Elaboration And Characterisation Of Vitreous Thin Films Doped With Semiconductor Nanoparticles Anglais

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Elaboration and characterisation of vitreous thin films doped with semiconductor nanoparticles, anglais

Author : Quang Vinh Lam
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (911 download)

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Book Synopsis Elaboration and characterisation of vitreous thin films doped with semiconductor nanoparticles, anglais by : Quang Vinh Lam

Download or read book Elaboration and characterisation of vitreous thin films doped with semiconductor nanoparticles, anglais written by Quang Vinh Lam and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ce travail concerne la recherche de nouvelles solutions pour l'optique non-linéaire intégrée. Les verres dopés par des nanoparticules semi-conductrices constituent un exemple de matériaux dont les potentialités en optique non-linéaIre sont depuis longtemps reconnues, quoique non encore exploitées. Les effets dus au confinement confèrent aux nanoparticules des propriétés physiques spécifiques par rapport à celles de la phase massive. Le mouvement des porteurs de charge dans une nanoparticule étant limité par le volume, l'énergie cinétique devient discrète et les niveaux s'écartent les uns des autres. C'est cette propriété de discrétisation des niveaux, associée à l'élargIssement du gap semi-conducteur, qui peut être exploitée en optique non-linéaire. Afin de conférer à ces guides d'onde des propriétés optiques non-linéaires, nous avons dopé le sol de TiO2 avec des nanoparticules de CdS ou de PbS produits par la méthode colloïdale des ligands de surface. Nous avons optimisé les paramètres de synthèse de couches minces sol-gel de TiO2 optiquement guidantes, non dopées et dopées avec des nanoparticules de CdS ou de PbS. Les films minces recuits à 100 ou 200°C sont homogènes, exempts de craquelures mais guident la lumière avec une forte atténuation (1 à 1,5 dB/cm). En solution, les nanocristaux produits par une méthode colloïdale présentent une distribution de taille étroite avec un diamètre moyen contrôlé entre 3 et 6 nm. Nous avons observé le ralentissement de leur croissance par la matrice TiO2 et une stabilisation de la solution. L'indice non-linéaire n2 des solutions, mesuré par technique Z-scan, vaut environ -2x10-18 m2/W, valeur comparable à celles reportées dans la littérature. Pour un film TiO2 dopé CdS (30%) et traité à 500°C, l'absorption induite mesurée ([beta] = 16x10-7m/W) est de plusieurs ordres de grandeur supérieure à celle du cristal massif, ce qui est relié aux nombreux niveaux de défauts. Par la technique de pulvérisation radiofréquence, nous avons déposé des nanoparticules d'InSb dans des couches minces de silice et utilisé 2 types de protocole pour leur traitement thermique. Les mesures de non-linéarité on révélé un coefficient d'absorption induite [beta] également bien supérieur à celui d'lnSb massif. On a mis en évidence l'influence du régime continu ou lmpulsionnel des lasers sur les propriétés du matériau.

Synthesis and Characterisation of Semiconductor Nanoparticle Thin Films

Author : David Cant
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (89 download)

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Book Synopsis Synthesis and Characterisation of Semiconductor Nanoparticle Thin Films by : David Cant

Download or read book Synthesis and Characterisation of Semiconductor Nanoparticle Thin Films written by David Cant and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

The Materials Science of Thin Films

Author : Milton Ohring
Publisher : Academic Press
ISBN 13 : 9780125249904
Total Pages : 744 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (499 download)

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Book Synopsis The Materials Science of Thin Films by : Milton Ohring

Download or read book The Materials Science of Thin Films written by Milton Ohring and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 1992 with total page 744 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Prepared as a textbook complete with problems after each chapter, specifically intended for classroom use in universities.

Photovoltaic and Photoactive Materials

Author : Joseph M. Marshall
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 9401006326
Total Pages : 361 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (1 download)

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Book Synopsis Photovoltaic and Photoactive Materials by : Joseph M. Marshall

Download or read book Photovoltaic and Photoactive Materials written by Joseph M. Marshall and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 361 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The primary objective of this NATO Advanced Study Institute (ASI) was to present an up-to-date overview of various current areas of interest in the field of photovoltaic and related photoactive materials. This is a wide-ranging subject area, of significant commercial and environmental interest, and involves major contributions from the disciplines of physics, chemistry, materials, electrical and instrumentation engineering, commercial realisation etc. Therefore, we sought to adopt an inter disciplinary approach, bringing together recognised experts in the various fields while retaining a level of treatment accessible to those active in specific individual areas of research and development. The lecture programme commenced with overviews of the present relevance and historical development of the subject area, plus an introduction to various underlying physical principles of importance to the materials and devices to be addressed in later lectures. Building upon this, the ASI then progressed to more detailed aspects of the subject area. We were also fortunately able to obtain a contribution from Thierry Langlois d'Estaintot of the European Commission Directorate, describing present and future EC support for activities in this field. In addition, poster sessions were held throughout the meeting, to allow participants to present and discuss their current activities. These were supported by what proved to be very effective feedback sessions (special thanks to Martin Stutzmann), prior to which groups of participants enthusiastically met (often in the bar) to identify and agree topics of common interest.

