Emerging Lesbian Voices from Japan

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Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1135787867
Total Pages : 192 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (357 download)

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Book Synopsis Emerging Lesbian Voices from Japan by : Sharon Chalmers

Download or read book Emerging Lesbian Voices from Japan written by Sharon Chalmers and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2003-08-29 with total page 192 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Lesbian Sexuality has remained largely ignored in Japan despite increasing exposure of disadvantaged minority groups, including gay men. This book is the first comprehensive academic exploration of contemporary lesbian sexuality in Japanese society. The author employs an interdisciplinary approach and this book will be of great value to those working or interested in the areas of Japanese, lesbian and gender studies as well as Japanese history, anthropology and cultural studies.

Queer Voices from Japan

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Author :
Publisher : Lexington Books
ISBN 13 : 0739151509
Total Pages : 373 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (391 download)

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Book Synopsis Queer Voices from Japan by : Mark McLelland

Download or read book Queer Voices from Japan written by Mark McLelland and published by Lexington Books. This book was released on 2007-03-26 with total page 373 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Queer Voices from Japan examines the wide range of queer voices in Japan, and the longevity that these minority communities have enjoyed in society. Mark McLelland, Katsuhiko Suganuma, and James Welker bring together historical and contemporary narratives that contribute to the study of sexual identities in Japan. These essays trace the evolution of queer voices in Japan with analyses of the presence of homosexuality in the Japanese Imperial Army, the development of Japan's first gay bars, and same-sex experiences in the pre- and post-war periods. This book offers a variety of perspectives including a range of male-to-female and female-to-male transgender voices and experiences. The broad scope of this volume makes it an invaluable text for understanding the development of Japanese sex and gender categories in the twentieth century. Queer Voices from Japan is a compelling read that will appeal to those interested in Asian studies and human sexuality.

Queer Japanese

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Author :
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 0230106161
Total Pages : 199 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (31 download)

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Book Synopsis Queer Japanese by : H. Abe

Download or read book Queer Japanese written by H. Abe and published by Springer. This book was released on 2010-03-29 with total page 199 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Abe presents a comprehensive picture of the linguistic strategies employed by Japanese sexual minorities in various social contexts, from magazine advice columns to bars to text messaging on cell phones to private homes.

Routledge Handbook of Sexuality Studies in East Asia

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Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1317685741
Total Pages : 453 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (176 download)

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Book Synopsis Routledge Handbook of Sexuality Studies in East Asia by : Mark McLelland

Download or read book Routledge Handbook of Sexuality Studies in East Asia written by Mark McLelland and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2014-09-15 with total page 453 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This collection brings together cutting-edge work by established and emerging scholars focusing on key societies in the East Asian region: China, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Japan, North and South Korea, Mongolia and Vietnam. This scope enables the collection to reflect on the nature of the transformations in constructions of sexuality in highly developed, developing and emerging societies and economies. Both Japan and China have established traditions of ‘sexuality’ studies reflecting longstanding indigenous understandings of sex as well as more recent developments which interface with Euro-American medical and psychological understandings. Authors reflect upon the complex colonial and economic interactions and cultural flows which have affected the East Asian region over the last two centuries. They trace local flows of ideas instead of defaulting to Euro-American paradigms for sexuality studies. Through looking at regional and global exchanges of ideas about sexuality, this volume adds considerably to our understanding of the East Asian region and contributes to wider discussions of social transformation, modernisation and globalisation. It will be essential reading in undergraduate and graduate programs in sexuality studies, gender studies, women’s studies and masculinity studies, as well as in anthropology, sociology, history, cultural studies, area studies and health sciences.

