Electrodiagnosis in Diseases of Nerve and Muscle

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Author :
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0199738688
Total Pages : 1177 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (997 download)

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Book Synopsis Electrodiagnosis in Diseases of Nerve and Muscle by : Jun Kimura

Download or read book Electrodiagnosis in Diseases of Nerve and Muscle written by Jun Kimura and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2013-10 with total page 1177 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Intended for clinicians who perform electrodiagnostic procedures as an extension of their clinical examination, and for neurologists and physiatrists who are interested in neuromuscular disorders and noninvasive electrodiagnostic methods, particularly those practicing electromyography (EMG) this book provides a comprehensive review of most peripheral nerve and muscle diseases, including specific techniques and locations for performing each test.

Electrodiagnosis in Clinical Neurology

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Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9780443080210
Total Pages : 616 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (82 download)

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Book Synopsis Electrodiagnosis in Clinical Neurology by : Michael Jeffrey Aminoff

Download or read book Electrodiagnosis in Clinical Neurology written by Michael Jeffrey Aminoff and published by . This book was released on 1980 with total page 616 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Widely acknowledged as the most comprehensive book on its subject, this book offers concise, practical guidance on the use of electrodiagnostic techniques for investigating problems of both the central and peripheral nervous systems. Forty-two experts, many new to this edition, discuss the principles, scope, limitations, diagnostic importance, prognostic relevance and complications for each technique.

Electromyography and Neuromuscular Disorders E-Book

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Author :
Publisher : Elsevier Health Sciences
ISBN 13 : 1455744735
Total Pages : 663 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (557 download)

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Book Synopsis Electromyography and Neuromuscular Disorders E-Book by : David C. Preston

Download or read book Electromyography and Neuromuscular Disorders E-Book written by David C. Preston and published by Elsevier Health Sciences. This book was released on 2012-12-01 with total page 663 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Diagnose neuromuscular disorders more quickly and accurately with Electromyography and Neuromuscular Disorders: Clinical-Electrophysiologic Correlations, 3rd Edition! State-of-the-art guidance helps you correlate electromyographic and clinical findings and use the latest EMG techniques to their fullest potential. Consult this title on your favorite e-reader with intuitive search tools and adjustable font sizes. Elsevier eBooks provide instant portable access to your entire library, no matter what device you're using or where you're located. Successfully correlate electrodiagnostic findings with key clinical findings for more confident diagnoses. Clearly see how to apply what you’ve learned with abundant case studies throughout the book. Obtain relevant clinical guidance quickly and easily with an accessible, easy-to-read writing style that’s both comprehensive and easy to understand. Ensure correct EMG needle placement and avoid neurovascular injuries by referring to more than 65 detailed, cross-sectional anatomy drawings. Diagnose many newly defined genetic neuromuscular conditions based on their electrodiagnostic presentation. Stay up to date with must-know information on iatrogenic complications of electrodiagnostic studies. Visualize key concepts more easily with a brand-new full-color design, new artwork, and new photographs. Access Electromyography and Neuromuscular Disorders online, fully searchable, at www.expertconsult.com, along with more than 70 videos that allow you to see and hear the EMG waveforms discussed in the text, as well as a convenient "test yourself" module.

McLean EMG Guide, Second Edition

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Publisher : Springer Publishing Company
ISBN 13 : 082617213X
Total Pages : 305 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (261 download)

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Book Synopsis McLean EMG Guide, Second Edition by : Samuel K. Chu, MD