Metal Nanoparticles

Author : Daniel L. Fedlheim
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 9780585404394
Total Pages : 348 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (43 download)

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Book Synopsis Metal Nanoparticles by : Daniel L. Fedlheim

Download or read book Metal Nanoparticles written by Daniel L. Fedlheim and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2001-10-26 with total page 348 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A state-of-the-art reference, Metal Nanoparticles offers the latest research on the synthesis, characterization, and applications of nanoparticles. Following an introduction of structural, optical, electronic, and electrochemical properties of nanoparticles, the book elaborates on nanoclusters, hyper-Raleigh scattering, nanoarrays, and several applications including single electron devices, chemical sensors, biomolecule sensors, and DNA detection. The text emphasizes how size, shape, and surface chemistry affect particle performance throughout. Topics include synthesis and formation of nanoclusters, nanosphere lithography, modeling of nanoparticle optical properties, and biomolecule sensors.

Sol-Gel Technologies for Glass Producers and Users

Author : Michel Andre Aegerter
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 0387889531
Total Pages : 474 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (878 download)

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Book Synopsis Sol-Gel Technologies for Glass Producers and Users by : Michel Andre Aegerter

Download or read book Sol-Gel Technologies for Glass Producers and Users written by Michel Andre Aegerter and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-03-19 with total page 474 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Sol-Gel Techniques for Glass Producers and Users provides technological information, descriptions and characterizations of prototypes, or products already on the market, and illustrates advantages and disadvantages of the sol-gel process in comparison to other methods. The first chapter entitled "Wet Chemical Technology" gives a summary of the basic principles of the sol-gel chemistry. The most promising applications are related to coatings. Chapter 2 describes the various "Wet Chemical Coating Technologies" from glass cleaning to many deposition and post-coating treatment techniques. These include patterning of coatings through direct or indirect techniques which have became very important and for which the sol-gel processing is particularly well adapted. Chapter 3 entitled "Bulk Glass Technologies" reports on the preparation of special glasses for different applications. Chapter 4 entitled "Coatings and Materials Properties" describes the properties of the different coatings and the sol-gel materials, fibers and powders. The chapter also includes a section dedicated to the characterization techniques especially applied to sol-gel coatings and products.

Transmission Electron Microscopy

Author : C. Barry Carter
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319266519
Total Pages : 543 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (192 download)

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Book Synopsis Transmission Electron Microscopy by : C. Barry Carter

Download or read book Transmission Electron Microscopy written by C. Barry Carter and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-08-24 with total page 543 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This text is a companion volume to Transmission Electron Microscopy: A Textbook for Materials Science by Williams and Carter. The aim is to extend the discussion of certain topics that are either rapidly changing at this time or that would benefit from more detailed discussion than space allowed in the primary text. World-renowned researchers have contributed chapters in their area of expertise, and the editors have carefully prepared these chapters to provide a uniform tone and treatment for this exciting material. The book features an unparalleled collection of color figures showcasing the quality and variety of chemical data that can be obtained from today’s instruments, as well as key pitfalls to avoid. As with the previous TEM text, each chapter contains two sets of questions, one for self assessment and a second more suitable for homework assignments. Throughout the book, the style follows that of Williams & Carter even when the subject matter becomes challenging—the aim is always to make the topic understandable by first-year graduate students and others who are working in the field of Materials Science Topics covered include sources, in-situ experiments, electron diffraction, Digital Micrograph, waves and holography, focal-series reconstruction and direct methods, STEM and tomography, energy-filtered TEM (EFTEM) imaging, and spectrum imaging. The range and depth of material makes this companion volume essential reading for the budding microscopist and a key reference for practicing researchers using these and related techniques.