Japanese LGBT Diasporas

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Author :
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3030310302
Total Pages : 161 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (33 download)

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Book Synopsis Japanese LGBT Diasporas by : Masami Tamagawa

Download or read book Japanese LGBT Diasporas written by Masami Tamagawa and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2019-10-28 with total page 161 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: With little existing scholarship on LGBT diaspora from Asia, this groundbreaking book examines the intersectionality of migration, sexuality, and gender, as well as race and ethnicity, through an analysis of the transnational experiences of Japanese LGBT diasporas in the USA, Canada and Australia. Employing a variety of methods, including a questionnaire, ethnographic analysis and case studies, the author demonstrates and analyses LGBT experiences where the notion of “gay-friendly” Japan prevails, looking at their reasons to flee the country and their diverse experiences in their host country. These include their needs and want for social services for Japanese LGBT diaspora. Findings are comparatively examined with LGBT refugees’ experiences, among LGBT subgroups, as well as across the three countries, highlighting the significance of gender, race and ethnicity, as well as immigration policy, in the experiences of LGBT diasporas from Japan. This book will appeal to students and scholars interested in Migration, Race and Ethnicity, Gender and Sexuality, and Asian Studies. Masami Tamagawa is Senior Teaching Professor of Japanese Studies, Gender Studies, and Asian Studies at Skidmore College, USA.

The Other Women's Lib

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Author :
Publisher : University of Hawaii Press
ISBN 13 : 0824882512
Total Pages : 217 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (248 download)

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Book Synopsis The Other Women's Lib by : Julia C. Bullock

Download or read book The Other Women's Lib written by Julia C. Bullock and published by University of Hawaii Press. This book was released on 2019-01-31 with total page 217 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Other Women’s Lib provides the first systematic analysis of Japanese literary feminist discourse of the 1960s—a full decade before the "women’s lib" movement emerged in Japan. It highlights the work of three well-known female fiction writers of this generation (Kono Taeko, Takahashi Takako, and Kurahashi Yumiko) for their avant-garde literary challenges to dominant models of femininity. Focusing on four tropes persistently employed by these writers to protest oppressive gender stereotypes—the disciplinary masculine gaze, feminist misogyny, "odd bodies," and female homoeroticism—Julia Bullock brings to the fore their previously unrecognized theoretical contributions to second-wave radical feminist discourse. In all of these narrative strategies, the female body is viewed as both the object and instrument of engendering. Severing the discursive connection between bodily sex and gender is thus a primary objective of the narratives and a necessary first step toward a less restrictive vision of female subjectivity in modern Japan. The Other Women’s Lib further demonstrates that this "gender trouble" was historically embedded in the socioeconomic circumstances of the high-growth economy of the 1960s, when prosperity was underwritten by an increasingly conservative gendered division of labor that sought to confine women within feminine roles. Raised during the war to be "good wives and wise mothers" yet young enough to take advantage of the opportunities presented to them by Occupation-era reforms, the authors who fueled the 1960s boom in women’s literary publication staunchly resisted normative constructions of gender, crafting narratives that exposed or subverted hegemonic discourses of femininity that relegated women to the negative pole of a binary opposition to men. Their fictional heroines are unapologetically bad wives and even worse mothers; they are often wanton, excessive, or selfish and brazenly cynical with regard to traditional love, marriage, and motherhood. The Other Women’s Lib affords a cogent and incisive analysis of these texts as feminist philosophy in fictional form, arguing persuasively for the inclusion of such literary feminist discourse in the broader history of Japanese feminist theoretical development. It will be accessible to undergraduate audiences and deeply stimulating to scholars and others interested in gender and culture in postwar Japan, Japanese women writers, or Japanese feminism.

