Electrophysiology of Arrhythmias

Download Electrophysiology of Arrhythmias PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
ISBN 13 : 1975101111
Total Pages : 895 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (751 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Electrophysiology of Arrhythmias by : Reginald T. Ho

Download or read book Electrophysiology of Arrhythmias written by Reginald T. Ho and published by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. This book was released on 2019-06-26 with total page 895 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Concise yet comprehensive, this practical guide to the diagnosis and ablation of cardiac arrhythmias in the electrophysiology laboratory is an indispensable resource for electrophysiologists and general cardiologists. It contains an extensive, unmatched collection of intracardiac recordings, fluoroscopic and ICE images, and 3D color-coded electroanatomic maps (EAMs), making it the premier electrophysiology reference for gaining a better understanding of cardiac arrhythmias. Each chapter focuses on a specific arrhythmia and presents a systematic discussion of diagnostic and ablation criteria, followed by an atlas of electrophysiologic recordings. These illustrations demonstrate all key aspects of the arrhythmia: electrophysiologic features, mode of induction and termination, response to diagnostic pacing maneuvers, classic presentations, unusual manifestations, mapping techniques, and target site criteria for ablation.

Essential Cardiac Electrophysiology

Download Essential Cardiac Electrophysiology PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1405172290
Total Pages : 313 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (51 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Essential Cardiac Electrophysiology by : Zainul Abedin

Download or read book Essential Cardiac Electrophysiology written by Zainul Abedin and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2008-04-15 with total page 313 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This concise collection of electrophysiological facts prepares you to face the clinical questions surrounding arrhythmia and conduction disorders with confidence. Clear and direct, the book offers: succinct factual information supported by illustrations, tables, and references self-assessment questions for each chapter, to test your knowledge of the area Essential Cardiac Electrophysiology summarizes the fundamental information that forms the basis of the modern approach to cardiac arrhythmias, from an explanation of the electrophysiologic effects of cardiac ion channel activity to the latest information on available implantable defibrillators. All members of the cardiac care team will benefit from keeping this valuable guide close at hand.

The Origins of Ventricular Arrhythmias, Volume 1

Download The Origins of Ventricular Arrhythmias, Volume 1 PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Cardiotext Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1942909276
Total Pages : 134 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (429 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Origins of Ventricular Arrhythmias, Volume 1 by : Frank M. Bogun

Download or read book The Origins of Ventricular Arrhythmias, Volume 1 written by Frank M. Bogun and published by Cardiotext Publishing. This book was released on 2018-05-01 with total page 134 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This illustrated text teaches electrophysiology and cardiology fellows-in-training the concept of connecting ventricular arrhythmias’ QRS morphology with the arrhythmia site of origin. Thirty case studies, including multimodality imaging and anatomy data, illustrate the precise locations of the sites of origin of different ventricular arrhythmias. Mapping approaches are discussed, with an emphasis on how the 12-lead ECG helps to identify critical sites of the arrhythmias. Illustrated with 106 figures that include 12-lead ECGs, intracardiac ECG tracings, and electroanatomical maps that are complemented by reconstructed intracardiac echo images.

Electrophysiological Maneuvers for Arrhythmia Analysis

Download Electrophysiological Maneuvers for Arrhythmia Analysis PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Cardiotext Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1935395157
Total Pages : 211 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (353 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Electrophysiological Maneuvers for Arrhythmia Analysis by : George J. Klein MD

Download or read book Electrophysiological Maneuvers for Arrhythmia Analysis written by George J. Klein MD and published by Cardiotext Publishing. This book was released on 2014-05-01 with total page 211 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: From senior electrophysiologist and world-class educator George Klein, a fully illustrated guide with over 100 intracardiac tracings and figures that allow the physician to approach electrophysiologic problems effectively and systematically. The book is especially focused on electrophysiological maneuvers and provides a clear and understandable guide to their proper selection and interpretation using abundant clinical examples. Defines the integral role for "traditional" electrogram (EGM) analysis in order to understand the mechanism of a tachycardia. It goes without saying that a correct arrhythmia diagnosis is a prerequisite to catheter ablation regardless of the presence of sophisticated mapping and imaging technologies. Electrophysiological maneuvers are fundamental to this process, and proper selection and interpretation of maneuvers constitute a core skill of the electrophysiologist. In this volume, we make the case that most maneuvers are fundamentally similar in principle and can be understood by appreciating a few basic physiological and anatomical principles. The art lies not in a comprehensive knowledge by rote of every maneuver or its application, but rather a systematic approach using common principles. We illustrate this by showing abundant examples and emphasizing the "game plan," including checklists that can be applied to virtually any maneuver. —George J. Klein In my opinion, this book should be on the shelf of every electrophysiologist trainee as well as every clinical cardiac electrophysiologist. It is a classic, like its editor. Dr. Klein deserves high praise for organizing his and his colleagues’ clinical experiences and thought processes into a concise, practical text that should be part of all training programs in electrophysiology. —From the foreword by Mark E. Josephson, MD