Phosphor Handbook

Author : Shigeo Shionoya
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1420005235
Total Pages : 1078 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (2 download)

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Book Synopsis Phosphor Handbook by : Shigeo Shionoya

Download or read book Phosphor Handbook written by Shigeo Shionoya and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2018-10-03 with total page 1078 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A benchmark publication, the first edition of the Phosphor Handbook set the standard for references in this field. Completely revised and updated, this second edition explores new and emerging fields such as nanophosphors, nanomaterials, UV phosphors, quantum cutters, plasma display phosphors, sol-gel and other wet phosphor preparation techniques, preparation through combustion, bioluminescence phosphors and devices, and new laser materials such as OLED. It also contains new chapters on the applications of phosphors in solid state lighting, photoionization of luminescent centers in insulating phosphors, and recent developments in halide-based scintillators. The handbook provides a comprehensive description of phosphors with an emphasis on practical phosphors and their uses in various kinds of technological applications. It covers the fundamentals, namely the basic principles of luminescence, the principle phosphor materials, and their optical properties. The authors describe phosphors used in lamps, cathode-ray tubes, x-ray, and ionizing radiation detection. They cover common measurement methodology used to characterize phosphor properties, discuss a number of related items, and conclude with the history of phosphor technology and industry.

Nanotechnology in Construction

Author : Peter J M Bartos
Publisher : Royal Society of Chemistry
ISBN 13 : 1847551521
Total Pages : 397 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (475 download)

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Book Synopsis Nanotechnology in Construction by : Peter J M Bartos

Download or read book Nanotechnology in Construction written by Peter J M Bartos and published by Royal Society of Chemistry. This book was released on 2007-10-31 with total page 397 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The importance of nanotechnology related research and development has become recognised worldwide. Substantial public and private investment is now being ploughed into research and development in a number of industrial sectors, where nanotechnology has become established and has led to new commercial products. The construction industry, having major economic significance with nano-scale research and development which is only emerging, offers a wide scope for exploitation of nanotechnology. With international contributions from experts in the field, Nanotechnology in Construction amalgamates previously fragmented research and emerging trends. It reflects the inherent multi-disciplinary nature of nano-scale research in construction and contributions cover a wide spectrum, from highly scientific investigations to futuristic applications. The book is organised into four broad sections, the first reviews and analyses the prospects of exploitation of nanotechnology in construction, the second discusses novel tools and their capabilities, the final two sections show existing significant products where nanotechnology has been already been exploited or where product development is under-way. Nanotechnology in Construction will appeal to researchers already working in this field as well as those wishing to enter it. It will also inform governmental and other funding agencies of the most promising future directions and their related timescales. Practical applications are considered and explanations of the underlying basics are given, raising awareness and understanding of what nanotechnology can offer to construction professionals in general.

Crystal Growth and Evaluation of Silicon for VLSI and ULSI

Author : Golla Eranna
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1482232812
Total Pages : 432 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (822 download)

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Book Synopsis Crystal Growth and Evaluation of Silicon for VLSI and ULSI by : Golla Eranna

Download or read book Crystal Growth and Evaluation of Silicon for VLSI and ULSI written by Golla Eranna and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2014-12-08 with total page 432 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Silicon, as a single-crystal semiconductor, has sparked a revolution in the field of electronics and touched nearly every field of science and technology. Though available abundantly as silica and in various other forms in nature, silicon is difficult to separate from its chemical compounds because of its reactivity. As a solid, silicon is chemically inert and stable, but growing it as a single crystal creates many technological challenges. Crystal Growth and Evaluation of Silicon for VLSI and ULSI is one of the first books to cover the systematic growth of silicon single crystals and the complete evaluation of silicon, from sand to useful wafers for device fabrication. Written for engineers and researchers working in semiconductor fabrication industries, this practical text: Describes different techniques used to grow silicon single crystals Explains how grown single-crystal ingots become a complete silicon wafer for integrated-circuit fabrication Reviews different methods to evaluate silicon wafers to determine suitability for device applications Analyzes silicon wafers in terms of resistivity and impurity concentration mapping Examines the effect of intentional and unintentional impurities Explores the defects found in regular silicon-crystal lattice Discusses silicon wafer preparation for VLSI and ULSI processing Crystal Growth and Evaluation of Silicon for VLSI and ULSI is an essential reference for different approaches to the selection of the basic silicon-containing compound, separation of silicon as metallurgical-grade pure silicon, subsequent purification, single-crystal growth, and defects and evaluation of the deviations within the grown crystals.