Download or read book McLean EMG Guide, Second Edition written by Samuel K. Chu, MD and published by Springer Publishing Company. This book was released on 2019-04-10 with total page 305 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Revised, updated, and expanded second edition of the premier learning guide for residents, McLean EMG Guide emphasizes skills and concepts required for success in mastering basic electrodiagnostic techniques. This step-by-step approach to performing and interpreting EMG and nerve conduction studies will prepare trainees, fellows, and attendings to meet the challenges encountered in daily practice with confidence. The book is broken into short formatted chapters covering instrumentation, basic nerve conduction and needle EMG techniques, interpretation, applications for common clinical problems, and a new chapter on ultrasound. The procedures are laid out as illustrated tables with specifics for lead placement, stimulation, sample waveforms, and photographs to guide electrodiagnostic set-ups. Clinical presentation, anatomy, recommended studies, normal values, pearls and tips, and key findings are presented throughout in bulleted text for a thorough, more focused guidebook. Multiple choice questions and answers with rationales reinforce learning for those wishing to review concepts through self-guided assessment. Key Features Updates to all chapters with new figures and diagrams and more multiple-choice questions with answers Brand new chapter on the use of ultrasound with electrodiagnosis Checklists with key steps and takeaways for each study Clear, easy-to-understand tables and photos illustrate each set-up and study Codifies what you need to know to make a diagnosis in the EMG laboratory Print purchase includes on-line access to the full contents for mobile or desktop use

Electrodiagnostic Medicine

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781560534334
Total Pages : 1524 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (343 download)

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Book Synopsis Electrodiagnostic Medicine by : Daniel Dumitru

Download or read book Electrodiagnostic Medicine written by Daniel Dumitru and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 1524 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The leading reference book in the field of electrodiagnostic medicine just got better with this remarkable new edition, which is thoroughly revised and updated. Written by three of the leading authorities in the field along with several expert contributors, this comprehensive textbook continues to provide the fundamentals as well as the practical, clinical applications of electrodiagnostic medicine for novices and experienced practitioners alike. The text is complemented by a superb CD-ROM containing videos of waveforms The text is clear and concise, and enhanced by hundreds of illustrations and tables. "The best single reference book currently available in the field." - Excerpt from a review of the first edition of this book from the New England Journal of Medicine New chapters include Heriditary Neuropathies, Quantitative Sensory Testing, and Chemical Denervation All chapters from previous edition were extensively reworked and several topics (myopathies, polyneuropathies) were expanded to generate multiple chapters

Electrodiagnosis in Diseases of Nerve and Muscle

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Author :
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0198029713
Total Pages : 1020 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (98 download)

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Book Synopsis Electrodiagnosis in Diseases of Nerve and Muscle by : Jun Kimura M.D.

Download or read book Electrodiagnosis in Diseases of Nerve and Muscle written by Jun Kimura M.D. and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2001-03-15 with total page 1020 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Building on the author's personal experience in working with fellows and residents in the electromyography laboratory, this volume is the definitive reference in the field. It is intended for clinicians who perform electrodiagnostic procedures as an extension of their clinical examination, and will be of value to neurologists and physiatrists who are interested in neuromuscular disorders and noninvasive electrodiagnostic methods, particularly those practicing electromyography (EMG). The book provides a comprehensive review of most peripheral nerve and muscle diseases, including specific techniques and locations for performing each test. Divided into two major sections, the first addresses the basics of electrodiagnosis, including information on anatomy and physiology, techniques for nerve conduction studies, and discussions of the blink reflex and H-reflex, etc. The second section presents each neuromuscular disorder, covering clinical aspects and extensive information on the distinctive electrophysiological findings typical of the disease. New for this edition: thorough updating of all chapters with extensive new references; entirely new sections on magnetic stimulation, human reflexes, late responses, quantitative EMG, motor unit number estimate, threshold electrotonus, and pediatric electrodiagnosis; consolidated yet comprehensive coverage of periperhal, as well as CNS studies, offering a practical approach for problem-solving; ample space allotted for clinical discussion.