The EHRA Book of Interventional Electrophysiology

Download The EHRA Book of Interventional Electrophysiology PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0191079103
Total Pages : 320 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (91 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The EHRA Book of Interventional Electrophysiology by : Hein Heidbuchel

Download or read book The EHRA Book of Interventional Electrophysiology written by Hein Heidbuchel and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2017-04-07 with total page 320 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The EHRA Book of Interventional Electrophysiology is the second official textbook of European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA). Using clinical cases to encourage practical learning, this book assists electrophysiologists and device specialists in tackling both common and unusual situations that they may encounter during daily practice. Richly illustrated, and covering electrophysiological procedures for supra-ventricular and ventricular arrhythmias, the book enables specialists to deepen their understanding of complex concepts and techniques. Tracings, covering supra-ventricular and ventricular arrhythmias, are presented with multiple-choice questions to allow readers to hone their skills for interpreting challenging cases and to prepare for the EHRA certification exam in electrophysiology. Cases include Orthodromic AVRT, PV Isolation, VT ablation, and Atypical left atrial flutter to name a few. The EHRA Book of Interventional Electrophysiology is a wide-ranging, practical case-book, written by leading experts in the field and edited by members of the EHRA education committee: an essential companion for electrophysiologists and trainees alike.

Handbook of Cardiac Electrophysiology

Download Handbook of Cardiac Electrophysiology PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Remedica
ISBN 13 : 1901346374
Total Pages : 230 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (13 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Handbook of Cardiac Electrophysiology by : Francis D. Murgatroyd

Download or read book Handbook of Cardiac Electrophysiology written by Francis D. Murgatroyd and published by Remedica. This book was released on 2002 with total page 230 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This text is a comprehensive introductory-level guide to invasive cardiac EP studies. Its focus is to enable the reader to understand and interpret the recording and stimulation techniques used during an EP study.

Electrocardiography of Arrhythmias: A Comprehensive Review

Download Electrocardiography of Arrhythmias: A Comprehensive Review PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Elsevier Health Sciences
ISBN 13 : 1437720293
Total Pages : 498 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (377 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Electrocardiography of Arrhythmias: A Comprehensive Review by : Mithilesh Kumar Das, MD

Download or read book Electrocardiography of Arrhythmias: A Comprehensive Review written by Mithilesh Kumar Das, MD and published by Elsevier Health Sciences. This book was released on 2012-03-29 with total page 498 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Electrocardiography of Arrhythmias: A Comprehensive Review equips you with the core knowledge and clinical competencies you need to accurately interpret electrocardiograms (ECG) and ace the ECG part of cardiology boards or the ABIM ICE ECG certifying exam. Co-written by world-renowned cardiologists Mithilesh K. Das and Douglas P. Zipes, this companion study guide to Cardiac Electrophysiology: From Cell to Bedside offers a concise yet definitive review of electrocardiography, complete with online access to the complete text and image collection at www.expertconsult.com, making this is the perfect review and exam prep tool. Obtain a realistic simulation of the actual exam experience. Each ECG is accompanied by a brief clinical history in board format. Review a full range of ECG images - from simple to complex - reflecting both common and rare conditions. Get the most from your board or certification prep by pairing this review with its parent text, Cardiac Electrophysiology: From Cell to Bedside, for detailed explanations and an enhanced learning experience. Take it with you! Access the fully searchable, complete text and image collection from any computer or mobile device at expertconsult.com Be prepared for the ECG section of cardiology boards or the ABIM ICE ECG certifying exam with this definitive review resource