Sputtering Materials for VLSI and Thin Film Devices

Author : Jaydeep Sarkar
Publisher : William Andrew
ISBN 13 : 0815519877
Total Pages : 614 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (155 download)

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Book Synopsis Sputtering Materials for VLSI and Thin Film Devices by : Jaydeep Sarkar

Download or read book Sputtering Materials for VLSI and Thin Film Devices written by Jaydeep Sarkar and published by William Andrew. This book was released on 2010-12-13 with total page 614 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An important resource for students, engineers and researchers working in the area of thin film deposition using physical vapor deposition (e.g. sputtering) for semiconductor, liquid crystal displays, high density recording media and photovoltaic device (e.g. thin film solar cell) manufacturing. This book also reviews microelectronics industry topics such as history of inventions and technology trends, recent developments in sputtering technologies, manufacturing steps that require sputtering of thin films, the properties of thin films and the role of sputtering target performance on overall productivity of various processes. Two unique chapters of this book deal with productivity and troubleshooting issues. The content of the book has been divided into two sections: (a) the first section (Chapter 1 to Chapter 3) has been prepared for the readers from a range of disciplines (e.g. electrical, chemical, chemistry, physics) trying to get an insight into use of sputtered films in various devices (e.g. semiconductor, display, photovoltaic, data storage), basic of sputtering and performance of sputtering target in relation to productivity, and (b) the second section (Chapter 4 to Chapter 8) has been prepared for readers who already have background knowledge of sputter deposition of thin films, materials science principles and interested in the details of sputtering target manufacturing methods, sputtering behavior and thin film properties specific to semiconductor, liquid crystal display, photovoltaic and magnetic data storage applications. In Chapters 5 to 8, a general structure has been used, i.e. a description of the applications of sputtered thin films, sputtering target manufacturing methods (including flow charts), sputtering behavior of targets (e.g. current - voltage relationship, deposition rate) and thin film properties (e.g. microstructure, stresses, electrical properties, in-film particles). While discussing these topics, attempts have been made to include examples from the actual commercial processes to highlight the increased complexity of the commercial processes with the growth of advanced technologies. In addition to personnel working in industry setting, university researchers with advanced knowledge of sputtering would also find discussion of such topics (e.g. attributes of target design, chamber design, target microstructure, sputter surface characteristics, various troubleshooting issues) useful. . Unique coverage of sputtering target manufacturing methods in the light of semiconductor, displays, data storage and photovoltaic industry requirements Practical information on technology trends, role of sputtering and major OEMs Discussion on properties of a wide variety of thin films which include silicides, conductors, diffusion barriers, transparent conducting oxides, magnetic films etc. Practical case-studies on target performance and troubleshooting Essential technological information for students, engineers and scientists working in the semiconductor, display, data storage and photovoltaic industry

Materials Chemistry

Author : Bradley D. Fahlman
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 9402412557
Total Pages : 817 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (24 download)

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Book Synopsis Materials Chemistry by : Bradley D. Fahlman

Download or read book Materials Chemistry written by Bradley D. Fahlman and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-08-28 with total page 817 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The 3rd edition of this successful textbook continues to build on the strengths that were recognized by a 2008 Textbook Excellence Award from the Text and Academic Authors Association (TAA). Materials Chemistry addresses inorganic-, organic-, and nano-based materials from a structure vs. property treatment, providing a suitable breadth and depth coverage of the rapidly evolving materials field — in a concise format. The 3rd edition offers significant updates throughout, with expanded sections on sustainability, energy storage, metal-organic frameworks, solid electrolytes, solvothermal/microwave syntheses, integrated circuits, and nanotoxicity. Most appropriate for Junior/Senior undergraduate students, as well as first-year graduate students in chemistry, physics, or engineering fields, Materials Chemistry may also serve as a valuable reference to industrial researchers. Each chapter concludes with a section that describes important materials applications, and an updated list of thought-provoking questions.

Thin Film Phenomena

Author : Kasturi L. Chopra
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 872 pages
Book Rating : 4.F/5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis Thin Film Phenomena by : Kasturi L. Chopra

Download or read book Thin Film Phenomena written by Kasturi L. Chopra and published by . This book was released on 1979 with total page 872 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Porous Silicon in Practice

Author : M. J. Sailor
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 3527641912
Total Pages : 214 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (276 download)

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Book Synopsis Porous Silicon in Practice by : M. J. Sailor