Functional Electromyography

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Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1607610205
Total Pages : 176 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (76 download)

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Book Synopsis Functional Electromyography by : Loren M. Fishman

Download or read book Functional Electromyography written by Loren M. Fishman and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2010-11-04 with total page 176 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Functional Electromyography: Provocative Maneuvers in Electrodiagnosis integrates electrophysiology further into the physical examination than ever before. It introduces the use of electrodiagnostic studies to quantify the neurological changes brought about by three provocative maneuvers commonly used in contemporary medicine. This widens the scope of electromyography while sharpening physicians’ diagnostic acuity. The book presents nerve conduction velocity (NCV) and H-reflex techniques to identify common conditions that are difficult to diagnose by any other means, often using the needle exam (EMG), MRI or musculoskeletal ultrasound to verify their clinical utility. Functional electromyography successfully diagnoses some cases of thoracic outlet syndrome, nearly all cases of piriformis syndrome, and offers a method for determining whether spinal stenosis or radiculopathy is the main pain generator when both are present in a single patient, even at the same level. This is particularly valuable because the standard conservative and surgical treatments for these two conditions are opposite, in spite of the identical symptom-set they produce. The book carefully describes each technique and persuasively documents their validity in statistical series and individual case presentations. It further guides the attentive electromyographer to adapt these methods to cases beyond those presented in its pages, suggesting a safe and scientific approach to other functional maneuvers of value to the electromyographer, and methods for validating one-time measures that may aid the electromyographer in clinical situations that are neither common nor easily analyzed. Hand drawn illustrations are included alongside text developed by experts in the field. An invaluable resource for physiatrists, neurologists, orthopedic surgeons, specialists in pain management and other providers, Functional Electromyography: Provocative Maneuvers in Electrodiagnosis represents a major contribution to the field of electrodiagnosis.

Electrodiagnosis in New Frontiers of Clinical Research

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Author :
Publisher : BoD – Books on Demand
ISBN 13 : 9535111183
Total Pages : 326 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (351 download)

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Book Synopsis Electrodiagnosis in New Frontiers of Clinical Research by : Dr.Hande Turker

Download or read book Electrodiagnosis in New Frontiers of Clinical Research written by Dr.Hande Turker and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2013-05-22 with total page 326 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Utilization of electrodiagnosis; namely electromyography (EMG), nerve conduction studies, late responses, repetitive nerve stimulation techniques, quantitative EMG and evoked potentials, has long been discussed in many text books as basic principles. However the usage of electroneuromyography is rather new in some aspects when compared with tasks of daily practise. This book, we believe, will cover and enlighten those aspects where electrodiagnosis has begun to play important roles nowadays.

The Electrodiagnosis of Neuromuscular Disorders, An Issue of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics

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Author :
Publisher : Elsevier Health Sciences
ISBN 13 : 1455747858
Total Pages : 248 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (557 download)

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Book Synopsis The Electrodiagnosis of Neuromuscular Disorders, An Issue of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics by : Michael Weiss

Download or read book The Electrodiagnosis of Neuromuscular Disorders, An Issue of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics written by Michael Weiss and published by Elsevier Health Sciences. This book was released on 2013-02-28 with total page 248 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Electodiagnosis is a method in which diagnostic information is obtained by testing and recording the electrical activities of body parts. It has been used in PMR medicine increasingly in recent years as technology has advanced, and is currently the most common way to diagnose a patient for neuromuscular disorders.

Aminoff's Electrodiagnosis in Clinical Neurology E-Book

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Author :
Publisher : Elsevier Health Sciences
ISBN 13 : 1455726761
Total Pages : 890 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (557 download)

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Book Synopsis Aminoff's Electrodiagnosis in Clinical Neurology E-Book by : Michael J. Aminoff

