read book Accumulating Culture written by Patricia Buckley Ebrey and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 560 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is an illustrated examination of a collection of Chinese calligraphy, paintings, bronzes, and many other objects amassed by the Song dynasty emperor Huizong (1082-1135). It contributes to a rethinking of the cultural side of Chinese imperial rule and of the court as a patron of scholars and the arts.

Amidaji: Emperor Antoku's Mortuary Temple and its Culture

Download Amidaji: Emperor Antoku's Mortuary Temple and its Culture PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : BRILL
ISBN 13 : 9004522964
Total Pages : 361 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (45 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Amidaji: Emperor Antoku's Mortuary Temple and its Culture by : Naoko Gunji

Download or read book Amidaji: Emperor Antoku's Mortuary Temple and its Culture written by Naoko Gunji and published by BRILL. This book was released on 2022-12-28 with total page 361 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: How do you reconstruct a tradition of religious art wiped out by another religion? Naoko Gunji takes up this challenging question in Amidaji. Amidaji was a Buddhist temple in western Japan that, from the twelfth century onwards, overlooked the strait of Dannoura and commemorated the tragic protagonists of The Tale of the Heike who perished in the strait at the end of the Genpei War (1180–1185)―the Heike or the Taira clan and the child-emperor Antoku (1178–1185). Amidaji was destroyed, however, in 1870 amid a nativist, royalist movement of persecuting Buddhism, and replaced by an imperial Shinto shrine. Its art, architecture, and rituals were lost, and have until now been understood through the lens of the current shrine and a few surviving objects. By investigating numerous historical sources and artistic, literary, religious, political, and ideological contexts, Gunji reveals a carefully coordinated program of visual art and rituals for the salvation of Antoku and the Taira.

Frederick II

Download Frederick II PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Oxford University Press, USA
ISBN 13 : 0195080408
Total Pages : 486 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (95 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Frederick II by : David Abulafia

Download or read book Frederick II written by David Abulafia and published by Oxford University Press, USA. This book was released on 1992 with total page 486 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Frederick II of Hohenstaufen, Holy Roman Emperor, King of Sicily, King of Jerusalem, has, since his death in 1250, enjoyed a reputation as one of the most remarkable monarchs in the history of Europe. His wide cultural tastes, his apparent tolerance of Jews and Muslims, his defiance of the papacy, and his supposed aim of creating a new, secular world order make him a figure especially attractive to contemporary historians. But as David Abulafia shows in this powerfully written biography, Frederick was much less tolerant and far-sighted in his cultural, religious, and political ambitions than is generally thought. Here, Frederick is revealed as the thorough traditionalist he really was: a man who espoused the same principles of government as his twelfth-century predecessors, an ardent leader of the Crusades, and a king as willing to make a deal with Rome as any other ruler in medieval Europe. Frederick's realm was vast. Besides ruling the region of Europe that encompasses modern Germany, Czechoslovakia, Poland, eastern France, and northern Italy, he also inherited the Kingdom of Sicily and parts of the Mediterranean that include what are now Israel, Lebanon, Malta, and Cyprus. In addition, his Teutonic knights conquered the present-day Baltic States, and he even won influence along the coasts of Tunisia. Abulafia is the first to place Frederick in the wider historical context his enormous empire demands. Frederick's reign, Abulafia clearly shows, marked the climax of the power struggle between the medieval popes and the Holy Roman Emperors, and the book stresses Frederick's steadfast dedication to the task of preserving both dynasty and empire. Through the course of this rich, groundbreaking narrative, Frederick emerges as less of the innovator than he is usually portrayed. Rather than instituting a centralized autocracy, he was content to guarantee the continued existence of the customary style of government in each area he ruled: in Sicily he appeared a mighty despot, but in Germany he placed his trust in regional princes, and never dreamed of usurping their power. Abulafia shows that this pragmatism helped bring about the eventual transformation of medieval Europe into modern nation-states. The book also sheds new light on the aims of Frederick in Italy and the Near East, and concentrates as well on the last fifteen years of the Emperor's life, a period until now little understood. In addition, Abulfia has mined the papal registers in the Secret Archive of the Vatican to provide a new interpretation of Frederick's relations with the papacy. And his attention to Frederick's register of documents from 1239-40--a collection hitherto neglected--has yielded new insights into the cultural life of the German court. In the end, a fresh and fascinating picture develops of the most enigmatic of German rulers, a man whose accomplishments have been grossly distorted over the centuries.