Download or read book Porous Silicon in Practice written by M. J. Sailor and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2012-01-09 with total page 214 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: By means of electrochemical treatment, crystalline silicon can be permeated with tiny, nanostructured pores that entirely change the characteristics and properties of the material. One prominent example of this can be seen in the interaction of porous silicon with living cells, which can be totally unwilling to settle on smooth silicon surfaces but readily adhere to porous silicon, giving rise to great hopes for such future applications as programmable drug delivery or advanced, braincontrolled prosthetics. Porous silicon research is active in the fields of sensors, tissue engineering, medical therapeutics and diagnostics, photovoltaics, rechargeable batteries, energetic materials, photonics, and MEMS (Micro Electro Mechanical Systems). Written by an outstanding, well-recognized expert in the field, this book provides detailed, step-by-step instructions to prepare and characterize the major types of porous silicon. It is intended for those new to the fi eld. Sampling of topics covered: * Principles of Etching Porous Silicon * Etch Cell Construction and Considerations * Photonic Crystals, Microcavities, and Bragg Stacks Etched in Silicon * Preparation of Free-standing Films and Particles of Porous Silicon * Preparation of Photoluminescent Nanoparticles from Porous Silicon * Preparation of Silicon Nanowires by Electrochemical Etch of Silicon * Surface Modifi cation Chemistry and Biochemistry * Measurement of Optical Properties * Measurement of Pore Size, Porosity, Thickness, Surface Area The whole is backed by a generous use of color photographs to illustrate the described procedures in detail, plus a bibliography of further literature pertinent to a wide range of application fi elds. For materials scientists, chemists, physicists, optical physicists, biomaterials scientists, neurobiologists, bioengineers, and graduate students in those fields, as well as those working in the semiconductor industry.

Mechanical Behavior of Materials

Author : Marc A. Meyers
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9780511573422
Total Pages : 856 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (734 download)

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Book Synopsis Mechanical Behavior of Materials by : Marc A. Meyers

Download or read book Mechanical Behavior of Materials written by Marc A. Meyers and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 856 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Includes numerous examples and problems for student practice, this textbook is ideal for courses on the mechanical behaviour of materials taught in departments of mechanical engineering and materials science.

Stimuli-Responsive Dewetting/Wetting Smart Surfaces and Interfaces

Author : Atsushi Hozumi
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319926543
Total Pages : 467 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (199 download)

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Book Synopsis Stimuli-Responsive Dewetting/Wetting Smart Surfaces and Interfaces by : Atsushi Hozumi

Download or read book Stimuli-Responsive Dewetting/Wetting Smart Surfaces and Interfaces written by Atsushi Hozumi and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-11-16 with total page 467 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Superhydrophobic surfaces, artificially mimicking lotus leaves, have captured the attention of scientists and engineers over the past few decades. Recent trends have shifted from superhydrophobicity to superominipohobicity, or superamphiphobicity. In addition, dynamic rather than static surface wetting/dewetting properties, which can be triggered by various stimuli, including temperature, pH, magnetic/electric fields, solvents, light exposure etc, have been highly sought after for commercial applications. This book will focus on recent topics related to various stimuli-responsive wetting/dewetting surfaces, and give an overview of the knowledge and concepts of how to design and establish these smart artificial surfaces, which can be used for technical developments in a wide variety research fields.

One Hundred Years at the Intersection of Chemistry and Physics

Author : Jeremiah James
Publisher : Walter de Gruyter
ISBN 13 : 311023954X
Total Pages : 325 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (12 download)

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Book Synopsis One Hundred Years at the Intersection of Chemistry and Physics by : Jeremiah James

Download or read book One Hundred Years at the Intersection of Chemistry and Physics written by Jeremiah James and published by Walter de Gruyter. This book was released on 2011-10-27 with total page 325 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume, occasioned by the centenary of the Fritz Haber Institute, formerly the Institute for Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, covers the institute's scientific and institutional history from its founding until the present. The institute was among the earliest established by the Kaiser Wilhelm Society, and its inauguration was one of the first steps in the development of Berlin-Dahlem into a center for scientific research. Its establishment was made possible by an endowment from Leopold Koppel, granted on the condition that Fritz Haber, well-known for his discovery of a method to synthesize ammonia from its elements, be made its director. The history of the institute has largely paralleled that of 20th-century Germany. It undertook controversial weapons research during World War I, followed by a "Golden Era" during the 1920s, in spite of financial hardships. Under the National Socialists it experienced a purge of its scientific staff and a diversion of its research into the service of the new regime, accompanied by a breakdown in its international relations. In the immediate aftermath of World War II it suffered crippling material losses, from which it recovered slowly in the post-war era. In 1953, shortly after taking the name of its founding director, the institute joined the fledgling Max Planck Society. During the 1950s and 60s, the institute supported diverse researches into the structure of matter and electron microscopy in a territorially insular and politically precarious West-Berlin. In subsequent decades, as both Berlin and the Max Planck Society underwent significant changes, the institute reorganized around a board of coequal scientific directors and a renewed focus on the investigation of elementary processes on surfaces and interfaces, topics of research that had been central to the work of Fritz Haber and the first "Golden Era" of the institute.