Download or read book Aminoff's Electrodiagnosis in Clinical Neurology E-Book written by Michael J. Aminoff and published by Elsevier Health Sciences. This book was released on 2012-04-02 with total page 890 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Appropriately select, implement, and interpret electrodiagnostic tests to identify a full range of central and peripheral nervous system disorders with Aminoff's Electrodiagnosis in Clinical Neurology! Covering everything from basic principles to the latest advances in electrodiagnosis, this medical reference book helps you make optimal use of this powerful but complex diagnostic modality in compliance with regulatory and professional standards, so you can diagnose patients accurately and initiate effective treatment and management strategies. - Deepen your understanding of the principles, scope, limitations, diagnostic importance, prognostic relevance, and complications for each technique. - Visually grasp the technical and practical aspects of electrodiagnostic tests with almost 800 charts, figures, and tables. - Rely on the knowledge, experience, and perspective of renowned expert Dr. Michael J. Aminoff and an international team of contributors comprised of a virtual "who's who" of clinical neurophysiology. - Keep up with developments in the field through significant updates, including new chapters on Artifacts and Normal Variants in the Electroencephalogram; Microneurography; Clinical Applications of Nerve Excitability Testing; Ultrasound of Muscle and Nerve; The Blink Reflex and Other Brainstem Reflexes; Visual Evoked Potentials,Electroretinography and Other Diagnostic Approaches to the Visual System; and Magnetic Stimulation in Clinical Practice and Research. - Access information on the go from your laptop or mobile device via expertconsult.com, featuring fully searchable text, and links to PubMed. - Meet regulatory and professional standards and apply best practices with state-of-the-art guidance (for both non-specialists and specialists) emphasizing the clinical applications of each electrodiagnostic technique. - Get easily actionable information and avoid mistakes with electrophysiologic findings integrated into the clinical context in which they are obtained.

Ultrasound Evaluation of Focal Neuropathies

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Author :
Publisher : Demos Medical Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1617051152
Total Pages : 473 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (17 download)

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Book Synopsis Ultrasound Evaluation of Focal Neuropathies by : Jeffrey A. Strakowski, MD

Download or read book Ultrasound Evaluation of Focal Neuropathies written by Jeffrey A. Strakowski, MD and published by Demos Medical Publishing. This book was released on 2013-07-26 with total page 473 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Honorable Mention, 2015 PROSE Award in Clinical Medicine Practice With a ìhow-toî approach, the author meticulously describes the clinical evaluation of the peripheral nerves throughout the body using high-frequency ultrasound. Evaluations include both normal and pathologic findings, as well as discussions of relevant non-neurologic tissue. The book opens with an introduction to ultrasound physics, instrumentation, and image optimization. The remainder of the text is a highly visual tour through the multiple nerves of the shoulder, neck, and upper and lower limbs, focusing on sonographic technique and correct interpretation of findings. Clinical cases that integrate anatomic localization with clinical and electrodiagnostic assessment are incorporated throughout. Also includes a bound-in DVD with live motion video loops of the examinations to correspond with stills in the book to demonstrate the important dynamic information ultrasound provides. Ultrasound Evaluation of Focal Neuropathies features: Comprehensive yet practical text and atlas with detailed discussion of the strengths and weaknesses of clinical and electrodiagnostic assessments Thorough guide to ultrasound techniques and appearance of normal and abnormal peripheral nerves Clinical cases that pair the imaging information with clinical and electrodiagnostic findings are interwoven throughout with analysis of anatomy relevant to the peripheral nerves being studied Hundreds of high-quality images and line drawings to correlate anatomy and reflect probe placement Companion DVD with motion loops is provided to facilitate understanding of the dynamic image

Clinical Neurophysiology (2Nd Edition)

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Publisher : Elsevier India
ISBN 13 : 9788131203040
Total Pages : 482 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (3 download)

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Book Synopsis Clinical Neurophysiology (2Nd Edition) by : Misra