The EHRA Book of Pacemaker, ICD, and CRT Troubleshooting

Download The EHRA Book of Pacemaker, ICD, and CRT Troubleshooting PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : European Society of Cardiology
ISBN 13 : 0198727771
Total Pages : 309 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (987 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The EHRA Book of Pacemaker, ICD, and CRT Troubleshooting by : Harran Burri

Download or read book The EHRA Book of Pacemaker, ICD, and CRT Troubleshooting written by Harran Burri and published by European Society of Cardiology. This book was released on 2015-03-29 with total page 309 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An essential companion for both the aspiring and practising electrophysiologist,The EHRA Book of Pacemaker, ICD and CRT Troubleshooting assists device specialists in tackling both common and unusual situations that that they may encounter during daily practice. Taking a case-based approach, it examines pacemakers, implantable cardioverter defibrillators and cardiac resynchronisation therapy. Much more than just a technical manual of device algorithms, the cases help readers to consolidate their technical knowledge, and improve their reasoning and observation skills so they are able to tackle device troubleshooting with confidence. The 70 cases are arranged in three sections by increasing levels of difficulty to walk readers through all the skills and knowledge they need in an easy to use and structured format. Each case contains a short clinical description and a device tracing followed by a multiple choice question. Answers are supplied with detailed annotations of the tracing and an in-depth discussion of the case, highlighting practical hints and tips as well as providing an overview of the technical function of devices. A useful summary of principal device features and functions is also included. The EHRA Book of Pacemaker, ICD and CRT Troubleshooting is the perfect companion for electrophysiologists, cardiology trainees and technical consultants working with device patients as well as for those studying for the EHRA accreditation exam in cardiac pacing.

Interventional Cardiac Electrophysiology

Download Interventional Cardiac Electrophysiology PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Cardiotext Publishing
ISBN 13 : 193539584X
Total Pages : 1046 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (353 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Interventional Cardiac Electrophysiology by : Ralph J. Damiano, Jr., MD, FACC, FACS

Download or read book Interventional Cardiac Electrophysiology written by Ralph J. Damiano, Jr., MD, FACC, FACS and published by Cardiotext Publishing. This book was released on 2015-05-15 with total page 1046 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Interventional Cardiac Electrophysiology is the first and only comprehensive, state-of-the-art textbook written for practitioners in multiple specialties involved in the care of the arrhythmia patient. Encompassing the entire field of interventional therapy for cardiac rhythm management, from basic science to evidence-based medicine to future directions, topics include: Technology and Therapeutic Techniques – EP techniques; imaging and radiologic technology; device and ablation technology; drug therapy.Interventional Electrophysiologic Procedures – Diagnostic and physiologic EP techniques; mapping in percutaneous catheter and surgical EP procedures; catheter and surgical ablation; device implantation and management.Clinical Indications and Evidence-based Outcomes Standards – For medical and surgical EP interventions for arrhythmias.New Directions in Interventional Electrophysiology – Hybrid therapy for atrial and ventricular arrhythmias and staged therapy. This book will be essential reading for clinicians and researchers that form the health care team for arrhythmia patients: cardiologists, adult and pediatric clinical electrophysiologists, interventional electrophysiologists, cardiac surgeons practicing arrhythmia surgery, allied health care professionals, pharmacologists, radiologists and anesthesiologists evaluating arrhythmia patients, and basic scientists from the biomedical engineering and experimental physiology disciplines. Professor Sanjeev Saksena has been involved in this arena for over three decades and has brought his experience to this textbook, assembling editorial leadership from medical and surgical cardiology to provide a global perspective on fundamentals of medical practice, evidence-based therapeutic practices, and emerging research in this field. This book includes 95 videos.

An Essential Introduction to Cardiac Electrophysiology

Download An Essential Introduction to Cardiac Electrophysiology PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : World Scientific Publishing Company
ISBN 13 : 190897737X
Total Pages : 288 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (89 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis An Essential Introduction to Cardiac Electrophysiology by : Ken MacLeod

Download or read book An Essential Introduction to Cardiac Electrophysiology written by Ken MacLeod and published by World Scientific Publishing Company. This book was released on 2013-11-14 with total page 288 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides undergraduate and postgraduate students with an accessible and comprehensive overview of the fascinating area of cardiac electrophysiology. Using plain language and well-designed illustrations, it attempts to overcome the preconceptions of the subject as difficult to approach, given the complexity of intricate electrical cellular processes within the human heart. Based on lectures presented to intercalating BSc medical students, this book has been designed with the undergraduate in mind, but offers enough scope to be worthwhile at the postgraduate level. Readers of this book will feel more confident and at ease with electrical concepts and the important physiological mechanisms that govern the initiation and regulation of the heartbeat. This volume intends to bridge that difficult region between basic undergraduate lecture notes and original papers in an approachable way. It will be useful to students studying medicine, physiology, pharmacology, pharmacy and biology, particularly where their curricula includes not only cardiac physiology, but also neurobiology and muscle physiology.