Queer Japan from the Pacific War to the Internet Age

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Author :
Publisher : Rowman & Littlefield
ISBN 13 : 9780742537873
Total Pages : 260 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (378 download)

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Book Synopsis Queer Japan from the Pacific War to the Internet Age by : Mark J. McLelland

Download or read book Queer Japan from the Pacific War to the Internet Age written by Mark J. McLelland and published by Rowman & Littlefield. This book was released on 2005 with total page 260 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Scholarship on Japan has recently broadened to include minority perspectives on communities from marginal workers to those whose sexuality has long been overlooked. This volume, with its combination of fieldwork in the gay and lesbian communities and the use of historical sources such as journals and documents, breaks important new ground in this field. It examines gay life in the Japanese Pacific War, addresses transgender and lesbian as well as gay issues, examines the interface of queer society with the U.S. occupation and the international community, contests major interpretations of contemporary queer society, and introduces readers to the development of lesbian, transgender, and gay communities in postwar Japan.Queer Japan from the Pacific Age to the Internet Age provides a historical outline of the development of sexual-minority identity categories and community formation through a detailed analysis of both niche and mainstream publications, including magazines, newspapers, biographies, memoirs, and Internet sites. The material is also augmented with interview data from individuals who have had a long association with Japan's queer cultures.Including a wealth of images from the "perverse press," this book will appeal to students and general readers interested in modern and contemporary Japan and in gender studies and sexuality.

Reading Desire in a New Generation of Japanese Women Writers

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Author :
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 1000964663
Total Pages : 169 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (9 download)

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Book Synopsis Reading Desire in a New Generation of Japanese Women Writers by : Nina Cornyetz

Download or read book Reading Desire in a New Generation of Japanese Women Writers written by Nina Cornyetz and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2023-09-22 with total page 169 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book explores desire through the work of a new generation of Japanese women writers, in response to the increased attention these writers have received following the release of their work in the English language. The contributions explore a wide range of theoretical approaches and psychoanalytic interpretations to "reading" a new generation of Japanese women writers’ relationships to identity, sex/gender, and desire. Through dealing with female spaces, maternal roles, gendered bodies, or resistant speech acts, the book uncovers the overarching theme of desire – desire for language, touch, and recognition. Focusing on authors who have previously been underrepresented in English-language scholarship, the book highlights the diverse nature and the important synergies of writing by women in the last few decades. Addressing experimental and nonconforming authors whose works challenge gender and culture expectation as well as Orientalist myths, this will be a valuable resource for students and scholars of Asian literature, Japanese culture, and Asian studies.

Twenty-First Century Lesbian Studies

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Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 131799230X
Total Pages : 339 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (179 download)

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Book Synopsis Twenty-First Century Lesbian Studies by : Katherine O'Donnell

Download or read book Twenty-First Century Lesbian Studies written by Katherine O'Donnell and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2014-05-01 with total page 339 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An enlightening, entertaining look at what the term “lesbian” really means—and what it means to be a lesbian Twenty-First Century Lesbian Studies focuses on the field’s institutionalization into the humanities and social sciences, examining how the term “lesbian” is used in activist, community, and cultural contexts, and how its use impacts the lives of women who have chosen it as an identity. The book’s contributors include many of the world’s foremost experts in lesbian studies, as well as scholars whose primary research is in bisexuality, transsexuality and transgender, intersex, and queer theory. The innovative essays touch on five individual themes—“Genealogies,” “Readings,” “Theories,” “Identities,” and “Locations”—as they explore the past, present, and future of lesbian studies. Twenty-First Century Lesbian Studies places the term “lesbian” at the center of analysis, whether as a concept, a category, an identity, a political position, or an object choice. The book’s cutting-edge essays examine the various meanings of “lesbian;” the risks taken by women who live and/or act, write, and speak as lesbians; current genealogical myths; and the lives, studies, and activism of lesbians who represent a range of geographical and historical contexts. The book presents research produced outside the United States/United Kingdom, two places which tend to dominate the field, and essays that focus on areas, such as medieval studies, that are often ignored in theoretical discussions. Twenty-First Century Lesbian Studies considers these questions: does the term “lesbian” still have relevance as an identity descriptor or political position? who does “lesbian” include and/or exclude? how does intersectional thinking impact the way we formulate lesbian identities? are we now “post-lesbian?” what, if anything, defines the field of lesbian studies? what is the current state of the field? what is the possible future of the field? what current topics should be most important to practitioners? how is work that falls under the “lesbian studies” umbrella connected to efforts in the areas of feminism, LGBT, intersex, and queer straight studies? and many more Twenty-First Century Lesbian Studies is an enlightening, entertaining, and essential read for academics and students working in all disciplines in the social sciences and humanities, and for the lesbian/queer population, in general.