Download or read book Clinical Neurophysiology (2Nd Edition) written by Misra and published by Elsevier India. This book was released on 2010-11-05 with total page 482 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Clinical Neurophysiology is aimed at bedside clinical application of neurophysiological tests, with emphasis on clinical problem solving. Highly illustrated format including line diagrams, clinical photographs, CT scan and MRI pictures with corresponding neurophysiological findings is a special feature of this book. Clinical Neurophysiology is written by clinicians for fellow clinicians. This book will be useful to all those ordering, conducting or interpreting electrodiagnostic tests, especially students and clinicians in the areas of neurology, neurosurgery, and pediatrics. The exposition is systematically organized into the following three parts: Nerve Conduction: It discusses the basis of electrodiagnostic signals and their measurements. The techniques of performing nerve conduction tests of various nerves have been illustrated with a series of simple line diagrams. Electromyography: It deals with the basis of EMG signals, their recording and interpretation. The application of myography in various myopathies and neurogenic disorders has been discussed in detail. A review of single fiber electromyography is included. Evoked Potentials: This covers visual, brainstem, somatosensory and motor evoked potentials. New to this Edition Three chapters: Electrodiagnosis in Pediatric Practice, Cognitive Evoked Potential, and Role of Clinical Neurophysiology in Prognosis of Neuromuscular Disorders. Updation of all chapters in the light of recent advances in genetics, immunology, molecular diagnosis, and neurophysiology. Extensive revision of Electromyography, Clinical Application of Electromyography and Nerve Conduction, and Repetitive Nerve Stimulation. Many additional illustrations highlighting the clinical applications of various tests.

Clinical Neurophysiology

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Author :
Publisher : Elsevier Health Sciences
ISBN 13 : 8131256057
Total Pages : 453 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (312 download)

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Book Synopsis Clinical Neurophysiology by : U.K. Misra

Download or read book Clinical Neurophysiology written by U.K. Misra and published by Elsevier Health Sciences. This book was released on 2019-08-30 with total page 453 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ideal for DM and DNB in Neurology; Electrodiagnostic Laboratories; Neurologists and MD (Physiology, Psychiatry and Medicine) Clinical neurophysiology has evolved as an extension of clinical examination. This book has three main parts of electrodiagnosis – nerve conduction, electromyography and evoked potentials. The emphasis is on correct method of conducting the test including pitfalls, precautions, and proper interpretation of the results. The normal values of various tests have been provided. The application of nerve conduction, electromyography and evoked potentials in various neurological disorders has been discussed for bedside application and clinical problem solving. The text is amply illustrated by relevant videos, CT and MRI scans, patients' photographs, charts, and tables. The book also provides up-to-date review of relevant clinical and electrophysiological literature, and histopathological correlation with electrodiagnostic tests. These features make this book reader friendly for students and practitioners. Recent advances in clinical neurophysiology have been included in this edition a greatly help in bedside clinical decision making. Additional Feature Complimentary access to online videos along with full e-book.

Pediatric Electromyography

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Author :
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319613618
Total Pages : 402 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (196 download)

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Book Synopsis Pediatric Electromyography by : Hugh J. McMillan

Download or read book Pediatric Electromyography written by Hugh J. McMillan and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-10-27 with total page 402 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book describes how to perform nerve conduction studies and electromyography in children, and explains the relevant physiology and anatomy crucial to making a diagnosis. Relevant case presentations are included to aid learning, and the authors also focus on the practical applications of the test results, including discussions of major neuromuscular diseases amenable to diagnosis via electromyography. Pediatric Electromyography: Concepts and Clinical Applications is aimed at residents, technologists and staff pediatric neurologists, as a practical guide and exam study guide.