Clinical Cardiac Electrophysiology

Download Clinical Cardiac Electrophysiology PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
ISBN 13 : 9780683306934
Total Pages : 902 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (69 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Clinical Cardiac Electrophysiology by : Mark E. Josephson

Download or read book Clinical Cardiac Electrophysiology written by Mark E. Josephson and published by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. This book was released on 2002 with total page 902 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The gold standard in electrophysiology, Dr. Josephson's book brings to light current relevant practices aimed at medical internists, clinical cardiologists, and electrophysiologists, emphasizing the capabilities and limitations of clinical cardiac electrophysiology techniques. Thoroughly revised, the Third Edition includes increased coverage of catheter ablation and the latest information on new catheters and computers that measure electrical activity in the heart. Full-color heart maps and illustrations of electrophysiologic concepts help clarify the text. A Brandon-Hill recommended title.

Clinical Handbook of Cardiac Electrophysiology

Download Clinical Handbook of Cardiac Electrophysiology PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3030743195
Total Pages : 225 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (37 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Clinical Handbook of Cardiac Electrophysiology by : Benedict M. Glover

Download or read book Clinical Handbook of Cardiac Electrophysiology written by Benedict M. Glover and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-06-22 with total page 225 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This extensively revised second edition provides a practically applicable guide for the management of cardiac arrhythmia. This subject has continued to expand rapidly, and it is therefore critical to understand the basic principles of arrhythmia mechanisms in order to assist with diagnosis and the selection of an appropriate treatment strategy. Comprehensively revised chapters cover a variety of aspects of cardiac electrophysiology in an easy-to-digest case-based format. For each case of arrhythmia, relevant illustrations, fluoroscopy images, ECGs and endocavity electrograms are used to describe the etiology, classification, clinical presentation, mechanisms, electrophysiology set up and relevant trouble-shooting procedures. New topics covered include the application of new antiarrhythmic drugs in tandem with ablation, techniques for the ablation of atrial fibrillation and electrophysiological assessments available for identifying instances of atrial tachycardia. Clinical Handbook of Cardiac Electrophysiology presents a comprehensive overview of cardiac electrophysiology, making it a valuable reference for practicing and trainee cardiac electrophysiologists, cardiologists, family practitioners, allied professionals and nurses.

Clinical Arrhythmology and Electrophysiology E-Book

Download Clinical Arrhythmology and Electrophysiology E-Book PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Elsevier Health Sciences
ISBN 13 : 0323568823
Total Pages : 752 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (235 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Clinical Arrhythmology and Electrophysiology E-Book by : Ziad Issa

Download or read book Clinical Arrhythmology and Electrophysiology E-Book written by Ziad Issa and published by Elsevier Health Sciences. This book was released on 2018-08-07 with total page 752 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Part of the highly regarded Braunwald’s family of cardiology references, Clinical Arrhythmology and Electrophysiology, 3rd Edition, offers complete coverage of the latest diagnosis and management options for patients with arrhythmias. Expanded clinical content and clear illustrations keep you fully abreast of current technologies, new syndromes and diagnostic procedures, new information on molecular genetics, advances in ablation, and much more.

Electrophysiology for Clinicians

Download Electrophysiology for Clinicians PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Cardiotext Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1935395653
Total Pages : 274 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (353 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Electrophysiology for Clinicians by : Miguel A. Barrero Garcia, MD

Download or read book Electrophysiology for Clinicians written by Miguel A. Barrero Garcia, MD and published by Cardiotext Publishing. This book was released on 2011-05-01 with total page 274 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A concise and practical tool for learning the basic concepts of cardiac electrophysiology, including the diagnosis and management of cardiac arrhythmias, and the indications for patient referral. Clinically oriented, practical and a useful resource for: -Allied health professionals in the lab and in the clinic -Fellows -The general physician who needs to know the technical aspects of electrophysiology -Anyone on the front line dealing with patients that present with cardiac problems