Protection of Sexual Minorities since Stonewall

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Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1317997115
Total Pages : 393 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (179 download)

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Book Synopsis Protection of Sexual Minorities since Stonewall by : Phil C.W. Chan

Download or read book Protection of Sexual Minorities since Stonewall written by Phil C.W. Chan and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2013-09-13 with total page 393 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Stonewall Riot in New York in 1969 marked the birth of the sexual minority rights movement worldwide. In the subsequent four decades, equality and related rights on grounds of sexual orientation and gender identity have been enshrined in many African, Asian, Australasian, European and North American countries, thanks to better informed discourses of the natures of sexual orientation, gender identity, equality and rights that systematic scientific and socio-legal research has generated. Discrimination, harassment and persecution on grounds of a person’s sexual orientation or gender identity, however, continue to pervade the laws and social norms in all developed and developing countries. In tribute to the courage of those who participated in the Stonewall Riot, this book examines the progress and stalemate in various countries on five continents, as well as in the development of international law, concerning the rights of persons belonging to sexual minorities. This book covers issues including homophobic bullying and gay–straight alliances in schools; the merits and problems that legislation prohibiting hate speech on grounds of sexual orientation presents; criminal justice systems in relation to male rape victims and to criminalisation of HIV exposure and transmission; the development of sexual minority rights, from historical and socio-legal perspectives, in Hong Kong, Japan, Singapore, and Zimbabwe; the lives of transgender persons in Asian countries; the evolution, operation and impact of international and domestic refugee laws on sexual orientation and gender identity as grounds for refugee status and asylum; and the conflicts between law, religion and sexual minority equality rights that inhere in the same-sex marriage debate in Ireland. This book was previously published as a special double issue of The International Journal of Human Rights.

Queer Korea

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Author :
Publisher : Duke University Press
ISBN 13 : 1478003367
Total Pages : 264 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (78 download)

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Book Synopsis Queer Korea by : Todd A. Henry

Download or read book Queer Korea written by Todd A. Henry and published by Duke University Press. This book was released on 2020-02-21 with total page 264 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Since the end of the nineteenth century, the Korean people have faced successive waves of foreign domination, authoritarian regimes, forced dispersal, and divided development. Throughout these turbulent times, “queer” Koreans were ignored, minimized, and erased in narratives of their modern nation, East Asia, and the wider world. This interdisciplinary volume challenges such marginalization through critical analyses of non-normative sexuality and gender variance. Considering both personal and collective forces, contributors extend individualized notions of queer neoliberalism beyond those typically set in Western queer theory. Along the way, they recount a range of illuminating topics, from shamanic rituals during the colonial era and B-grade comedy films under Cold War dictatorship to toxic masculinity in today’s South Korean military and transgender confrontations with the resident registration system. More broadly, Queer Korea offers readers new ways of understanding the limits and possibilities of human liberation under exclusionary conditions of modernity in Asia and beyond. Contributors. Pei Jean Chen, John (Song Pae) Cho, Chung-kang Kim, Timothy Gitzen, Todd A. Henry, Merose Hwang, Ruin, Layoung Shin, Shin-ae Ha, John Whittier Treat

The Greenwood Encyclopedia of LGBT Issues Worldwide [3 volumes]

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Author :
Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing USA
ISBN 13 : 0313342326
Total Pages : 1345 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (133 download)

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Book Synopsis The Greenwood Encyclopedia of LGBT Issues Worldwide [3 volumes] by : Chuck Stewart

Download or read book The Greenwood Encyclopedia of LGBT Issues Worldwide [3 volumes] written by Chuck Stewart and published by Bloomsbury Publishing USA. This book was released on 2009-12-18 with total page 1345 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This set has an ambitious scope with the goal of offering the most up-to-date international overview of key issues in the lives of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender individuals. HIV/AIDS has been a major media focus, but this set fosters a broader understanding of the status of LGBT individuals in their society. More than 70 countries are represented. The clear, accessible prose is appropriate for high school student research on up. The material is especially needed in a cultural climate that increasingly supports and requires information about LGBT populations. The content is useful for a paper on a hot topic, health classes, discussion groups, and gay-straight alliance groups.