Neuromuscular Ultrasound E-Book

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Publisher : Elsevier Health Sciences
ISBN 13 : 1437737765
Total Pages : 209 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (377 download)

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Book Synopsis Neuromuscular Ultrasound E-Book by : Francis Walker

Download or read book Neuromuscular Ultrasound E-Book written by Francis Walker and published by Elsevier Health Sciences. This book was released on 2011-05-18 with total page 209 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Neuromuscular Ultrasound demonstrates the use of ultrasound as an alternative to electrodiagnosis in the evaluation of neuromuscular disorders through detailed descriptions and clear illustrations. Drs. Francis Walker and Michael S. Cartwright discuss techniques for visualizing muscles and nerves without painful testing for better patient compliance and more efficient diagnosis. Color illustrations, pearls for the clinician, and ultrasound videos online at www.expertconsult.com, ensure that you'll be able to apply this technology effectively in your practice. - Access the fully searchable text online at www.expertconsult.com, along with ultrasound videos that demonstrate ultrasound evaluation in real time. - Diagnose and manage your patients more quickly and easily by visualizing muscles and nerves without painful testing. - Master the nuances of using ultrasound through the visual instruction of clear images and illustrations. - Minimize patient discomfort while maximizing optimal patient evaluation with a practical focus that covers using ultrasound as a screening tool, provides clinical pearls, and includes comparisons to electrodiagnosis. - Apply the full range of ultrasound applications, including interventional uses (such as ultrasound-guided botulinum toxin and steroid injections), ultrasound of polyneuropathies (often found in diabetics), and more.

Electrodiagnosis of Retinal Disease

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Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 4431303065
Total Pages : 239 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (313 download)

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Book Synopsis Electrodiagnosis of Retinal Disease by : Yozo Miyake

Download or read book Electrodiagnosis of Retinal Disease written by Yozo Miyake and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2006-03-28 with total page 239 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Soon it will be time for me to retire from my position as professor of o- thalmology in the Department of Ophthalmology, Nagoya University School of Medicine. I have therefore decided to summarize my expe- ence of more than 30 years of studies on the clinical electrophysiology of vision. These studies were performed in our department through the hard work and good ideas of many co-workers,and the chapters of this book cover the rationale and results of our studies. Because excellent textbooks on clinical electroretinography already exist, my wish is not to write another textbook; instead,this book is in the form of essays that include my beliefs and philosophy on the clinical electrophysiology of vision. As such,this book does not include every clinical disease but only those that we have identi?ed or studied in detail. In addition to full-?eld electroretinography (ERG),we developed the techniques and instrumentation to record focal macular ERG more than two decades ago. Using these techniques, we were able to determine several new physiological properties of the normal macula, many new pathophysiological mechanisms of known diseases,and some new cli- cal entities with unique functional properties. Fortunately,the recent advances of macular surgery and imaging are such that the macular con?guration can easily be determined. During the process of surgery,we have obtained considerable information on the c- relation of macular function and macular morphology using focal macular ERGs and optical coherence tomography (OCT).

Spinal Cord Monitoring and Electrodiagnosis

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Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 3642757448
Total Pages : 559 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (427 download)

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Book Synopsis Spinal Cord Monitoring and Electrodiagnosis by : Koki Shimoji

Download or read book Spinal Cord Monitoring and Electrodiagnosis written by Koki Shimoji and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 559 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The spinal cord has a characteristic structure and functions that are distinct from those of the brain. Its functions are tremendously important since it modulates the peripheral sensory inputs to the dorsal horn, and it gives rise to the ascending pathways transmitting peripheral afferent inputs to the brain, and conveys the descending pathways from the brain both to the lower motor neurons, the final common pathway, and to dorsal horn sensory neurons. In spite of these vital functions, the spinal cord constitutes only a small percent age of the mass of the human central nervous system and is located far from the skin surface, which has obstructed the recording of its electrical activity. Recently, however, important advances have been made in several recording techniques, including epidural recording or averaging methods, allowing both sensory and motor evoked spinal cord potentials in man to be recorded. This volume is based on the papers presented at the Fourth International Symposium on Spinal Cord Monitoring and Electrodiagnosis. Each of these international symposia has brought together many of the specialists involved in this research, with an important increase in the number of participants since the first symposium was held in Toyko in 1981. At the past symposia several attempts were made to standardize data, techniques, and clinical applications and to integrate the new findings into patient care.