Clinical Cardiac Electrophysiology in the Young

Download Clinical Cardiac Electrophysiology in the Young PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 0387291709
Total Pages : 331 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (872 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Clinical Cardiac Electrophysiology in the Young by : Macdonald Dick

Download or read book Clinical Cardiac Electrophysiology in the Young written by Macdonald Dick and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2006-08-13 with total page 331 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume focuses on the practical aspects of clinical electrophysiology of cardiac arrhythmias in the young as practiced in the Department of Pediatric Cardiology at the University of Michigan. Cardiac arrhythmias in children are often symptomatic as well as frightening to the child patient and parent. This volume is intended as a practical guide for the novice or seasoned physician presented with a child with a cardiac arrhythmia.

Clinical Cardiac Electrophysiology

Download Clinical Cardiac Electrophysiology PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Elsevier Health Sciences
ISBN 13 : 0323793398
Total Pages : 411 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (237 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Clinical Cardiac Electrophysiology by : Demosthenes G Katritsis

Download or read book Clinical Cardiac Electrophysiology written by Demosthenes G Katritsis and published by Elsevier Health Sciences. This book was released on 2021-02-02 with total page 411 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Offering a clear and consistent framework for recognition, diagnosis, and treatment of a wide range of cardiac arrhythmia disturbances, Clinical Cardiac Electrophysiology: A Practical Guide covers the fundamental analytical skills needed in this challenging area. This portable, highly accessible handbook focuses on the basics of clinical electrophysiology— how and when to perform an electrophysiology study as well as principles of ablation and other invasive therapies—all in a succinct and modern format. Focuses on using an effective, consistent, decision-making process in recognizing, diagnosing, and treating rhythm disturbances of the heart, including supraventricular tachycardias, atrial fibrillation, ventricular tachycardias, and other rapid or irregular heartbeats. Covers anatomic fundamentals of cardiac structures, clinical indications for electrophysiology studies, practicalities and methodology of performing an electrophysiology study, and problems encountered during the procedure. Includes quick clinical summaries and more than 180 illustrations: electrophysiology recordings, ECGs, cardiac anatomy, radiographic images, and electroanatomic maps. Discusses key topics such as mechanisms of arrhythmias, conventional and electroanatomic mapping systems, fundamentals of cardiac mapping, biophysics of catheter ablation, and much more. Offers real-world guidance on contemporary practice from leading cardiac electrophysiologists Drs. Demosthenes G Katritsis and Fred Morady, with input from a multinational team of electrophysiology fellows and cardiologists. Ideal as a stand-alone resource or used in conjunction with Dr. Douglas Zipes’ renowned textbook, Cardiac Electrophysiology: From Cell to Bedside.

Cardiac Electrophysiology Methods and Models

Download Cardiac Electrophysiology Methods and Models PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1441966587
Total Pages : 490 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (419 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Cardiac Electrophysiology Methods and Models by : Daniel C. Sigg

Download or read book Cardiac Electrophysiology Methods and Models written by Daniel C. Sigg and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2010-09-11 with total page 490 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Cardiovascular disease is the major cause of mortality and morbidity in the Western Hemisphere. While significant progress has been made in treating a major sub-category of cardiac disease, arrhythmias, significant unmet needs remain. In particular, every day, thousands of patients die because of arrhythmias in the US alone, and atrial fibrillation is the most common arrhythmia affecting millions of patients in the US alone at a given time. Therefore, there is a public need to continue to develop new and better therapies for arrhythmias. Accordingly, an ever increasing number of biomedical, pharmaceutical, and medical personnel is interested in studying various aspects of arrhythmias at a basic, translational, and applied level, both in industry (ie Biotech, Pharmaceutical and device), and in academia. Not only has our overall understanding of molecular bases of disease dramatically increased, but so has the number of available and emerging molecular, pharmacological or device treatment based therapies. This practical, state-of-the art handbook will summarize and review key research methods and protocols, their advantages and pitfalls, with a focus on practical implementation, and collaborative cross-functional research. The volume will include visual and easy-to-use graphics, bulleted summaries, boxed summary paragraphs, links to reference websites, equipment manufacturers where appropriate, photographs of typical experimental setups and so forth, to keep this book very focused on practical methods and implementation, and yet, provide enough theory that the principles are clearly understood and can be easily applied.