Sexual Violence and the Law in Japan

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Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1134327633
Total Pages : 206 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (343 download)

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Book Synopsis Sexual Violence and the Law in Japan by : Catherine Burns

Download or read book Sexual Violence and the Law in Japan written by Catherine Burns and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2013-04-15 with total page 206 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides a detailed examination of judicial decision-making in Japanese cases involving sexual violence. It describes the culture of 'eroticised violence' in Japan, which sees the feminine body as culpable and the legal system which encourages homogeneity and conformity in decision-making and shows how the legal constraints confronting women claiming sexual assaults are enormous. It includes analysis of specific case studies and a discussion of recent moves to address the problem.

Japanese Feminist Debates

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Author :
Publisher : University of Hawaii Press
ISBN 13 : 0824855833
Total Pages : 337 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (248 download)

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Book Synopsis Japanese Feminist Debates by : Ayako Kano

Download or read book Japanese Feminist Debates written by Ayako Kano and published by University of Hawaii Press. This book was released on 2016-06-30 with total page 337 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Recent years have seen a surge of interest in Japanese feminism and gender history. This new volume brings to light Japan's feminist public sphere, a discursive space in which academic, journalistic, and political voices have long met and sparred over issues that remain controversial to the present day: prostitution, pornography, reproductive rights, the balance between motherhood and paid work, relationships between individual, family, and state. Japanese Feminist Debates: A Century of Contention on Sex, Love, and Labor contributes to this discussion in a number of unique ways. The book is organized around intellectually and politically charged debates, including important recent developments in state feminism and the conservative backlash against it, spearheaded by the current prime minister, Abe Shinzō. Focusing on essential questions that have yet to be resolved, Ayako Kano traces the emergence and development of these controversies in relation to social, cultural, intellectual, and political history. Her focus on the " rondan"—the Japanese intellectual public sphere—allows her to show how disputes taking place therein interacted with both popular culture and policy making. Kano argues that these feminist debates explain an important paradox: why Japan is such a highly developed modern nation yet ranks dismally low in gender equality. Part of the answer lies in the contested definitions of gender equality and women's liberation, and this book traces these contentions over the course of modern Japanese history. It also situates these debates in relation to modern Japanese social policy and comparative discussions about welfare regimes. By covering an entire century, Japanese Feminist Debates is able to trace the origins and development of feminist consciousness from the late nineteenth century to the present day. Based on over a decade of research, this wide-ranging, lively, up-to-date book will both spark discussion among specialists grappling with long-enduring subjects of intellectual debate and animate undergraduate and graduate classrooms on modern Japanese women's history and gender studies.

The Routledge Companion to Gender and Japanese Culture

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Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1351716786
Total Pages : 516 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (517 download)

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Book Synopsis The Routledge Companion to Gender and Japanese Culture by : Jennifer Coates

Download or read book The Routledge Companion to Gender and Japanese Culture written by Jennifer Coates and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2019-12-06 with total page 516 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This Companion is a comprehensive examination of the varied ways in which gender issues manifest throughout culture in Japan, using a range of international perspectives to examine private and public constructions of identity, as well as gender- and sexuality-inflected cultural production. The Routledge Companion to Gender and Japanese Culture features both new work and updated accounts of classic scholarship, providing a go-to reference work for contemporary scholarship on gender in Japanese culture. The volume is interdisciplinary in scope, with chapters drawing from a range of perspectives, fields, and disciplines, including anthropology, art history, history, law, linguistics, literature, media and cultural studies, politics, and sociology. This reflects the fundamentally interdisciplinary nature of the dual focal points of this volume—gender and culture—and the ways in which these themes infuse a range of disciplines and subfields. In this volume, Jennifer Coates, Lucy Fraser, and Mark Pendleton have brought together an essential guide to experiences of gender in Japanese culture today—perfect for students, scholars, and anyone else interested in Japan, culture, gender studies, and beyond.