Emperor Huizong

Download Emperor Huizong PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Harvard University Press
ISBN 13 : 0674727681
Total Pages : 646 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (747 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Emperor Huizong by : Patricia Buckley Ebrey

Download or read book Emperor Huizong written by Patricia Buckley Ebrey and published by Harvard University Press. This book was released on 2014-01-06 with total page 646 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: China was the most advanced country in the world when Huizong ascended the throne in 1100 CE. In his eventful twenty-six year reign, the artistically-gifted emperor guided the Song Dynasty toward cultural greatness. Yet Huizong would be known to posterity as a political failure who lost the throne to Jurchen invaders and died their prisoner. The first comprehensive English-language biography of this important monarch, Emperor Huizong is a nuanced portrait that corrects the prevailing view of Huizong as decadent and negligent. Patricia Ebrey recasts him as a ruler genuinely ambitious—if too much so—in pursuing glory for his flourishing realm. After a rocky start trying to overcome political animosities at court, Huizong turned his attention to the good he could do. He greatly expanded the court’s charitable ventures, founding schools, hospitals, orphanages, and paupers’ cemeteries. An accomplished artist, he surrounded himself with outstanding poets, painters, and musicians and built palaces, temples, and gardens of unsurpassed splendor. What is often overlooked, Ebrey points out, is the importance of religious Daoism in Huizong’s understanding of his role. He treated Daoist spiritual masters with great deference, wrote scriptural commentaries, and urged his subjects to adopt his beliefs and practices. This devotion to the Daoist vision of sacred kingship eventually alienated the Confucian mainstream and compromised his ability to govern. Readers will welcome this lively biography, which adds new dimensions to our understanding of a passionate and paradoxical ruler who, so many centuries later, continues to inspire both admiration and disapproval.

Lao Lao of Dragon Mountain

Download Lao Lao of Dragon Mountain PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Zero to Ten
ISBN 13 : 9781840890464
Total Pages : 36 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (94 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Lao Lao of Dragon Mountain by : Margaret Bateson-Hill

Download or read book Lao Lao of Dragon Mountain written by Margaret Bateson-Hill and published by Zero to Ten. This book was released on 1998 with total page 36 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A greedy emperor demands an impossible task from Lao Lao, a peasant woman who makes beautiful shapes from paper. Includes instructions for making traditional Chinese paper-cuts.

The Album of the World Emperor

Download The Album of the World Emperor PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Princeton University Press
ISBN 13 : 0691194254
Total Pages : 604 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (911 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Album of the World Emperor by : Emine Fetvacı

Download or read book The Album of the World Emperor written by Emine Fetvacı and published by Princeton University Press. This book was released on 2020-01-07 with total page 604 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The first study of album-making in the Ottoman empire during the seventeenth century, demonstrating the period’s experimentation, eclecticism, and global outlook The Album of the World Emperor examines an extraordinary piece of art: an album of paintings, drawings, calligraphy, and European prints compiled for the Ottoman sultan Ahmed I (r. 1603–17) by his courtier Kalender Paşa (d. 1616). In this detailed study of one of the most important works of seventeenth-century Ottoman art, Emine Fetvacı uses the album to explore questions of style, iconography, foreign inspiration, and the very meaning of the visual arts in the Islamic world. The album’s thirty-two folios feature artworks that range from intricate paper cutouts to the earliest examples of Islamic genre painting, and contents as eclectic as Persian and Persian-influenced calligraphy, studies of men and women of different ethnicities and backgrounds, depictions of popular entertainment and urban life, and European prints depicting Christ on the cross that in turn served as models for apocalyptic Ottoman paintings. Through the album, Fetvacı sheds light on imperial ideals as well as relationships between court life and popular culture, and shows that the boundaries between Ottoman art and the art of Iran and Western Europe were much more porous than has been assumed. Rather than perpetuating the established Ottoman idiom of the sixteenth century, the album shows that this was a time of openness to new models, outside sources, and fresh forms of expression. Beautifully illustrated and featuring all the folios of the original seventy-page album, The Album of the World Emperor revives a neglected yet significant artwork to demonstrate the distinctive aesthetic innovations of the Ottoman court.

The Chinese Communist Party as Organizational Emperor

Download The Chinese Communist Party as Organizational Emperor PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1135190917
Total Pages : 270 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (351 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Chinese Communist Party as Organizational Emperor by : Zheng Yongnian

Download or read book The Chinese Communist Party as Organizational Emperor written by Zheng Yongnian and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2009-12-16 with total page 270 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Chinese Communist Party (CCP) is the largest and one of the most powerful, political organizations in the world today, which has played a crucial role in initiating most of the major reforms of the past three decades in China. China’s rapid rise has enabled the CCP to extend its influence throughout the globe, but the West remains uncertain whether the CCP will survive China’s ongoing socio-economic transformation and become a democratic country. With rapid socio-economic transformation, the CCP has itself experienced drastic changes. Zheng Yongnian argues that whilst the concept of political party in China was imported, the CCP is a Chinese cultural product: it is an entirely different breed of political party from those in the West - an organizational emperor, wielding its power in a similar way to Chinese emperors of the past. Using social and political theory, this book examines the CCP’s transformation in the reform era, and how it is now struggling to maintain the continuing domination of its imperial power. The author argues that the CCP has managed these changes as a proactive player throughout, and that the nature of the CCP implies that as long as the party is transforming itself in accordance to socio-economic changes, the structure of party dominion over the state and society will not be allowed to change.