Feminist Movements in Contemporary Japan

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Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1134046383
Total Pages : 166 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (34 download)

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Book Synopsis Feminist Movements in Contemporary Japan by : Laura Dales

Download or read book Feminist Movements in Contemporary Japan written by Laura Dales and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2009-06-26 with total page 166 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In contemporary Japan there is much ambivalence about women’s roles, and the term "feminism" is not widely recognised or considered relevant. Nonetheless, as this book shows, there is a flourishing feminist movement in contemporary Japan. The book investigates the features and effects of feminism in contemporary Japan, in non-government (NGO) women’s groups, government-run women’s centres and the individual activities of feminists Haruka Yoko and Kitahara Minori. Based on two years of fieldwork conducted in Japan and drawing on extensive interviews and ethnographic data, it argues that the work of individual activists and women’s organisations in Japan promotes real and potential change to gender roles and expectations among Japanese women. It explores the ways that feminism is created, promoted and limited among Japanese women, and advocates a broader construction of what the feminist movement is understood to be and a rethinking of the boundaries of feminist identification. It also addresses the impact of legislation, government bureaucracy, literature and the internet as avenues of feminist development, and details the ways which these promote agency – the ability to act – among Japanese women.

Transfiguring Women in Late Twentieth-Century Japan

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Author :
Publisher : University of Hawaii Press
ISBN 13 : 0824898230
Total Pages : 265 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (248 download)

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Book Synopsis Transfiguring Women in Late Twentieth-Century Japan by : James Welker

Download or read book Transfiguring Women in Late Twentieth-Century Japan written by James Welker and published by University of Hawaii Press. This book was released on 2024-07-31 with total page 265 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Transfiguring Women in Late Twentieth-Century Japan: Feminists, Lesbians, and Girls' Comics Artists and Fans examines three dynamic and overlapping communities of women and adolescent girls who challenged Japanese gender and sexual norms in the 1970s and 1980s. These spheres encompassed activists in the ūman ribu (women’s liberation) movement, members of the rezubian (lesbian) community, and artists and readers of queer shōjo manga (girls’ comics). Individually and collectively, they found the normative understanding of the category “women” untenable and worked to redefine and expand its meaning by transfiguring ideas, images, and practices selectively appropriated from the “West.” They did so, however, while remaining firmly fixed on the local. Thus, for many, this ostensibly Western focus was not a turn away from Japan but integral to their understanding of being a woman within Japan. Following broad historical overviews of the ūman ribu, rezubian, and queer shōjo manga spheres, the book takes a deeper look through the lenses of terminology, translation, and travel to offer a window onto how acts of transfiguration reshaped what it meant to be a woman in Japan. The work draws on a vast archive that encompasses early twentieth-century dictionaries, sexology texts, and literature; postwar women’s and men’s magazines and pornography; translated feminist and lesbian texts; comics and animation; and newsletters, fanzines, and other heretofore largely unexamined ephemera. The volume’s characterization of the era is also greatly enriched by interviews with more than sixty individuals. Transfiguring Women in Late Twentieth-Century Japan demonstrates that the transfiguration of Western culture into something locally meaningful had tangible effects beyond newly (re)created texts, practices, images, and ideas within the ūman ribu, rezubian, and queer shōjo manga communities. The individuals and groups involved were themselves transformed. More broadly, their efforts forged new understandings of “women” in Japan, creating space for a greater number of public roles not bound to being a mother or a wife, as well as a greater diversity of gender and sexual expression that reached far beyond the Japanese border.