Luke's Jesus in the Roman Empire and the Emperor in the Gospel of Luke

Download Luke's Jesus in the Roman Empire and the Emperor in the Gospel of Luke PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : James Clarke & Company
ISBN 13 : 0227904907
Total Pages : 208 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (279 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Luke's Jesus in the Roman Empire and the Emperor in the Gospel of Luke by : Pyung-Soo Seo

Download or read book Luke's Jesus in the Roman Empire and the Emperor in the Gospel of Luke written by Pyung-Soo Seo and published by James Clarke & Company. This book was released on 2015-08-27 with total page 208 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Shrewd and thoughtful, Pyung-Soo Seo offers an exciting and refreshing perspective on Luke's Gospel, which provides valuable clues to a deeper understanding of the vast power of the Roman Empire through Jesus' birth and trial accounts. Seo analyses the political role the Gospel played in the decades following the Crucifixion, and presents a compelling argument: the Bible emphasises Jesus' relationships with tax collectors as a way of displaying his moral authority, seen as he confronts one of the most hated aspects of the empire: the corruption and intimidation for which the emperor was ultimately responsible. Seo suggests that Luke wants us to compare Jesus and the emperor to show us how the emperor is found wanting. Concentrating on the titles of 'benefactor' and 'saviour' his analysis of Christ's moral authority is both discerning and erudite.

Books of Fate and Popular Culture in Early China

Download Books of Fate and Popular Culture in Early China PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : BRILL
ISBN 13 : 9004349316
Total Pages : 545 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (43 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Books of Fate and Popular Culture in Early China by :

Download or read book Books of Fate and Popular Culture in Early China written by and published by BRILL. This book was released on 2017-11-06 with total page 545 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Books of Fate and Popular Culture in Early China is a comprehensive introduction to the manuscripts known as daybooks, examples of which have been found in Warring States, Qin, and Han tombs (453 BCE–220 CE). Their main content concerns hemerology, or “knowledge of good and bad days.” Daybooks reveal the place of hemerology in daily life and are invaluable sources for the study of popular culture. Eleven scholars have contributed chapters examining the daybooks from different perspectives, detailing their significance as manuscript-objects intended for everyday use and showing their connection to almanacs still popular in Chinese communities today as well as to hemerological literature in medieval Europe and ancient Babylon. Contributors include: Marianne Bujard, László Sándor Chardonnens, Christopher Cullen, Donald Harper, Marc Kalinowski, Li Ling, Liu Lexian, Alasdair Livingstone, Richard Smith, Alain Thote, and Yan Changgui.

The Emperor and Rome

Download The Emperor and Rome PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 0521519535
Total Pages : 389 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (215 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Emperor and Rome by : Björn C. Ewald

Download or read book The Emperor and Rome written by Björn C. Ewald and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2010-12-02 with total page 389 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book explores ancient Rome under the impact of monarchy and as one of the structures which shaped the monarchy itself.

The Hands of the Emperor

Download The Hands of the Emperor PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781988908670
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (86 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Hands of the Emperor by : Victoria Goddard

Download or read book The Hands of the Emperor written by Victoria Goddard and published by . This book was released on 2022-08-23 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An impulsive word can start a war. A timely word can stop one. A simple act of friendship can change the course of history. Cliopher Mdang is the personal secretary of the Last Emperor of Astandalas, the Lord of Rising Stars, the Lord Magus of Zunidh, the Sun-on-Earth, the god. He has spent more time with the Emperor of Astandalas than any other person. He has never once touched his lord. He has never called him by name. He has never initiated a conversation. One day Cliopher invites the Sun-on-Earth home to the proverbially remote Vangavaye-ve for a holiday. The mere invitation could have seen Cliopher executed for blasphemy. The acceptance upends the world. Lays of the Hearth-Fire #1.

The Many Lives of the First Emperor of China

Download The Many Lives of the First Emperor of China PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : University of Washington Press
ISBN 13 : 0295750235
Total Pages : 362 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (957 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Many Lives of the First Emperor of China by : Anthony J. Barbieri-Low

Download or read book The Many Lives of the First Emperor of China written by Anthony J. Barbieri-Low and published by University of Washington Press. This book was released on 2022-08-09 with total page 362 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ying Zheng, founder of the Qin empire, is recognized as a pivotal figure in world history, alongside other notable conquerors such as Alexander the Great, Genghis Khan, and Julius Caesar. His accomplishments include conquest of the warring states of ancient China, creation of an imperial system that endured for two millennia, and unification of Chinese culture through the promotion of a single writing system. Only one biased historical account, written a century after his death in 210 BCE, narrates his biography. Recently, however, archaeologists have revealed the lavish pits associated with his tomb and documents that demonstrate how his dynasty functioned. Debates about the First Emperor have raged since shortly after his demise, making him an ideological slate upon which politicians, revolutionaries, poets, painters, archaeologists, and movie directors have written their own biases, fears, and fantasies. This book is neither a standard biography nor a dynastic history. Rather, it looks historically at interpretations of the First Emperor in history, literature, archaeology, and popular culture as a way to understand the interpreters as much as the subject of their interpretation.